<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joo, Yeail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kang, Heesung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Eung Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of a new acne vulgaris treatment device combining light and thermal treatment methods.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Res Technol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Conventional treatment methods for acne vulgaris have various side effects such as the development of bacterial resistance, phototoxicity, vertigo, gastro-intestinal problems, and drug eruptions. To minimize such side effects, light and thermal methods have been alternately suggested. This study characterized a new acne vulgaris treatment device (AVTD) that combines both light and thermal methods and evaluated its clinical efficacy.

METHODS: We characterized the thermal and light properties of the AVTD itself and evaluated its thermal characteristics in ex vivo porcine skin samples. The Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the skin thermal injury coefficient to confirm the skin safety of the AVTD. Finally, the clinical efficacy of the AVDT was evaluated by analyzing cross-polarization and erythema index images, which were obtained from 13 volunteers undergoing treatment with the AVTD.

RESULTS: The temperature of the AVTD itself was maintained at 49.1 °C on the tip and 39.7 °C in the porcine skin samples. The peak intensity of the light-emitting diode (LED) light was observed at 468 nm. The skin safety of the AVTD was confirmed and 84.2% of the volunteers presented positive treatment results.

CONCLUSION: The treatment of acne using the AVTD resulted in a high treatment rate in a clinical study, minimizing side effects. On the basis of these results, we can be sure that the AVTD may be effectively used for the treatment of acne vulgaris.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21585558?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arita, Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antkowiak, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunn-Moore, F J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dholakia, K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of primary and secondary microbubbles created by laser-induced breakdown of an optically trapped nanoparticle.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">016319</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-induced breakdown of an optically trapped nanoparticle is a unique system for studying cavitation dynamics. It offers additional degrees of freedom, namely the nanoparticle material, its size, and the relative position between the laser focus and the center of the optically trapped nanoparticle. We quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of the cavitation and secondary bubbles created in this system and use hydrodynamic modeling to quantify the observed dynamic shear stress of the expanding bubble. In the final stage of bubble collapse, we visualize the formation of multiple submicrometer secondary bubbles around the toroidal bubble on the substrate. We show that the pattern of the secondary bubbles typically has its circular symmetry broken along an axis whose unique angle rotates over time. This is a result of vorticity along the jet towards the boundary upon bubble collapse near solid boundaries.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 Pt 2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22400669?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shreim, Samir G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, Earl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extending vaterite microviscometry to ex vivo blood vessels by serial calibration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The endothelial glycocalyx layer is a ~2 µm thick glycosaminoglycan rich pericellular matrix expressed on the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells, which has implications in vessel mechanics and mechanotransduction. Despite its role in vascular physiology, no direct measurement has of yet been made of vessel glycocalyx material properties. Vaterite microviscometry is a laser tweezers based microrheological method, which has been previously utilized to measure the viscosity of linear and complex fluids under flow. This form of microrheology has until now relied on complete recollection of the forward scattered light. Here we present a novel method to extend vaterite microviscometry to relatively thick samples. We validate our method and its assumptions and measure the apparent viscosity as a function of distance from the vascular endothelium. We observe a differential response in conditions designed to preserve the EGL in comparison to those designed to collapse it.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254166?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meng, Lingzhong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, Brenton S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Zhaoxia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laning, Kathleen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kain, Zeev N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cannesson, Maxime</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gelb, Adrian W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head-up tilt and hyperventilation produce similar changes in cerebral oxygenation and blood volume: an observational comparison study using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-365</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: During anesthesia, maneuvers which cause the least disturbance of cerebral oxygenation with the greatest decrease in intracranial pressure would be most beneficial to patients with intracranial hypertension. Both head-up tilt (HUT) and hyperventilation are used to decrease brain bulk, and both may be associated with decreases in cerebral oxygenation. In this observational study, our null hypothesis was that the impact of HUT and hyperventilation on cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO(2)) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) are comparable. METHODS: Surgical patients without neurological disease were anesthetized with propofol-remifentanil. Before the start of surgery, frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure SctO(2) and CBV at the supine position, at the 30° head-up and head-down positions, as well as during hypoventilation and hyperventilation. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were studied. Both HUT and hyperventilation induced small decreases in SctO(2) [3.5 (2.6)%; P &lt; 0.001 and 3.0 (1.8)%; P &lt; 0.001, respectively] and in CBV [0.05 (0.07) mL·100 g(-1); P &lt; 0.001 and 0.06 (0.05) mL·100 g(-1); P &lt; 0.001, respectively]. There were no differences between HUT to 30° and hyperventilation to an end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) of 25 mmHg (from 45 mmHg) in both SctO(2) (P = 0.3) and CBV (P = 0.4). DISCUSSION: The small but statistically significant decreases in both SctO(2) and CBV caused by HUT and hyperventilation are comparable. There was no correlation between the decreases in SctO(2) and CBV and the decreases in blood pressure and cardiac output during head-up and head-down tilts. However, the decreases in both SctO(2) and CBV correlate with the decreases in ETCO(2) during ventilation adjustment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234820?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-resolution imaging of microvasculature in human skin in-vivo with optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Mar 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7694-705</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper, the features of the intensity-based Doppler variance (IBDV) method were analyzed systemically with a flow phantom. The effects of beam scanning density, flow rate and the time interval between neighboring A-lines on the performance of this method were investigated. The IBDV method can be used to quantify the flow rate and its sensitivity can be improved by increasing the time interval between the neighboring A-lines. A higher sensitivity IBDV method that applies the algorithm along the slower scan direction was proposed. In comparison to laser speckle imaging maps of blood flow, we demonstrated the ability of the method to identify vessels with altered blood flow. In clinical measurements, we demonstrated the ability of the method to image vascular networks with exquisite spatial resolution and at depths up to 1.2 mm in human skin. These results collectively demonstrated the potential of the method to monitor the microvasculature during disease progression and in response to therapeutic intervention.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22453448?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meng, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gelb, A W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, B S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mantulin, W W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of phenylephrine administration on cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and blood volume is modulated by carbon dioxide in anaesthetized patients.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British journal of anaesthesia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Br J Anaesth</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">815-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: /st&gt; Multiple studies have shown that cerebral tissue oxygen saturation ( ) is decreased after phenylephrine treatment. We hypothesized that the negative impact of phenylephrine administration on is affected by arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure ( ) because CO(2) is a powerful modulator of cerebrovascular tone.

METHODS: /st&gt; In 14 anaesthetized healthy patients, i.v. phenylephrine bolus was administered to increase the mean arterial pressure ∼20-30% during hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia. and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured using frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy, a quantitative technology. Data collection occurred before and after each treatment.

RESULTS: /st&gt; Phenylephrine caused a significant decrease in during hypocapnia [ =-3.4 (1.5)%, P&lt;0.001], normocapnia [ =-2.4 (1.5)%, P&lt;0.001], and hypercapnia [ =-1.4 (1.5)%, P&lt;0.01]. Decreases in were significantly different between hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia (P&lt;0.001). Phenylephrine also caused a significant decrease in CBV during hypocapnia (P&lt;0.01), but not during normocapnia or hypercapnia.

CONCLUSION: /st&gt; The negative impact of phenylephrine treatment on and CBV is intensified during hypocapnia while blunted during hypercapnia.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391890?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Jian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez-Elizondo, Martha B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Local small airway epithelial injury induces global smooth muscle contraction and airway constriction.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Appl. Physiol.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">627-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small airway epithelial cells form a continuous sheet lining the conducting airways, which serves many functions including a physical barrier to protect the underlying tissue. In asthma, injury to epithelial cells can occur during bronchoconstriction, which may exacerbate airway hyperreactivity. To investigate the role of epithelial cell rupture in airway constriction, laser ablation was used to precisely rupture individual airway epithelial cells of small airways (&lt;300-μm diameter) in rat lung slices (∼250-μm thick). Laser ablation of single epithelial cells using a femtosecond laser reproducibly induced airway contraction to ∼70% of the original cross-sectional area within several seconds, and the contraction lasted for up to 40 s. The airway constriction could be mimicked by mechanical rupture of a single epithelial cell using a sharp glass micropipette but not with a blunt glass pipette. These results suggest that soluble mediators released from the wounded epithelial cell induce global airway contraction. To confirm this hypothesis, the lysate of primary human small airway epithelial cells stimulated a similar airway contraction. Laser ablation of single epithelial cells triggered a single instantaneous Ca(2+) wave in the epithelium, and multiple Ca(2+) waves in smooth muscle cells, which were delayed by several seconds. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or decreasing intracellular Ca(2+) both blocked laser-induced airway contraction. We conclude that local epithelial cell rupture induces rapid and global airway constriction through release of soluble mediators and subsequent Ca(2+)-dependent smooth muscle shortening.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114176?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hingorani, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arora, Rajan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hughes, Christopher C W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal in vivo imaging to assess blood flow and oxygenation in implantable engineered tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Mar 21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The functionality of vascular networks within implanted prevascularized tissues is difficult to assess using traditional analysis techniques such as histology. This is largely due to the inability to visualize hemodynamics in vivo longitudinally. Therefore, we have developed dynamic imaging methods to measure blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in implanted prevascularized tissues non-invasively and longitudinally. Using laser speckle imaging, multispectral imaging, and intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that fibrin-based tissue implants anastomose with the host (SCID mice) in as short as 20 hours. Anastomosis results in initial perfusion with highly oxygenated blood, and an increase in average hemoglobin oxygenation of 53%. However, shear rates in the preformed vessels were low (20.8 ± 12.8 s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), and flow did not persist in the vast majority of preformed vessels due to thrombus formation. These findings suggest that designing an appropriate vascular network structure in prevascularized tissues to maintain shear rates above the threshold for thrombosis may be necessary to maintain flow following implantation. We conclude that wide-field and microscopic functional imaging can dynamically assess blood flow and oxygenation in vivo in prevascularized tissues, and can be used to rapidly evaluate and improve prevascularization strategies.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435776?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baek, Seung-Kuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amani R. Makkouk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macrophages as cell-based delivery systems for nanoshells in photothermal therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">507-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site-specific delivery of nanoparticles poses a significant challenge, especially in the brain where the blood-brain barrier prevents the entry of most therapeutic compounds including nanoparticle-based anti-cancer agents. In this context, the use of macrophages as vectors for the delivery of gold-silica nanoshells to infiltrating gliomas will be reviewed in this article. Gold-silica nanoshells are readily phagocytosed by macrophages without any apparent toxic effects, and the results of in vitro studies have demonstrated the migratory potential of nanoshell-loaded macrophages in human glioma spheroids. Of particular interest is the observation that, after near-infrared exposure of spheroids containing nanoshell-loaded macrophages, sufficient heat was generated to suppress spheroid growth. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potential of macrophages as nanoshell delivery vectors for photothermal therapy of gliomas, and they certainly provide the basis for future animal studies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979168?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliaei, Sepehr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel, Cyrus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamoto, Ashley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chark, Davin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical analysis of the effects of cephalic trim on lower lateral cartilage stability.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To determine how mechanical stability changes in the lower lateral cartilage (LLC) after varying degrees of cephalic resection in a porcine cartilage nasal tip model.

METHODS: Alar cartilage was harvested from fresh porcine crania (n = 14) and sectioned to precisely emulate a human LLC in size and dimension. Flexural mechanical analysis was performed both before and after cephalic trims of 0 (control), 4, and 6 mm. Cantilever deformation tests were performed on the LLC models at 3 locations (4, 6, and 8 mm from the midline), and the integrated reaction force was measured. An equivalent elastic modulus of the crura was calculated assuming that the geometry of the LLC model approximated a modified single cantilever beam. A 3-dimensional finite element model was used to model the stress distribution of the prescribed loading conditions for each of the 3 types of LLC widths.

RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease (P = .02) in the equivalent elastic modulus of the LLC model was noted at the most lateral point at 8 mm and only when 4 mm of the strut remained (P = .05). The finite element model revealed that the greatest internal stresses was at the tip of the nose when tissue was flexed 8 mm from the midline.

CONCLUSION: Our results provide the mechanical basis for suggested clinical guidelines stating that a residual strut of less than 6 mm can lead to suboptimal cosmetic results owing to poor structural support of the overlying skin soft-tissue envelope by an overly resected LLC.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250265?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suhalim, Jeffrey L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boik, John C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The need for speed.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biophotonics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb 16</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the key enabling features of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques is the dramatically improved imaging speed over conventional vibrational imaging methods. It is this enhanced imaging acquisition rate that has guided the field of vibrational microscopy into the territory of real-time imaging of live tissues. In this feature article, we review several aspects of fast vibrational imaging and discuss new applications made possible by the improved CRS imaging capabilities. In addition, we reflect on the current limitations of CRS microscopy and look ahead at several new developments towards real-time, hyperspectral vibrational imaging of biological tissues. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim).</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344721?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broekgaarden, Mans</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasri, Pedram</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Jennifer K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezemer, Rick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Drooge, Anne Margreet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolkerstorfer, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heger, Michal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An overview of three promising mechanical, optical, and biochemical engineering approaches to improve selective photothermolysis of refractory port wine stains.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">486-506</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the last three decades, several laser systems, ancillary technologies, and treatment modalities have been developed for the treatment of port wine stains (PWSs). However, approximately half of the PWS patient population responds suboptimally to laser treatment. Consequently, novel treatment modalities and therapeutic techniques/strategies are required to improve PWS treatment efficacy. This overview therefore focuses on three distinct experimental approaches for the optimization of PWS laser treatment. The approaches are addressed from the perspective of mechanical engineering (the use of local hypobaric pressure to induce vasodilation in the laser-irradiated dermal microcirculation), optical engineering (laser-speckle imaging of post-treatment flow in laser-treated PWS skin), and biochemical engineering (light- and heat-activatable liposomal drug delivery systems to enhance the extent of post-irradiation vascular occlusion).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016324?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marinček, Marko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, Boris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photocoagulation of dermal blood vessels with multiple laser pulses in an in vivo microvascular model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Current laser therapy of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks with a single laser pulse (SLP) does not produce complete lesion removal in the majority of patients. To improve PWS therapeutic efficacy, we evaluated the performance of an approach based on multiple laser pulses (MLP) to enhance blood vessel photocoagulation.

STUDY DESIGN: The hamster dorsal window chamber model was used. Radiant exposure (RE), pulse repetition rate (f(r)), total number of pulses (n(p)), and length of vessel irradiated were varied. Blood vessels in the window were irradiated with either SLP with RE of 4-7 J/cm(2) or MLP with RE per pulse of 1.4-5.0 J/cm(2), f(r) of 0.5-26.0 Hz, and n(p) of 2-5. The laser wavelength was 532 nm and pulse duration was 1 ms. Either a 2 mm vessel segment or entire vessel branch was irradiated. Digital photographs and laser speckle images of the window were recorded before and at specific time points after laser irradiation to monitor laser-induced blood vessel structural and functional changes, respectively.

RESULTS: We found that: (1) for a SLP approach, the RE required to induce blood vessel photocoagulation was 7 J/cm(2) as compared to only 2 J/cm(2) per pulse for the MLP approach; (2) for MLP, two pulses at a repetition rate of 5 Hz and a RE of 3 J/cm(2) can induce photocoagulation of more than 80% of irradiated blood vessel; and (3) irradiation of a longer segment of blood vessel resulted in lower reperfusion rate.

CONCLUSIONS: The MLP approach can induce blood vessel photocoagulation at much lower RE per pulse as compared to SLP. The 5 Hz f(r) and the need for two pulses are achievable with modern laser technology, which makes the MLP approach practical in the clinical management of PWS birthmarks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275290?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moy, Wesley J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patel, Shreyas J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lertsakdadet, Ben S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arora, Rajan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nielsen, Katherine M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preclinical in vivo evaluation of NPe6-mediated photodynamic therapy on normal vasculature.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Current treatments of port-wine stain birthmarks typically involve use of a pulsed dye laser (PDL) combined with cooling of the skin. Currently, PDL therapy protocols result in varied success, as some patients experience complete blanching, while others do not. Over the past decade, we have studied the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as either a replacement or adjuvant treatment option to photocoagulate both small and large vasculature. The objective of the current study was to evaluate a PDT protocol that involves use of an alternate intravascular photosensitizer mono-L-aspartylchlorin-e6 (NPe6) activated by an array of low-cost light emitting diodes.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: To monitor the microvasculature, a dorsal window chamber model was installed on 22 adult male mice. The light source consisted of a custom-built LED array that emitted 10 W at a center wavelength of 664 nm (FWHM = 20 nm). The light source was positioned at a fixed distance from the window chamber to achieve a fixed irradiance of 127 mW/cm(2). A retroorbital injection of NPe6 (5 mg/kg) was performed to deliver the drug into the bloodstream. Laser irradiation was initiated immediately after injection. To monitor blood-flow dynamics in response to PDT, we used laser speckle imaging. We employed a dose-response experimental design to evaluate the efficacy of NPe6-mediated PDT.

RESULTS: We observed three general hemodynamic responses to PDT: (1) At low radiant exposures, we did not observe any persistent vascular shutdown; (2) at intermediate radiant exposures, we observed an acute decrease in blood flow followed by gradual restoration of blood flow over the 7-day monitoring period; and (3) at high radiant exposures, we observed acute vascular shutdown that persisted during the entire 7-day monitoring period. Dose-response analysis enabled identification of 85 J/cm(2) as a characteristic radiant exposure required to achieve persistent vascular shutdown at Day 7 following PDT.

CONCLUSION: The experimental data suggest that NPe6-mediated PDT can achieve persistent vascular shutdown of normal microvasculature.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22334298?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kniazeva, Ekaterina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weidling, John W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Rahul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, Andrew J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantification of local matrix deformations and mechanical properties during capillary morphogenesis in 3D.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integr Biol (Camb)</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reciprocal mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are thought to play important instructive roles in branching morphogenesis. However, most studies to date have failed to characterize these interactions on a length scale relevant to cells, especially in three-dimensional (3D) matrices. Here we utilized two complementary methods, spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) and laser optical tweezers-based active microrheology (AMR), to quantify endothelial cell (EC)-mediated deformations of individual ECM elements and the local ECM mechanical properties, respectively, during the process of capillary morphogenesis in a 3D cell culture model. In experiments in which the ECM density was systematically varied, STICS revealed that the rate at which ECs deformed individual ECM fibers on the microscale positively correlated with capillary sprouting on the macroscale. ECs expressing constitutively active V14-RhoA displaced individual matrix fibers at significantly faster rates and displayed enhanced capillary sprouting relative to wild-type cells, while those expressing dominant-negative N19-RhoA behaved in an opposite fashion. In parallel, AMR revealed a local stiffening of the ECM proximal to the tips of sprouting ECs. By quantifying the dynamic physical properties of the cell-ECM interface in both space and time, we identified a correlation linking ECM deformation rates and local ECM stiffening at the microscale with capillary morphogenesis at the macroscale.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281872?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning image correlation spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Mar 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular interactions are at the origin of life. How molecules get at different locations in the cell and how they locate their partners is a major and partially unresolved question in biology that is paramount to signaling. Spatio-temporal correlations of fluctuating fluorescently tagged molecules reveal how they move, interact, and bind in the different cellular compartments. Methods based on fluctuations represent a remarkable technical advancement in biological imaging. Here we discuss image analysis methods based on spatial and temporal correlation of fluctuations, raster image correlation spectroscopy, number and brightness, and spatial cross-correlations that give us information about how individual molecules move in cells and interact with partners at the single molecule level. These methods can be implemented with a standard laser scanning microscope and produce a cellular level spatio-temporal map of molecular interactions.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415853?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Qunzhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Andrew L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Shihong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, Colin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, Anh D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional spheroid culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances mitigation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cells and development</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cells Dev.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Apr 10</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">937-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of regenerative and immunomodulatory functions in cell-based therapies in a variety of human diseases and injuries; however, their therapeutic efficacy and potential side effects remain major obstacles in clinical applications. We report here a 3D spheroid culture approach to optimize stem cell properties and therapeutic effects of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) in mitigation of experimental oral mucositis. Under growth condition of ultra-low attachment, GMSCs spontaneously aggregated into 3D spheroids and exhibited distinct early stem cell phenotype characterized by elevated expression Stro-1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR-4) as well as OCT-4 and Nanog, 2 important transcriptional factors relevant to stem cell properties, and decreased expression of MSC-associated markers, including CD29, CD90, and CD105. Functionally, spheroid GMSCs are capable of enhanced multipotency and augmented secretion of several chemokines and cytokines relevant to cell migration, survival, and angiogenesis. More importantly, spheroid GMSCs expressed increased levels of reactive oxygen species, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and -2α, and manganese superoxide dismutase, which correlated with improved resistance to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Using an in vivo murine model of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, we demonstrated that spheroid-derived GMSCs possessed better therapeutic efficacy than their adherent cells in reversing body weight loss and promoting the regeneration of disrupted epithelial lining of the mucositic tongues. These findings suggest that 3D spheroid culture allows early stemness preservation and potentially precondition GMSCs for enhanced mitigation of oral mucositis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689066?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, Adam R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accurate and efficient Monte Carlo solutions to the radiative transport equation in the spatial frequency domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomimetic Materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2269-71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present an approach to solving the radiative transport equation (RTE) for layered media in the spatial frequency domain (SFD) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. This is done by obtaining a complex photon weight from analysis of the Fourier transform of the RTE. We also develop a modified shortcut method that enables a single MC simulation to efficiently provide RTE solutions in the SFD for any number of spatial frequencies. We provide comparisons between the modified shortcut method and conventional discrete transform methods for SFD reflectance. Further results for oblique illumination illustrate the potential diagnostic utility of the SFD phase-shifts for analysis of layered media.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21685989?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Susana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bakás, Laura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herlax, Vanesa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alpha Hemolysin Induces an Increase of Erythrocytes Calcium: A FLIM 2-Photon Phasor Analysis Approach.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e21127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">α-hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli is considered as the prototype of a family of toxins called RTX (repeat in toxin), a group of proteins that share genetic and structural features. HlyA is an important virulence factor in E. coli extraintestinal infections, such as meningitis, septicemia and urinary infections. High concentrations of the toxin cause the lysis of several cells such as erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, endothelial and renal epithelial cells of different species. At low concentrations it induces the production of cytokines and apoptosis. Since many of the subcytolytic effects in other cells have been reported to be triggered by the increase of intracellular calcium, we followed the calcium concentration inside the erythrocytes while incubating with sublytic concentrations of HlyA. Calcium concentration was monitored using the calcium indicator Green 1, 2-photon excitation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Data were analyzed using the phasor representation. In this report, we present evidence that, at sublytic concentrations, HlyA induces an increase of calcium concentration in rabbit erythrocytes in the first 10 s. Results are discussed in relation to the difficulties of measuring calcium concentrations in erythrocytes where hemoglobin is present, the contribution of the background and the heterogeneity of the response observed in individual cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698153?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinelli, Michele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of single Monte Carlo methods for prediction of reflectance from turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19627-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Starting from the radiative transport equation we derive the scaling relationships that enable a single Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to predict the spatially- and temporally-resolved reflectance from homogeneous semi-infinite media with arbitrary scattering and absorption coefficients. This derivation shows that a rigorous application of this single Monte Carlo (sMC) approach requires the rescaling to be done individually for each photon biography. We examine the accuracy of the sMC method when processing simulations on an individual photon basis and also demonstrate the use of adaptive binning and interpolation using non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) to achieve order of magnitude reductions in the relative error as compared to the use of uniform binning and linear interpolation. This improved implementation for sMC simulation serves as a fast and accurate solver to address both forward and inverse problems and is available for use at http://www.virtualphotonics.org/.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21996904?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">König, Karsten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphael, Anthony P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grice, Jeffrey E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soyer, H Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breunig, H Georg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, Michael S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prow, Tarl W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applications of multiphoton tomographs and femtosecond laser nanoprocessing microscopes in drug delivery research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced drug delivery reviews</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Delivery Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Apr 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">388-404</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton tomography for in vivo high-resolution multidimensional imaging has been used in clinical investigations and small animal studies. The novel femtosecond laser tomographs have been employed to detect cosmetics and pharmaceutical components in situ as well as to study the interaction of drugs with intratissue cells and the extracellular matrix under physiological conditions. Applications include the intra-tissue accumulation of sunscreen nanoparticles in humans, the monitoring the metabolic status of patients with dermatitis, the biosynthesis of collagen after administration of anti-aging products, and the detection of porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. More than 2000 patients and volunteers in Europe, Australia, and Asia have been investigated with these unique tomographs. In addition, femtosecond laser nanoprocessing microscopes have been employed for targeted delivery and deposition in body organs, optical transfection and optical cleaning of stem cells, as well as for the optical transfer of molecular beacons to track microRNAs. These diverse applications highlight the capacity for multiphoton tomography and femtosecond laser nanoprocessing tools to advance drug delivery research.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514335?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">König, Karsten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphael, Anthony P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grice, Jeffrey E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soyer, H Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breunig, H Georg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, Michael S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prow, Tarl W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applications of multiphoton tomographs and femtosecond laser nanoprocessing microscopes in drug delivery research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced drug delivery reviews</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Apr 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">388-404</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton tomography for in vivo high-resolution multidimensional imaging has been used in clinical investigations and small animal studies. The novel femtosecond laser tomographs have been employed to detect cosmetics and pharmaceutical components in situ as well as to study the interaction of drugs with intratissue cells and the extracellular matrix under physiological conditions. Applications include the intra-tissue accumulation of sunscreen nanoparticles in humans, the monitoring the metabolic status of patients with dermatitis, the biosynthesis of collagen after administration of anti-aging products, and the detection of porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. More than 2000 patients and volunteers in Europe, Australia, and Asia have been investigated with these unique tomographs. In addition, femtosecond laser nanoprocessing microscopes have been employed for targeted delivery and deposition in body organs, optical transfection and optical cleaning of stem cells, as well as for the optical transfer of molecular beacons to track microRNAs. These diverse applications highlight the capacity for multiphoton tomography and femtosecond laser nanoprocessing tools to advance drug delivery research.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514335?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stoianovici, Charles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of pulpal vitality using laser speckle imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dental Pulp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dentistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">833-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The pulpal chamber of each tooth contains the vasculature necessary to maintain a viable tooth. A critical need exists to develop an objective, repeatable method to assess pulpal viability. We hypothesized that the existence of blood perfusion within the pulp can be determined with analysis of laser speckle imaging (LSI) patterns generated by transillumination of the tooth.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used nine extracted human cuspids and incisors. A Tygon tube was inserted into a channel created within each tooth and Intralipid pumped through the tube in a controlled manner with a syringe infusion pump. We evaluated the feasibility of LSI for flow assessment using both transillumination and epiillumination imaging configurations. With the transillumination geometry, we also assessed the effect of the angle of incidence of the probe laser light on the speckle flow index (SFI) values extracted from the collected speckle images.

RESULTS: Transillumination LSI, and not epiillumination LSI, enables differentiation between the absence and presence of perfusion in an in vitro tooth model. SFI values are insensitive to the relative angle of incidence of the laser light, over a wide range of angles.

CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary in vitro data suggest that transillumination LSI is a promising method to identify the presence of blood flow in the pulpal chamber. Future in vivo evaluation is warranted.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956631?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upile, Tahwinder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerjes, Waseem K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterenborg, Henricus J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Naggar, Adel K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilgner, Justus F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandison, Ann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Witjes, Max J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biel, Merrill A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Veen, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamdoon, Zaid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillenwater, Ann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosse, Charles A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robinson, Dominic J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betz, Christian S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stepp, Herbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolotine, Lina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKenzie, Gordon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barr, Hugh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berg, Kristian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D'Cruz, Anil K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudhoff, Holger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, Nicholas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kendall, Catherine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, Sheila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacRobert, Alexander J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leunig, Andreas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivo, Malini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards-Kortum, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soo, Khee C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bagnato, Vanderlei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choo-Smith, Lin-Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svanberg, Katarina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tan, I Bing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Brian C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfsen, Herbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bigio, Irving</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yodh, Arjun G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hopper, Colin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At the frontiers of surgery: review.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head &amp; neck oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head Neck Oncol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General Surgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neck</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The complete surgical removal of disease is a desirable outcome particularly in oncology. Unfortunately much disease is microscopic and difficult to detect causing a liability to recurrence and worsened overall prognosis with attendant costs in terms of morbidity and mortality. It is hoped that by advances in optical diagnostic technology we could better define our surgical margin and so increase the rate of truly negative margins on the one hand and on the other hand to take out only the necessary amount of tissue and leave more unaffected non-diseased areas so preserving function of vital structures. The task has not been easy but progress is being made as exemplified by the presentations at the 2nd Scientific Meeting of the Head and Neck Optical Diagnostics Society (HNODS) in San Francisco in January 2010. We review the salient advances in the field and propose further directions of investigation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306627?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, Sean M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automated computation of functional vascular density using laser speckle imaging in a rodent window chamber model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvascular research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvasc. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report a methodology for computing functional vascular density within a rodent dorsal window chamber model based on long-exposure laser speckle imaging (LSI). This technique relies on the presence of flow to create detailed vasculature maps. Employing this contrast mechanism is not possible using conventional imaging methods. Additionally, a freeware algorithm for computing functional vascular density (FVD) from images acquired using long-exposure LSI is also described to facilitate ease in adopting this method. We demonstrate that together these tools can be used to compute FVD nearly twelve times faster than manual computation, yet with comparable accuracy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419785?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santoro, Ylenia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leproux, Anaïs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast cancer spatial heterogeneity in near-infrared spectra and the prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive Value of Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">097007</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe an algorithm to calculate an index that characterizes spatial differences in broadband near-infrared [(NIR), 650-1000 nm] absorption spectra of tumor-containing breast tissue. Patient-specific tumor spatial heterogeneities are visualized through a heterogeneity spectrum function (HS). HS is a biomarker that can be attributed to different molecular distributions within the tumor. To classify lesion heterogeneities, we built a heterogeneity index (HI) derived from the HS by weighing the HS in specific NIR absorption bands. It is shown that neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response is potentially related to the tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, we correlate the heterogeneity index obtained prior to treatment with the final response to NAC. From a pilot study of 15 cancer patients treated with NAC, pathological complete responders (pCR) were separated from non-pCR according to their HI (-44 ± 12 and 43 ± 17, p = 3 × 10(-8), respectively). We conclude that the HS function is a biomarker that can be used to visualize spatial heterogeneities in lesions, and the baseline HI prior to therapy correlates with chemotherapy pathological response.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21950942?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eom, Tae Joong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang-Seok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration and characterization protocol for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using fiber Bragg gratings.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">030501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a calibration protocol to obtain the alignment factors of a custom-made spectrometer and the nonlinear fitting function between the measured CCD pixel domain and the wavelength domain to apply to the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using fiber Bragg gratings. We have used five gratings with different center wavelengths covering the broadband source spectral range. All have a narrow spectral bandwidth (0.05 nm) and the same reflectivity (92%) to calibrate and align the custom-made spectrometer. The implemented SD-OCT system following the proposed protocol showed the alignment factors as 44.37 deg incident angle, 53.11 deg diffraction angle, and 70.0-mm focal length. The spectral resolution of 0.187 nm was recalculated from the alignment factors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456856?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chighvinadze, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H. Michael Gach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uzal, Francisco A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral edema following photodynamic therapy using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers in normal brain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Edema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">892-900</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Failure of treatment for high-grade gliomas is usually due to local recurrence at the site of surgical resection indicating that a more aggressive form of local therapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be of benefit. The increase in brain edema following PDT using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers was compared in terms of animal survival, MR imaging, and histopathological changes in normal brain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fischer rats were exposed to increasing laser light treatment following intraperitoneal injection of either the photosensitizers 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS2a). Light treatment was applied either via an optical fiber inserted directly into the brain parenchyma or through a fiber applied to the surface of the intact skull. Edema development was followed by T2-weighted MR imaging.

RESULTS: ALA and AlPcS2a PDT resulted in a fluence dependent increase in cerebral edema and mortality. AlPcS2a PDT showed significant edema and mortality even at low fluences following interstitial light delivery, which was reduced with surface illumination. The mechanism of edema was determined to be vasogenic by response to steroid therapy and confirmed on histological images.

CONCLUSIONS: T2 and contrast enhanced T1 MRI scanning proved to be a highly effective and noninvasive modality in following the development of the edema reaction and the degree and time course of blood-brain barrier dysfunction thus allowing the use of fewer animals. ALA mediated PDT induced a lower edema reaction than that observed with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006731?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitry E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the tangent modulus of rabbit septal and auricular cartilage following electromechanical reshaping.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomechanical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomech Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electricity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Cartilages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">094502</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transforming decades' old methodology, electromechanical reshaping (EMR) may someday replace traditionally destructive surgical techniques with a less invasive means of cartilage reshaping for reconstructive and esthetic facial surgery. Electromechanical reshaping is essentially accomplished through the application of voltage to a mechanically deformed cartilage specimen. While the capacity of the method for effective reshaping has been consistently shown, its associated effects on cartilage mechanical properties are not fully comprehended. To begin to explore the mechanical effect of EMR on cartilage, the tangent moduli of EMR-treated rabbit septal and auricular cartilage were calculated and compared to matched control values. Between the two main EMR parameters, voltage and application time, the former was varied from 2-8 V and the latter held constant at 2 min for septal cartilage, 3 min for auricular cartilage. Flat platinum electrodes were used to apply voltage, maintaining the flatness of the specimens for more precise mechanical testing through a uniaxial tension test of constant strain rate 0.01 mm/s. Above 2 V, both septal and auricular cartilage demonstrated a slight reduction in stiffness, quantified by the tangent modulus. A thermal effect was observed above 5 V, a newly identified EMR application threshold to avoid the dangers associated with thermoforming cartilage. Optimizing EMR application parameters and understanding various side effects bridge the gap between EMR laboratory research and clinical use, and the knowledge acquired through this mechanical study may be one additional support for that bridge.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010748?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koehler, Martin Johannes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Speicher, Marco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lange-Asschenfeldt, Susanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stockfleth, Eggert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metz, Susanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsner, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaatz, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">König, Karsten</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical application of multiphoton tomography in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy for in vivo evaluation of skin diseases.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental dermatology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exp. Dermatol.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">589-94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton tomography (MPT) is an in vivo imaging technique with very high spatial resolution and efforts are made to combine MPT with other non-invasive imaging methods. The goals of the present study were the description of the features of different dermatological entities as seen in MPT and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) comparison of these two novel techniques and the 'classical' diagnostic measures visual inspection, dermoscopy and histology with respect to the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods and the potential benefit from their combined implementation. After study approval by the local Ethics Committee, 47 patients (31 male, 16 female, age range: 24-88 years) were recruited from the Department of Dermatology of the University Hospital Jena. In this work, we present an illustrative selection of eleven cases from a clinical study combining in vivo MPT with in vivo CLSM. The patients presented with a broad range of dermatological disorders including seborrheic keratoses, angioma, actinic keratoses, melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma, psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris and scarring. Both methods, CLSM and MPT, were found to be suitable for in vivo imaging of superficial skin layers and may therefore be useful in dermatological practice for the diagnosis of skin diseases. However, both methods differ in their technical and physical principles. Thus, despite of many similarities concerning the morphological presentation of cells and tissues, important differences are recognized. Synergies of the combination of CLSM and MPT may be obtained by combined implementation in order to benefit from the fast overview given by CLSM and the detailed imaging of skin structures by MPT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21539618?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, Ji-Xin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, X Sunney</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coherent Raman imaging techniques and biomedical applications.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">021101</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21361664?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chan, Adriano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crankshaw, Daune L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monteil, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterson, Steven E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagasawa, Herbert T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, Jackie E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kozocas, Joseph A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilz, Renate B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bigby, Timothy D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen is highly effective in mouse models of cyanide poisoning.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clin Toxicol (Phila)</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antidotes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobamides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cysteine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Therapy, Combination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C57BL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prodrugs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTEXT: Cyanide is a component of smoke in residential and industrial fires, and accidental exposure to cyanide occurs in a variety of industries. Moreover, cyanide has the potential to be used by terrorists, particularly in a closed space such as an airport or train station. Current therapies for cyanide poisoning must be given by intravenous administration, limiting their use in treating mass casualties.

OBJECTIVE: We are developing two new cyanide antidotes--cobinamide, a vitamin B(12) analog, and sulfanegen, a 3-mercaptopyruvate prodrug. Both drugs can be given by intramuscular administration, and therefore could be used to treat a large number of people quickly. We now asked if the two drugs would have an augmented effect when combined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a non-lethal and two different lethal models of cyanide poisoning in mice. The non-lethal model assesses neurologic recovery by quantitatively evaluating the innate righting reflex time of a mouse. The two lethal models are a cyanide injection and a cyanide inhalation model.

RESULTS: We found that the two drugs are at least additive when used together in both the non-lethal and lethal models: at doses where all animals died with either drug alone, the combination yielded 80 and 40% survival in the injection and inhalation models, respectively. Similarly, drug doses that yielded 40% survival with either drug alone, yielded 80 and 100% survival in the injection and inhalation models, respectively. As part of the inhalation model, we developed a new paradigm in which animals are exposed to cyanide gas, injected intramuscularly with an antidote, and then re-exposed to cyanide gas. This simulates cyanide exposure of a large number of people in a closed space, because people would remain exposed to cyanide, even after receiving an antidote.

CONCLUSION: The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen shows great promise as a new approach to treating cyanide poisoning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740135?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kotlarchyk, Maxwell A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shreim, Samir G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez-Elizondo, Martha B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estrada, Laura C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Rahul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valdevit, Lorenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kniazeva, Ekaterina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, Andrew J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concentration independent modulation of local micromechanics in a fibrin gel.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibrin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e20201</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods for tuning extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics in 3D cell culture that rely on increasing the concentration of either protein or cross-linking molecules fail to control important parameters such as pore size, ligand density, and molecular diffusivity. Alternatively, ECM stiffness can be modulated independently from protein concentration by mechanically loading the ECM. We have developed a novel device for generating stiffness gradients in naturally derived ECMs, where stiffness is tuned by inducing strain, while local mechanical properties are directly determined by laser tweezers based active microrheology (AMR). Hydrogel substrates polymerized within 35 mm diameter Petri dishes are strained non-uniformly by the precise rotation of an embedded cylindrical post, and exhibit a position-dependent stiffness with little to no modulation of local mesh geometry. Here we present the device in the context of fibrin hydrogels. First AMR is used to directly measure local micromechanics in unstrained hydrogels of increasing fibrin concentration. Changes in stiffness are then mapped within our device, where fibrin concentration is held constant. Fluorescence confocal imaging and orbital particle tracking are used to quantify structural changes in fibrin on the micro and nano levels respectively. The micromechanical strain stiffening measured by microrheology is not accompanied by ECM microstructural changes under our applied loads, as measured by confocal microscopy. However, super-resolution orbital tracking reveals nanostructural straightening, lengthening, and reduced movement of fibrin fibers. Furthermore, we show that aortic smooth muscle cells cultured within our device are morphologically sensitive to the induced mechanical gradient. Our results demonstrate a powerful cell culture tool that can be used in the study of mechanical effects on cellular physiology in naturally derived 3D ECM tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21629793?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Xiangduo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephens, Jared</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, Alexander R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heale, Jason T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newkirk, Daniel A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Condensin I recruitment to base damage-enriched DNA lesions is modulated by PARP1.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adenosine Triphosphatases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binding Sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blotting, Western</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryo, Mammalian</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiprotein Complexes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Binding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA Interference</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e23548</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Condensin I is important for chromosome organization and segregation in mitosis. We previously showed that condensin I also interacts with PARP1 in response to DNA damage and plays a role in single-strand break repair. However, whether condensin I physically associates with DNA damage sites and how PARP1 may contribute to this process were unclear. We found that condensin I is preferentially recruited to DNA damage sites enriched for base damage. This process is dictated by PARP1 through its interaction with the chromosome-targeting domain of the hCAP-D2 subunit of condensin I.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858164?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stojadinovic, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summers, Thomas A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eberhardt, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grundfest, Warren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peterson, Charles M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazaitis, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krupinski, Elizabeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freeman, Harold</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consensus recommendations for advancing breast cancer: risk identification and screening in ethnically diverse younger women.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Cancer</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Cancer</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-27</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A need exists for a breast cancer risk identification paradigm that utilizes relevant demographic, clinical, and other readily obtainable patient-specific data in order to provide individualized cancer risk assessment, direct screening efforts, and detect breast cancer at an early disease stage in historically underserved populations, such as younger women (under age 40) and minority populations, who represent a disproportionate number of military beneficiaries. Recognizing this unique need for military beneficiaries, a consensus panel was convened by the USA TATRC to review available evidence for individualized breast cancer risk assessment and screening in young (&lt; 40), ethnically diverse women with an overall goal of improving care for military beneficiaries. In the process of review and discussion, it was determined to publish our findings as the panel believes that our recommendations have the potential to reduce health disparities in risk assessment, health promotion, disease prevention, and early cancer detection within and in other underserved populations outside of the military. This paper aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the clinical factors, evidence and recommendations that are being used to advance risk assessment and screening for breast cancer in the military.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21509152?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bae, Youngwoo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son, Taeyoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart Nelson, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae-Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Eung Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatological feasibility of multimodal facial color imaging modality for cross-evaluation of facial actinic keratosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Res Technol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colorimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facial Dermatoses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratosis, Actinic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Digital color image analysis is currently considered as a routine procedure in dermatology. In our previous study, a multimodal facial color imaging modality (MFCIM), which provides a conventional, parallel- and cross-polarization, and a fluorescent color image, was introduced for objective evaluation of various facial skin lesions. This study introduces a commercial version of MFCIM, DermaVision-PRO, for routine clinical use in dermatology and demonstrates its dermatological feasibility for cross-evaluation of skin lesions.

METHODS/RESULTS: Sample images of subjects with actinic keratosis or non-melanoma skin cancers were obtained at four different imaging modes. Various image analysis methods were applied to cross-evaluate the skin lesion and, finally, to extract valuable diagnostic information. DermaVision-PRO is potentially a useful tool as an objective macroscopic imaging modality for quick prescreening and cross-evaluation of facial skin lesions.

CONCLUSION: DermaVision-PRO may be utilized as a useful tool for the cross-evaluation of widely distributed facial skin lesions and as an efficient database management of patient information.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923462?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Vaya W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging correlates with final pathological response in breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical Oncology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Nov 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4512-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) non-invasively and quantitatively measures tissue haemoglobin, water and lipid. Pilot studies in small groups of patients demonstrate that DOSI may be useful for longitudinal monitoring and predicting breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy pathological response. This study evaluates the performance of a bedside DOSI platform in 34 breast cancer patients followed for several months. DOSI optical endpoints obtained at multiple timepoints are compared with final pathological response. Thirty-six stage II/III breast cancers (34 patients) were measured in vivo with DOSI prior to, in the middle of and after the completion of pre-surgical neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer therapies ranged from standard anthracyclines to targeted therapies. Changes in DOSI-measured parameters at each timepoint were compared against final surgical pathology. Absolute changes in the tumour-to-normal (T/N) ratio of tissue deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (ctHHb) and relative changes in the T/N ratio of a tissue optical index (TOI) were most sensitive and correlate to pathological response. Changes in ctHHb and TOI were significantly different between tumours that achieved pathological complete response (pCR) versus non-pCR. By therapy midpoint, mean TOI-T/N changes were 47±8 versus 20±5 per cent for pCR versus non-pCR subjects, respectively (Z=0.011). Changes in ctHHb and TOI scaled significantly with the degree of pathological response (non-, partial and complete). DOSI measurements of TOI separated pCR from non-pCR by therapy midpoint regardless of drug or dosing strategy. This approach is well suited to monitoring breast tumour response and may provide feedback for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side-effects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1955</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006904?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Yuanjie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pioli, Peter Dion</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siegel, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Qinghua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Jodi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chaturbedi, Abhishek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ro, Daniel I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkafeef, Selma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsu, Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamura, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Liping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hess, Kenneth R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linskey, Mark E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Yi-Hong</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFEMP1 suppresses malignant glioma growth and exerts its action within the tumor extracellular compartment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular cancer</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Cancer</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Knockdown Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaplan-Meier Estimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Nude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Burden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: There are conflicting reports regarding the function of EFEMP1 in different cancer types. In this study, we sought to evaluate the role of EFEMP1 in malignant glioma biology.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Real-time qRT-PCR was used to quantify EFEMP1 expression in 95 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Human high-grade glioma cell lines and primary cultures were engineered to express ectopic EFEMP1, a small hairpin RNA of EFEMP1, or treated with exogenous recombinant EFEMP1 protein. Following treatment, growth was assayed both in vitro and in vivo (subcutaneous (s.c.) and intracranial (i.c.) xenograft model systems).

RESULTS: Cox regression revealed that EFEMP1 is a favorable prognostic marker for patients with GBM. Over-expression of EFEMP1 eliminated tumor development and suppressed angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and VEGFA expression, while the converse was true with knock-down of endogenous EFEMP1 expression. The EFEMP1 suppression of tumor onset time was nearly restored by ectopic VEGFA expression; however, overall tumor growth rate remained suppressed. This suggested that inhibition of angiogenesis was only partly responsible for EFEMP1's impact on glioma development. In glioma cells that were treated by exogenous EFEMP1 protein or over-expressed endogenous EFEMP1, the EGFR level was reduced and AKT signaling activity attenuated. Mixing of EFEMP1 protein with cells prior to s.c. and i.c. implantations or injection of the protein around the established s.c. xenografts, both significantly suppressed tumorigenicity.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our data reveals that EEFEMP1 suppresses glioma growth in vivo, both by modulating the tumor extracellular microenvironment and by altering critical intracellular oncogenic signaling pathways.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21955618?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hwang, Yu-Jer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Jillian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of genipin crosslinking on the optical spectral properties and structures of collagen hydrogels.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACS Appl Mater Interfaces</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridoid Glycosides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Transmission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2579-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genipin, a natural cross-linking reagent extracted from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides, can be effectively employed in tissue engineering applications due to its low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility. The cross-linking of collagen hydrogels with genipin was followed with one-photon fluorescence spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The incubation with genipin induced strong auto-fluorescence within the collagen hydrogels. The fluorescence emission maximum of the fluorescent adducts formed by genipin exhibit a strong dependence on the excitation wavelength. The emission maximum is at 630 nm when we excite the cross-linked samples with 590 nm light and shifts to 462 nm when we use 400 nm light instead. The fluorescence imaging studies show that genipin induces formation of long aggregated fluorescent strands throughout the depth of samples. The second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging studies suggest that genipin partially disaggregates 10 μm &quot;fiberlike&quot; collagen structures because of the formation of these fluorescent cross-links. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal that genipin largely eliminates collagen's characteristic native fibrillar striations. Our study is the first one to nondestructively follow and identify the structure within collagen hydrogels in situ and to sample structures formed on both micro- and nanoscales. Our findings suggest that genipin cross-linking of collagen follows a complex mechanism and this compound modifies the structure within the collagen hydrogels in both micro- and nanoscale.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644569?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meng, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cannesson, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, B S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kain, Z N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mantulin, W W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine bolus treatment on cerebral oxygenation in anaesthetized patients.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British journal of anaesthesia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Br J Anaesth</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-17</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: /st&gt; How phenylephrine and ephedrine treatments affect global and regional haemodynamics is of major clinical relevance. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation ( )-guided management may improve postoperative outcome. The physiological variables responsible for changes induced by phenylephrine and ephedrine bolus treatment in anaesthetized patients need to be defined.

METHODS: /st&gt; A randomized two-treatment cross-over trial was conducted: one bolus dose of phenylephrine (100-200 µg) and one bolus dose of ephedrine (5-20 mg) were given to 29 ASA I-III patients anaesthetized with propofol and remifentanil. , mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and other physiological variables were recorded before and after treatments. The associations of changes were analysed using linear-mixed models.

RESULTS: /st&gt; The CO decreased significantly after phenylephrine treatment [▵CO=-2.1 (1.4) litre min(-1), P&lt;0.001], but was preserved after ephedrine treatment [▵CO=0.5 (1.4) litre min(-1), P&gt;0.05]. The was significantly decreased after phenylephrine treatment [▵ =-3.2 (3.0)%, P&lt;0.01] but preserved after ephedrine treatment [▵ =0.04 (1.9)%, P&gt;0.05]. CO was identified to have the most significant association with (P&lt;0.001). After taking CO into consideration, the other physiological variables, including MAP, were not significantly associated with (P&gt;0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: /st&gt; Associated with changes in CO, decreased after phenylephrine treatment, but remained unchanged after ephedrine treatment. The significant correlation between CO and implies a cause-effect relationship between global and regional haemodynamics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642644?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, John Quan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saager, Rolf B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakowatz, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of motion on optical properties in the spatial frequency domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126009</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a noncontact and wide-field optical imaging technology currently being used to study the optical properties and chromophore concentrations of in vivo skin including skin lesions of various types. Part of the challenge of developing a clinically deployable SFDI system is related to the development of effective motion compensation strategies, which in turn, is critical for recording high fidelity optical properties. Here we present a two-part strategy for SFDI motion correction. After verifying the effectiveness of the motion correction algorithm on tissue-simulating phantoms, a set of skin-imaging data was collected in order to test the performance of the correction technique under real clinical conditions. Optical properties were obtained with and without the use of the motion correction technique. The results indicate that the algorithm presented here can be used to render optical properties in moving skin surfaces with fidelities within 1.5% of an ideal stationary case and with up to 92.63% less variance. Systematic characterization of the impact of motion variables on clinical SFDI measurements reveals that until SFDI instrumentation is developed to the point of instantaneous imaging, motion compensation is necessary for the accurate localization and quantification of heterogeneities in a clinical setting.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191926?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric field Monte Carlo simulations of focal field distributions produced by tightly focused laser beams in tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The focal field distribution of tightly focused laser beams in turbid media is sensitive to optical scattering and therefore of direct relevance to image quality in confocal and nonlinear microscopy. A model that considers both the influence of scattering and diffraction on the amplitude and phase of the electric field in focused beam geometries is required to describe these distorted focal fields. We combine an electric field Monte Carlo approach that simulates the electric field propagation in turbid media with an angular-spectrum representation of diffraction theory to analyze the effect of tissue scattering properties on the focal field. In particular, we examine the impact of variations in the scattering coefficient (µ(s)), single-scattering anisotropy (g), of the turbid medium and the numerical aperture of the focusing lens on the focal volume at various depths. The model predicts a scattering-induced broadening, amplitude loss, and depolarization of the focal field that corroborates experimental results. We find that both the width and the amplitude of the focal field are dictated primarily by µ(s) with little influence from g. In addition, our model confirms that the depolarization rate is small compared to the amplitude loss of the tightly focused field.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339874?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel, Cyrus T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamoto, Ashley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping of costal cartilage grafts: a new surgical treatment modality.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrosurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstructive Surgical Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1839-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Needle electrode-based electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is a novel, ultra-low-cost nascent surgical technology to reshape cartilage with low morbidity. EMR uses direct current to induce mechanical relaxation in cartilage that is first deformed into a required geometry, which in turn leads to permanent shape change. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of EMR voltage and time on the shape change of costal cartilage grafts.

STUDY DESIGN: EMR of ex vivo porcine costal cartilage.

METHODS: Graft specimens obtained from the central core of porcine costal cartilage were bent at a 90-degree angle with a custom jig and then reshaped via EMR. The effects of voltage (3-7 V) and application time (1-5 minutes) on the amount of shape change were systematically examined. Bend angles were analyzed using analysis of variance and paired t tests to determine significant reshaping times at each voltage setting.

RESULTS: There is a threshold for voltage and time above which the retention of bend angle is statistically significant in treated specimens compared to the control (P &lt; .05). Above the threshold of 3 V, shape retention initially increased with application time for all voltages tested and was then observed to reach a plateau. Shape retention was noted to be greatest at 6 V without a rise in temperature.

CONCLUSIONS: EMR provides a novel method to bend and shape costal cartilage grafts for use in facial plastic surgery. A low voltage can reshape cartilage grafts within several minutes and without the heat generation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of EMR and brings this minimally invasive procedure closer to clinical implementation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024834?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">036010</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A fiber-based multimodal imaging system that combines multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is reported. The system uses a fiber-based femtosecond laser, a fiber coupler, and a double-clad fiber (DCF) device. The fiber laser has a central wavelength of 1.04 μm and bandwidth of 29 nm. Longer excitation wavelength is used to increase penetration depth and increase the excitation efficiency for dyes, such as red fluorescent dyes. A single mode fiber coupler is used to replace the free-space beam splitter and one arm of the coupler is fused with a double-clad fiber device. The MPM and OCM share the same excitation light path in the core of a double-clad fiber, while the OCM and MPM signals were collected by the core and clad of the double-clad fiber, respectively. The performance of the introduced double-clad device is analyzed. The device can confine all the excitation light in the core and has a collection efficiency of 20% for the MPM signal. The efficiency can be further increased by fusing more multimode fibers with the DCF. Simultaneous optical coherence microscopic imaging, second harmonic generation imaging, and two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging are demonstrated in biological samples.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456873?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioux, Sylvain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Bernard T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Samuel J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias, Adam M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stockdale, Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oketokoun, Rafiou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashitate, Yoshitomo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Edward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weinmann, Maxwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durr, Nicholas J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moffitt, Lorissa A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frangioni, John V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First-in-human pilot study of a spatial frequency domain oxygenation imaging system.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastrointestinal Tract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liver</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mammaplasty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgical Flaps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">086015</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygenation measurements are widely used in patient care. However, most clinically available instruments currently consist of contact probes that only provide global monitoring of the patient (e.g., pulse oximetry probes) or local monitoring of small areas (e.g., spectroscopy-based probes). Visualization of oxygenation over large areas of tissue, without a priori knowledge of the location of defects, has the potential to improve patient management in many surgical and critical care applications. In this study, we present a clinically compatible multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system optimized for surgical oxygenation imaging. This system was used to image tissue oxygenation over a large area (16×12 cm) and was validated during preclinical studies by comparing results obtained with an FDA-approved clinical oxygenation probe. Skin flap, bowel, and liver vascular occlusion experiments were performed on Yorkshire pigs and demonstrated that over the course of the experiment, relative changes in oxygen saturation measured using SFDI had an accuracy within 10% of those made using the FDA-approved device. Finally, the new SFDI system was translated to the clinic in a first-in-human pilot study that imaged skin flap oxygenation during reconstructive breast surgery. Overall, this study lays the foundation for clinical translation of endogenous contrast imaging using SFDI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21895327?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soren D. Konecky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focusing light in scattering media</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature Photonics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053163?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yudovsky, Dmitry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid diffusion and two-flux approximation for multilayered tissue light propagation modeling.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4237-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accurate and rapid estimation of fluence, reflectance, and absorbance in multilayered biological media has been essential in many biophotonics applications that aim to diagnose, cure, or model in vivo tissue. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) rigorously models light transfer in absorbing and scattering media. However, analytical solutions to the RTE are limited even in simple homogeneous or plane media. Monte Carlo simulation has been used extensively to solve the RTE. However, Monte Carlo simulation is computationally intensive and may not be practical for applications that demand real-time results. Instead, the diffusion approximation has been shown to provide accurate estimates of light transport in strongly scattering tissue. The diffusion approximation is a greatly simplified model and produces analytical solutions for the reflectance and absorbance in tissue. However, the diffusion approximation breaks down if tissue is strongly absorbing, which is common in the visible part of the spectrum or in applications that involve darkly pigmented skin and/or high local volumes of blood such as port-wine stain therapy or reconstructive flap monitoring. In these cases, a model of light transfer that can accommodate both strongly and weakly absorbing regimes is required. Here we present a model of light transfer through layered biological media that represents skin with two strongly scattering and one strongly absorbing layer.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772413?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Ryan S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suhalim, Jeffrey L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyazaki-Anzai, Shinobu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyazaki, Makoto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Levi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of cholesterol crystals in plaques of atherosclerotic mice using hyperspectral CARS imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of lipid research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Lipid Res.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2177-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The accumulation of lipids, including cholesterol, in the arterial wall plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although several advances have been made in the detection and imaging of these lipid structures in plaque lesions, their morphology and composition have yet to be fully elucidated, particularly in different animal models of disease. To address this issue, we analyzed lipid morphology and composition in the atherosclerotic plaques of two animal models of disease, the low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mouse and the ApoE lipoprotein-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mouse, utilizing hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). Hyperspectral CARS imaging revealed lipid-rich macrophage cells and condensed needle-shaped and plate-shaped lipid crystal structures in both mice. Spectral analysis with PCA and comparison to spectra of pure cholesterol and cholesteryl ester derivatives further revealed these lipid structures to be pure cholesterol crystals, which were predominantly observed in the ApoE(-/-) mouse model. These results illustrate the ability of hyperspectral CARS imaging in combination with multivariate analysis to characterize atherosclerotic lipid morphology and composition with chemical specificity, and consequently, provide new insight into the formation of cholesterol crystal structures in atherosclerotic plaque lesions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949051?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soren D. Konecky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rice, Tyler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging scattering orientation with spatial frequency domain imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical imaging techniques based on multiple light scattering generally have poor sensitivity to the orientation and direction of microscopic light scattering structures. In order to address this limitation, we introduce a spatial frequency domain method for imaging contrast from oriented scattering structures by measuring the angular-dependence of structured light reflectance. The measurement is made by projecting sinusoidal patterns of light intensity on a sample, and measuring the degree to which the patterns are blurred as a function of the projection angle. We derive a spatial Fourier domain solution to an anisotropic diffusion model. This solution predicts the effects of bulk scattering orientation on the amplitude and phase of the projected patterns. We introduce a new contrast function based on a scattering orientation index (SOI) which is sensitive to the degree to which light scattering is directionally dependent. We validate the technique using tissue simulating phantoms, and ex vivo samples of muscle and brain. Our results show that SOI is independent of the overall amount of bulk light scattering and absorption, and that isotropic versus oriented scattering structures can be clearly distinguished. We determine the orientation of subsurface microscopic scattering structures located up to 600 μm beneath highly scattering (μ(') (s) = 1.5 mm(-1)) material.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191918?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saidi, Arya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qi, Wenjuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging vibrating vocal folds with a high speed 1050 nm swept source OCT and ODT.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 6</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11880-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal fold vibration is vital in voice production and the correct pitch of speech. We have developed a high speed functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a center wavelength of 1050 nm and an imaging speed of 100,000 A-lines per second. We imaged the vibration of an ex-vivo swine vocal fold. At an imaging speed of 100 frames per second, we demonstrated high quality vocal fold images during vibration. Functional information, such as vibration frequency and vibration amplitude, was obtained by analyzing the tissue surface during vibration. The axial direction velocity distribution in the cross-sectional images of the vibrating vocal folds was obtained with the Doppler OCT. The quantitative transverse direction velocity distribution in the cross-sectional images was obtained with the Doppler variance images.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716421?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leproux, Anaïs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compton, Montana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of contralateral and ipsilateral reference tissue selection on self-referencing differential spectroscopy for breast cancer detection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116019</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We previously developed a self-referencing differential spectroscopic (SRDS) method to detect lesions by identifying a spectroscopic biomarker of breast cancer, i.e., the specific tumor component (STC). The SRDS method is based on the assumption of the exclusive presence of this spectroscopic biomaker in malignant disease. Although clinical results using this method have already been published, the dependence of the STC spectra on the choice of reference tissue has not yet been addressed. In this study, we explore the impact of the selection of the reference region size and location on the STC spectrum in 10 subjects with malignant breast tumors. Referencing from both contralateral and ipsilateral sides was performed. Regardless of the referencing, we are able to obtain consistent high contrast images of malignant lesions using the STC with less than 13% deviation. These results suggest that the STC measurements are independent of any type, location, and amount of normal breast tissue used for referencing. This confirms the initial assumption of the SRDS analysis, that there are specific tumor components in cancer that do not exist in normal tissue. This also indicates that bilateral measurements are not required for lesion identification using the STC method.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112124?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ma, Huan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mismar, Wael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yuli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small, Donald W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ras, Mat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbritton, Nancy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Christopher E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of release dynamics of laser-irradiated polymer micropallets on the viability of selected adherent cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We use time-resolved interferometry, fluorescence assays and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to examine the viability of confluent adherent cell monolayers to selection via laser microbeam release of photoresist polymer micropallets. We demonstrate the importance of laser microbeam pulse energy and focal volume position relative to the glass-pallet interface in governing the threshold energies for pallet release as well as the pallet release dynamics. Measurements using time-resolved interferometry show that increases in laser pulse energy result in increasing pallet release velocities that can approach 10 m s(-1) through aqueous media. CFD simulations reveal that the pallet motion results in cellular exposure to transient hydrodynamic shear stress amplitudes that can exceed 100 kPa on microsecond timescales, and which produces reduced cell viability. Moreover, CFD simulation results show that the maximum shear stress on the pallet surface varies spatially, with the largest shear stresses occurring on the pallet periphery. Cell viability of confluent cell monolayers on the pallet surface confirms that the use of larger pulse energies results in increased rates of necrosis for those cells situated away from the pallet centre, while cells situated at the pallet centre remain viable. Nevertheless, experiments that examine the viability of these cell monolayers following pallet release show that proper choices for laser microbeam pulse energy and focal volume position lead to the routine achievement of cell viability in excess of 90 per cent. These laser microbeam parameters result in maximum pallet release velocities below 6 m s(-1) and cellular exposure of transient hydrodynamic shear stresses below 20 kPa. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic understanding that relates pallet release dynamics and associated transient shear stresses with subsequent cellular viability. This provides a quantitative, mechanistic basis for determining optimal operating conditions for laser microbeam-based pallet release systems for the isolation and selection of adherent cells.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158840?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei, Wei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Xiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Qifa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shung, K Kirk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrated ultrasound and photoacoustic probe for co-registered intravascular imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Solid-State</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoacoustic Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on the synergy of an integrated ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) probe system for intravascular imaging. The combined dual-modality probe is based on a 39 MHz ring-shaped US transducer which detects both US echoes and laser-generated PA signals. By combining optical fiber, US transducer, and micromirror, we can obtain intravascular cross-sectional B-scan images by internal illumination of the sample. The performance of the probe is evaluated in a phantom study. Moreover, the coaxially designed probe also provides co-registered US and PA images of a normal rabbit aorta, which demonstrates the imaging ability of the dual-functional system, implying future clinical applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029348?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, Lidek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qi, Wenjuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensity-based modified Doppler variance algorithm: application to phase instable and phase stable optical coherence tomography systems.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 6</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11429-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The traditional phase-resolved Doppler method demonstrates great success for in-vivo imaging of blood flow and blood vessels. However, the phase-resolved method always requires high phase stability of the system. In phase instable situations, the performance of the phase-resolved methods will be degraded. We propose a modified Doppler variance algorithm that is based on the intensity or amplitude value. Performances of the proposed algorithm are compared with traditional phase-resolved Doppler variance and color Doppler methods for both phase stable and phase instable systems. For the phase instable situation, the proposed algorithm demonstrates images without phase instability induced artifacts. In-vivo imaging of window-chamber hamster skin is demonstrated for phase instable situation with a spectrometer-based Fourier domain OCT system. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based swept source OCT (SSOCT) system is also used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in a phase instable situation. The phase stability of the SSOCT system is analyzed. In-vivo imaging of the blood vessel of human skin is demonstrated with the proposed method and the SSOCT system. For the phase stable situation, the proposed algorithm also demonstrates comparable performance with traditional phase-resolved methods. In-vivo imaging of the human choroidal blood vessel network is demonstrated with the proposed method under the phase stable situation. Depth-resolved fine choroidal blood vessel networks are shown.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716374?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durrant, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An interdisciplinary systems approach to study sperm physiology and evolution.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidative Phosphorylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical trapping is a noninvasive biophotonic tool that has been developed to study the physiological and biomechanical properties of cells. The custom-designed optical system is built to direct near-infrared laser light into an inverted microscope to create a single-point three-dimensional gradient laser trap at the microscope focal point. A real-time automated tracking and trapping system (RATTS) is described that provides a remote user-friendly robotic interface. The combination of laser tweezers, fluorescent imaging, and RATTS can measure sperm swimming speed and swimming force simultaneously with mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The roles of two sources of adenosine triphosphate in sperm motility/energetics are studied: oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the mitochondria located in the sperm midpiece, and glycolysis, which occurs along the length of the sperm tail (flagellum). The effects of glucose, oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, and glycolytic inhibitors on human sperm motility are studied. This combination of photonic physical and engineering tools has been used to examine the evolutionary effect of sperm competition in primates. The results demonstrate a correlation between mating type and sperm motility: sperm from polygamous (multi-partner) primate species swim faster and with greater force than sperm from polygynous (single partner) primate species. In summary, engineering and biological systems are combined to provide a powerful interdisciplinary approach to study the complex biological systems that drive the sperm toward the egg.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21064038?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang-Won</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigating in vivo airway wall mechanics during tidal breathing with optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Compliance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tidal Volume</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106011</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a nondestructive imaging technique offering high temporal and spatial resolution, which makes it a natural choice for assessing tissue mechanical properties. We have developed methods to mechanically analyze the compliance of the rabbit trachea in vivo using tissue deformations induced by tidal breathing, offering a unique tool to assess the behavior of the airways during their normal function. Four-hundred images were acquired during tidal breathing with a custom-built endoscopic OCT system. The surface of the tissue was extracted from a set of these images via image processing algorithms, filtered with a bandpass filter set at respiration frequency to remove cardiac and probe motion, and compared to ventilatory pressure to calculate wall compliance. These algorithms were tested on elastic phantoms to establish reliability and reproducibility. The mean tracheal wall compliance (in five animals) was 1.3±0.3×10(-5) (mm Pa)(-1). Unlike previous work evaluating airway mechanics, this new method is applicable in vivo, noncontact, and loads the trachea in a physiological manner. The technique may have applications in assessing airway mechanics in diseases such as asthma that are characterized by significant airway remodeling.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029358?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rice, Tyler B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carp, Stefan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boas, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser speckle imaging in the spatial frequency domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1553-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) images interference patterns produced by coherent addition of scattered laser light to map subsurface tissue perfusion. However, the effect of longer path length photons is typically unknown and poses a limitation towards absolute quantification. In this work, LSI is integrated with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to suppress multiple scattering and absorption effects. First, depth sensitive speckle contrast is shown in phantoms by separating a deep source (4 mm) from a shallow source (2 mm) of speckle contrast by using a high spatial frequency of illumination (0.24 mm(-1)). We develop an SFD adapted correlation diffusion model and show that with high frequency (0.24 mm(-1)) illumination, doubling of absorption contrast results in only a 1% change in speckle contrast versus 25% change using a planar unmodulated (0 mm(-1)) illumination. Similar absorption change is mimicked in vivo imaging a finger occlusion and the relative speckle contrast change from baseline is 10% at 0.26 mm(-1) versus 60% at 0 mm(-1) during a finger occlusion. These results underscore the importance of path length and optical properties in determining speckle contrast. They provide an integrated approach for simultaneous mapping of blood flow (speckle contrast) and oxygenation (optical properties) which can be used to inform tissue metabolism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698018?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saager, Rolf B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Truong, Alex</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Method for depth-resolved quantitation of optical properties in layered media using spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">077002</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have demonstrated that spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy (SMoQS) is capable of extracting absolute optical properties from homogeneous tissue simulating phantoms that span both the visible and near-infrared wavelength regimes. However, biological tissue, such as skin, is highly structured, presenting challenges to quantitative spectroscopic techniques based on homogeneous models. In order to more accurately address the challenges associated with skin, we present a method for depth-resolved optical property quantitation based on a two layer model. Layered Monte Carlo simulations and layered tissue simulating phantoms are used to determine the efficacy and accuracy of SMoQS to quantify layer specific optical properties of layered media. Initial results from both the simulation and experiment show that this empirical method is capable of determining top layer thickness within tens of microns across a physiological range for skin. Layer specific chromophore concentration can be determined to &lt;±10% the actual values, on average, whereas bulk quantitation in either visible or near infrared spectroscopic regimes significantly underestimates the layer specific chromophore concentration and can be confounded by top layer thickness.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806282?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moon, Sucbei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mode-filtered large-core fiber for short-pulse delivery with reduced nonlinear effects.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3362-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a large-core fiber (LCF) with a reduced nonlinear property for a single-mode beam delivery of intense ultrashort pulses. A tapered-fiber mode filter was fabricated in an LCF with the core diameter decreased from 20 μm to 6 μm at the tapered waist region surrounded by index-matched liquid. By the tapered geometry, the high-order mode was rejected so that our mode-filtered LCF acted as a single-mode fiber despite the multimode property of the original LCF. It has been found that this fiber class is suitable for applications, such as an endoscopic multiphoton microscope, that demand a flexible short-distance (&lt;4 m) delivery medium of ultrashort pulses.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886211?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Jungrae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multimodality approach to optical early detection and  mapping of oral neoplasia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leukoplakia, Oral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasms, Experimental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning Laser Polarimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">076007</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early detection of cancer remains the best way to ensure patient survival and quality of life. Squamous cell carcinoma is usually preceded by dysplasia presenting as white, red, or mixed red and white epithelial lesions on the oral mucosa (leukoplakia, erythroplakia). Dysplastic lesions in the form of erythroplakia can carry a risk for malignant conversion of 90%. A noninvasive diagnostic modality would enable monitoring of these lesions at regular intervals and detection of treatment needs at a very early, relatively harmless stage. The specific aim of this work was to test a multimodality approach [three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and polarimetry] to noninvasive diagnosis of oral premalignancy and malignancy using the hamster cheek pouch model (nine hamsters). The results were compared to tissue histopathology. During carcinogenesis, epithelial down grow, eventual loss of basement membrane integrity, and subepithelial invasion were clearly visible with OCT. Polarimetry techniques identified a four to five times increased retardance in sites with squamous cell carcinoma, and two to three times greater retardance in dysplastic sites than in normal tissues. These techniques were particularly useful for mapping areas of field cancerization with multiple lesions, as well as lesion margins.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806268?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hwang, Yu-Jer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kolettis, Nomiki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Miso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillard, Elizabeth R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Edgar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton imaging of actin filament formation and mitochondrial energetics of human ACBT gliomas.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemistry and photobiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochem. Photobiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfilaments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondria</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-17</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We studied the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of actin filaments and mitochondria in relation to ACBT glioblastoma cells migration. We embedded the cells in the spheroid form within collagen hydrogels and imaged them by in situ multiphoton microscopy (MPM). The static 3D overlay of the distribution of actin filaments and mitochondria provided a greater understanding of cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions and morphology. While imaging mitochondria to obtain ratiometric redox index based on cellular fluorescence from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide we observed differential sensitivity of the migrating ACBT glioblastoma cells to femtosecond laser irradiation employed in MPM. We imaged actin-green fluorescent protein fluorescence in live ACBT glioma cells and for the first time observed dynamic modulation of the pools of actin during migration in 3D. The MPM imaging, which probes cells directly within the 3D cancer models, could potentially aid in working out a link between the functional performance of mitochondria, actin distribution and cancer invasiveness.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21143483?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kieu, Khanh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wise, Frank W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton microscopy system with a compact fiber-based femtosecond-pulse laser and handheld probe.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biophotonics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biophotonics</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tendons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on the development of a compact multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system that integrates a compact and robust fiber laser with a miniature probe. The all normal dispersion fiber femtosecond laser has a central wavelength of 1.06 μm, pulse width of 125 fs and average power of more than 1 W. A double cladding photonic crystal fiber was used to deliver the excitation beam and to collect the two-photon signal. The hand-held probe included galvanometer-based mirror scanners, relay lenses and a focusing lens. The packaged probe had a diameter of 16 mm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) images and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images of biological tissues were demonstrated using the system.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635426?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hwang, Yu-Jer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Granelli, Joseph</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton optical image guided spectroscopy method for characterization of collagen-based materials modified by glycation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anal. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycosylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">200-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cross-linking with reducing sugars, known as glycation, is used to increase stiffness and strength of tissues and artificial collagen-based scaffolds. Nondestructive characterization methods that report on the structures within these materials could clarify the effects of glycation. For doing this nondestructive evaluation, we employed an in situ one-photon fluorescence as well as multiphoton microscopy method that combined two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation signals. We incubated collagen hydrogels with glyceraldehyde, ribose, and glucose and observed an increase in the in situ fluorescence and structural alterations within the materials during the course of glycation. The two-photon fluorescence emission maximum was observed at about 460 nm. The fluorescence emission in the one-photon excitation experiment (λ(ex) = 360 nm) was broad with peaks centered at 445 and 460 nm. The 460 nm emission component subsequently became dominant during the course of glycation with glyceraldehyde. For the ribose, in addition to the 460 nm peak, the 445 nm component persisted. The glucose glycated hydrogels exhibited broad fluorescence that did not increase significantly even after 6 weeks. As determined from measuring the fluorescence intensity at the 460 nm maximum, glycation with glyceraldehyde was faster compared to ribose and generated stronger fluorescence signals. Upon excitation of glycated samples with 330 nm light, different emission peaks were observed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21141843?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weber, Jessie R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, William R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bearman, Gregory H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsu, Mike</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binder, Devin K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Dan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multispectral imaging of tissue absorption and scattering using spatial frequency domain imaging and a computed-tomography imaging spectrometer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systems Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, X-Ray Computed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">011015</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present an approach for rapidly and quantitatively mapping tissue absorption and scattering spectra in a wide-field, noncontact imaging geometry by combining multifrequency spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) with a computed-tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS). SFDI overcomes the need to spatially scan a source, and is based on the projection and analysis of periodic structured illumination patterns. CTIS provides a throughput advantage by simultaneously diffracting multiple spectral images onto a single CCD chip to gather spectra at every pixel of the image, thus providing spatial and spectral information in a single snapshot. The spatial-spectral data set was acquired 30 times faster than with our wavelength-scanning liquid crystal tunable filter camera, even though it is not yet optimized for speed. Here we demonstrate that the combined SFDI-CTIS is capable of rapid, multispectral imaging of tissue absorption and scattering in a noncontact, nonscanning platform. The combined system was validated for 36 wavelengths between 650-1000 nm in tissue simulating phantoms over a range of tissue-like absorption and scattering properties. The average percent error for the range of absorption coefficients (μa) was less than 10% from 650-800 nm, and less than 20% from 800-1000 nm. The average percent error in reduced scattering coefficients (μs') was less than 5% from 650-700 nm and less than 3% from 700-1000 nm. The SFDI-CTIS platform was applied to a mouse model of brain injury in order to demonstrate the utility of this approach in characterizing spatially and spectrally varying tissue optical properties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21280902?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Bo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estrada, Laura C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian Hellriegel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanometer-scale optical imaging of collagen fibers using gold nanoparticles.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">511-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe 3D single particle tracking of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) moving along collagen fibers in aqueous environment with two-photon excitation conditions. The photoacoustic effect at the collagen fiber caused by the irradiation with ultrashort, near-infrared laser pulses propels the particles adsorbed to the surface of the collagen fibers. We report the tracking of individual AuNPs in three dimensions with high spatial and temporal resolution, of few nanometers and milliseconds, respectively. Due to the emission signal caused by the interaction between the AuNPs and the weak chromophores in the collagen fiber, the trajectories of individual AuNPs reveal the fiber topography with nanometric resolution. The intensity along the trajectory shows that we are sensitive to the distribution of the weak chromophores on the fiber.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412457?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, E C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, D E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, A Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dubin, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karimi, K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, B J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle Electrode-based Electromechanical Reshaping of Rabbit Septal Cartilage: A Systematic Evaluation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 May 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) provides a means of producing shape change in cartilage by initiating oxidation-reduction reactions in mechanically deformed specimens. This study evaluates the effect of voltage and application time on specimen shape change using needle electrodes. Rabbit septal cartilage specimens (20x8x1 mm, n=200) were bent 90 degrees in a precision-machined plastic jig. Optimal electrode placement and the range of applied voltages were estimated using numerical modeling of the initial electric field within the cartilage sample. A geometric configuration of three platinum needle electrodes 2 mm apart from each other and inserted 6 mm from the bend axis on opposite ends was selected. One row of electrodes served as the anode and the other as the cathode. Constant voltage was applied at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 V for 1, 2, and 4 minutes, followed by rehydration in phosphate buffered saline. Samples were then removed from the jig and bend angle was measured. In accordance with previous studies, bend angle increased with increasing voltage and application time. Below a voltage threshold of 4 V, 4 minutes, no clinically significant reshaping was observed. The maximum bend angle obtained was 35.7±1.7º at 8 V, 4 minutes.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606017?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heidari, Esmaeil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levy, Elad I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linskey, Mark E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroendovascular optical coherence tomography imaging and histological analysis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosurgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosurgery</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadaver</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carotid Arteries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endovascular Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroimaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosurgical Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">430-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional in situ images from intact tissue based on tissue reflectance of near-infrared or infrared light.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the feasibility of neuroendovascular OCT imaging and compare the neuroendovascular OCT findings with histology in nondiseased vessels in an animal, cadaveric, and clinical study.

METHODS: Catheter-based in vivo endovascular OCT imaging was performed in the common carotid arteries of 2 pigs and in the intracranial carotid arteries of 3 patients. The endovascular OCT device was delivered to the desired location via groin access and using standard endovascular procedures. Images were obtained via rotational and translational scanning using external motors. In vivo findings were reproduced using ex vivo OCT imaging in corresponding animal and human (cadaveric) harvested tissue segments. These segments underwent histological examination for comparison.

RESULTS: The structural compositions of the OCT-imaged segments of the common carotid arteries in pigs as well as the petrous and cavernous intracranial carotid arteries in patients were visualized at high resolution (8 μm). The in vivo images were identical to those obtained ex vivo, demonstrating the imaging capabilities of the endovascular OCT device. The OCT images correlated well with the images obtained after histological sectioning and visualized in vivo the laminar vascular structure.

CONCLUSION: Neuroendovascular OCT imaging is feasible for clinical use and can detect with high resolution the structure of arterial segments. Understanding OCT imaging in nondiseased arteries is important in establishing baseline findings necessary for interpreting pathological processes. This allows neuroendovascular optical biopsies of vascular tissue to be obtained without the need for excision and processing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358358?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaiser, Meghann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yafi, Amr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cinat, Marianne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive assessment of burn wound severity using optical technology: a review of current and future modalities.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capillaries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injury Severity Score</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical examination alone is not always sufficient to determine which burn wounds will heal spontaneously and which will require surgical intervention for optimal outcome. We present a review of optical modalities currently in clinical use and under development to assist burn surgeons in assessing burn wound severity, including conventional histology/light microscopy, laser Doppler imaging, indocyanine green videoangiography, near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral imaging, in vivo capillary microscopy, orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, reflectance-mode confocal microscopy, laser speckle imaging, spatial frequency domain imaging, photoacoustic microscopy, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185123?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, So Hyun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yodh, Arjun G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF DEEP TISSUE TEMPERATURE CHANGES CAUSED BY APOPTOSIS DURING BREAST CANCER NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY: A CASE STUDY.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of innovative optical health sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-372</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment-induced apoptosis of cancer cells is one goal of cancer therapy. Interestingly, more heat is generated by mitochondria during apoptosis, especially the uncoupled apoptotic state,(1,2) compared to the resting state. In this case study, we explore these thermal effects by longitudinally measuring temperature variations in a breast lesion of a pathological complete responder during neadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) was employed to derive absolute deep tissue temperature using subtle spectral features of the water peak at 975 nm.3 A significant temperature increase was observed in time windows during the anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC) regimen but in not paclitaxel and bevacizumab regimen. Hemoglobin concentration changes generally did not follow temperature, suggesting that the measured temperature increases were likely due to mitochondrial uncoupling rather than a direct vascular effect. A simultaneous increase of tissue oxygen saturation with temperature was also observed, suggesting that oxidative stress also contributes to apoptosis. Although preliminary, this study indicates that longitudinal DOSI tissue temperature monitoring provides information that can improve our understanding of the mechanisms of tissue response during NAC.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408653?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Xiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jing, Joe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Jiawen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edris, Ahmad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoang, Khiet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shung, K Kirk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Jagat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Qifa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel combined miniature optical coherence tomography ultrasound probe for in vivo intravascular imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">060505</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed a miniature integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) ultrasound (US) probing system for intravascular imaging applications. In the OCT probe, the light coming out of a single mode fiber is focused by a gradient-index lens and then reflected by a right-angle prism from the side of the probe into the sample. It was combined with a 35 MHz PMN-PT side-viewing ultrasound transducer to obtain the ultrasound image as well. The OCT and ultrasound probes were integrated as a single probe to obtain OCT and ultrasound images simultaneously. The integrated probe has an outer diameter of 0.69 mm which, to our knowledge, is the smallest integrated OCT-US probe reported. Fast data acquisition and processing was implemented for real-time imaging. In vitro OCT and US images of human coronary artery with pathology, as well as in vivo images of normal rabbit abdominal aorta, were obtained using the integrated OCT-US probe to demonstrate its capability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21721799?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milanič, Matija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, Boris</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerical optimization of sequential cryogen spray cooling and laser irradiation for improved therapy of port wine stain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finite Element Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Coagulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pigmentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164-75</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite application of cryogen spray (CS) precooling, customary treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks with a single laser pulse does not result in complete lesion blanching for a majority of patients. One obvious reason is nonselective absorption by epidermal melanin, which limits the maximal safe radiant exposure. Another possible reason for treatment failure is screening of laser light within large PWS vessels, which prevents uniform heating of the entire vessel lumen. Our aim is to identify the parameters of sequential CS cooling and laser irradiation that will allow optimal photocoagulation of various PWS blood vessels with minimal risk of epidermal thermal damage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Light and heat transport in laser treatment of PWS are simulated using a custom 3D Monte Carlo model and 2D finite element method, respectively. Protein denaturation in blood and skin are calculated using the Arrhenius kinetic model with tissue-specific coefficients. Simulated PWS vessels with diameters of 30-150 µm are located at depths of 200-600 µm, and shading by nearby vessels is accounted for according to PWS histology data from the literature. For moderately pigmented and dark skin phototypes, PWS blood vessel coagulation and epidermal thermal damage are assessed for various parameters of sequential CS cooling and 532-nm laser irradiation, i.e. the number of pulses in a sequence (1-5), repetition rate (7-30 Hz), and radiant exposure.

RESULTS: Simulations of PWS treatment in darker skin phototypes indicate specific cooling/irradiation sequences that provide significantly higher efficacy and safety as compared to the customary single-pulse approach across a wide range of PWS blood vessel diameters and depths. The optimal sequences involve three to five laser pulses at repetition rates of 10-15 Hz.

CONCLUSIONS: Application of the identified cooling/irradiation sequences may offer improved therapeutic outcome for patients with resistant PWS, especially in darker skin phototypes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21384397?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phung, Thuy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on enhanced port wine stain blanching induced by combined pulsed dye laser and rapamycin administration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">939-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127673?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roblyer, Darren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ueda, Shigeto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaren, Christine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Wen-Pin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical imaging of breast cancer oxyhemoglobin flare correlates with neoadjuvant chemotherapy response one day after starting treatment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Aug 30</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14626-31</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approximately 8-20% of breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy fail to achieve a measurable response and endure toxic side effects without benefit. Most clinical and imaging measures of response are obtained several weeks after the start of therapy. Here, we report that functional hemodynamic and metabolic information acquired using a noninvasive optical imaging method on the first day after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment can discriminate nonresponding from responding patients. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging was used to measure absolute concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, water, and lipid in tumor and normal breast tissue of 24 tumors in 23 patients with untreated primary breast cancer. Measurements were made before chemotherapy, on day 1 after the first infusion, and frequently during the first week of therapy. Various multidrug, multicycle regimens were used to treat patients. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging measurements were compared with final postsurgical pathologic response. A statistically significant increase, or flare, in oxyhemoglobin was observed in partial responding (n = 11) and pathologic complete responding tumors (n = 8) on day 1, whereas nonresponders (n = 5) showed no flare and a subsequent decrease in oxyhemoglobin on day 1. Oxyhemoglobin flare on day 1 was adequate to discriminate nonresponding tumors from responding tumors. Very early measures of chemotherapy response are clinically convenient and offer the potential to alter treatment strategies, resulting in improved patient outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852577?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baek, Seung-Kuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Makkouk, Amani Riad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photothermal treatment of glioma; an in vitro study of macrophage-mediated delivery of gold nanoshells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan 9</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the major factors that limits the treatment effectiveness for gliomas is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which protects infiltrating glioma cells from the effects of anti-cancer agents. Circulating monocytes/macrophages (Ma) have a natural ability to traverse the intact and compromised BBB and loaded with anti cancer agents could be used as vectors to target tumors and surrounding tumor infiltrated tissue. Nanoshells (NS) are composed of a dielectric core (silica) coated with an ultrathin gold layer which converts absorbed near-infrared light (NIR) to heat with an extremely high efficacy and stability. We have investigated the effects of exposure to laser NIR on multicell human glioma spheroids infiltrated with empty (containing no nanoshells) or nanoshell loaded macrophages. Our results demonstrated that; (1) macrophages could efficiently take up bare or coated (PEGylated) gold NS: (2) NS loaded macrophages infiltrated into glioma spheroids to the same or, in some cases, to a greater degree than empty Ma; (3) NIR laser irradiation of spheroids incorporating NS loaded macrophages resulted in complete growth inhibition in an irradiance dependent manner, and (4) spheroids infiltrated with empty macrophages had growth curves identical to untreated control cultures. The results of this study provide proof of concept for the use of macrophages as a delivery vector of NS into gliomas for photothermal ablation and open the possibility of developing such regimens for patient treatment.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21221712?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Chia-Yu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suhalim, Jeffrey L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nien, Chyong Ly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miljković, Milos D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diem, Max</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jester, James V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Picosecond spectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with principal component analysis of meibomian glands.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meibomian Glands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal Component Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">021104</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The lipid distribution in the mouse meibomian gland was examined with picosecond spectral anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging. Spectral CARS data sets were generated by imaging specific localized regions of the gland within tissue sections at consecutive Raman shifts in the CH(2) stretching vibrational range. Spectral differences between the location specific CARS spectra obtained in the lipid-rich regions of the acinus and the central duct were observed, which were confirmed with a Raman microspectroscopic analysis, and attributed to meibum lipid modifications within the gland. A principal component analysis of the spectral data set reveals changes in the CARS spectrum when transitioning from the acini to the central duct. These results demonstrate the utility of picosecond spectral CARS imaging combined with multivariate analysis for assessing differences in the distribution and composition of lipids in tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21361667?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jing, Joe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Pinghe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polarization-maintaining buffered Fourier domain mode-locked swept source for optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4788-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A polarization-maintaining buffered Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) swept source with a center wavelength of 1300 nm is demonstrated. The scanning rate of the buffered FDML swept source is doubled without sacrificing the output power of the swept source by combining two orthogonally polarized outputs with a polarization beam combiner. The stability of the swept source is improved because the polarization state of the laser beam inside the laser cavity is maintained without the use of any polarization controllers. The swept source is capable of an edge-to-edge tuning range of more than 150 nm and a FWHM range of 95 nm at a 102 kHz sweeping rate and with an average power of 12 mW. A swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) system is developed utilizing this buffered FDML swept source. The axial resolution of the SSOCT system is measured to be 9.4 µm in air. The sensitivity of the SSOCT system is 107.5 dB at a depth of 0.25 mm with a 6 dB roll-off at a depth of 2.25 mm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179884?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yafi, Amr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vetter, Thomas S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scholz, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patel, Sarin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saager, Rolf B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, Gregory R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Postoperative quantitative assessment of reconstructive tissue status in a cutaneous flap model using spatial frequency domain imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plastic and reconstructive surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plast. Reconstr. Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Necrosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgical Flaps</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the capabilities of a novel optical wide-field imaging technology known as spatial frequency domain imaging to quantitatively assess reconstructive tissue status.

METHODS: Twenty-two cutaneous pedicle flaps were created on 11 rats based on the inferior epigastric vessels. After baseline measurement, all flaps underwent vascular ischemia, induced by clamping the supporting vessels for 2 hours (either arteriovenous or selective venous occlusions); normal saline was injected into the control flap and hypertonic-hyperoncotic saline solution was injected into the experimental flap. Flaps were monitored for 2 hours after reperfusion. The spatial frequency domain imaging system was used for quantitative assessment of flap status over the duration of the experiment.

RESULTS: All flaps demonstrated a significant decline in oxyhemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation in response to occlusion. Total hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were increased markedly in the selective venous occlusion group. After reperfusion and the administration of solutions, oxyhemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation in those flaps that survived gradually returned to baseline levels. However, flaps for which oxyhemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation did not show any signs of recovery appeared to be compromised and eventually became necrotic within 24 to 48 hours in both occlusion groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Spatial frequency domain imaging technology provides a quantitative, objective method of assessing tissue status. This study demonstrates the potential of this optical technology to assess tissue perfusion in a very precise and quantitative way, enabling wide-field visualization of physiologic parameters. The results of this study suggest that spatial frequency domain imaging may provide a means for prospectively identifying dysfunctional flaps well in advance of failure.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200206?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel, Cyrus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practical device for precise cutting of costal cartilage grafts to uniform thickness.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadaver</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstructive Surgical Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue and Organ Harvesting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Costal cartilage is becoming increasingly popular as a graft source for facial reconstruction. However, carving methods have not changed in decades and continue to primarily rely on detailed maneuvers with a scalpel. There are few reports of mechanical devices for shaping costal cartilage, and to our knowledge their accuracy and precision have not been reported. We describe a simple costal cartilage slicing device that facilitates the production of sections having uniform, user-defined thicknesses.

METHODS: The design included laboratory research using 200 porcine and 2 cadaveric human ex vivo costal cartilage slices. A 2-component apparatus was constructed consisting of a mechanism to secure the costal cartilage and a double-bladed device to cut the rib graft through a central cross-section. Optimizing blade characteristics and static forces that secure the cartilage were critical design challenges. The device was used to obtain slices 0.8, 2.1, and 4.1 mm in thickness, with lengths up to 4.0 cm and a width of 1.0 cm. To confirm uniformity, thickness was measured at 8 fixed regions per section using a digital micrometer.

RESULTS: All costal cartilage slices appeared to be extremely uniform on visual and manual inspection. The absolute difference between the largest and smallest thickness measured for each individual sample ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 mm, 0.06 to 0.14 mm, and 0.10 to 0.21 mm for the 0.8-, 2.1-, and 4.1-mm-thick groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the precision of using a mechanical slicing device to section costal cartilage to a clinically relevant and uniform thickness. This mechanized technology may increase accuracy and reduce carving time required for using costal cartilage tissue in head and neck reconstruction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339470?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaveh Azartash</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwan, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paugh, Jerry R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Andrew Loc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jester, James V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-corneal tear film thickness in humans measured with a novel technique.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Vis.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">756-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to gather preliminary data in normals and dry eye subjects, using a new, non-invasive imaging platform to measure the thickness of pre-corneal tear film.

METHODS: Human subjects were screened for dry eye and classified as dry or normal. Tear film thickness over the inferior paracentral cornea was measured using laser illumination and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. A previously developed mathematical model was used to calculate the thickness of the tear film by applying the principle of spatial auto-correlation function (ACF).

RESULTS: Mean tear film thickness values (±SD) were 3.05 μm (0.20) and 2.48 μm (0.32) on the initial visit for normals (n=18) and dry eye subjects (n=22), respectively, and were significantly different (p&lt;0.001, 2-sample t-test). Repeatability was good between visit 1 and 2 for normals (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.935) and dry eye subjects (ICC=0.950). Tear film thickness increased above baseline for the dry eye subjects following viscous drop instillation and remained significantly elevated for up to approximately 32 min (n=20; p&lt;0.05 until 32 min; general linear mixed model and Dunnett's tests).

CONCLUSIONS: This technique for imaging the ocular surface appears to provide tear thickness values in agreement with other non-invasive methods. Moreover, the technique can differentiate between normal and dry eye patient types.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527997?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang-Won</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heidary, Andrew E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramalingam, Tirunelveli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jing, Joseph</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantification of airway thickness changes in smoke-inhalation injury using in-vivo 3-D endoscopic frequency-domain optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke inhalation injury is frequently accompanied by cyanide poisoning that may result in substantial morbidity and mortality, and methods are needed to quantitatively determine extent of airway injury. We utilized a 3-D endoscopic frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) constructed with a swept-source laser to investigate morphological airway changes following smoke and cyanide exposure in rabbits. The thickness of the mucosal area between the epithelium and cartilage in the airway was measured and quantified. 3-D endoscopic FD-OCT was able to detect significant increases in the thickness of the tracheal walls of the rabbit beginning almost immediately after smoke inhalation injuries which were similar to those with combined smoke and cyanide poisoning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339870?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rice, Tyler B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soren D. Konecky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative determination of dynamical properties using coherent spatial frequency domain imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microspheres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polystyrenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viscosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2108-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser speckle imaging (LSI) is a fast, noninvasive method to obtain relative particle dynamics in highly light scattering media, such as biological tissue. To make quantitative measurements, we combine LSI with spatial frequency domain imaging, a technique where samples are illuminated with sinusoidal intensity patterns of light that control the characteristic path lengths of photons in the sample. We use both diffusion and radiative transport to predict the speckle contrast of coherent light remitted from turbid media. We validate our technique by measuring known Brownian diffusion coefficients (D(b)) of scattering liquid phantoms. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of radiative transport were found to provide the most accurate contrast predictions. For polystyrene microspheres of radius 800 nm in water, the expected and fit D(b) using radiative transport were 6.10E-07 and 7.10E-07 mm²/s, respectively. For polystyrene microspheres of radius 1026 nm in water, the expected and fit D(b) were 4.7E-07 and 5.35 mm²/s, respectively. For scattering particles in water-glycerin solutions, the fit fractional changes in D(b) with changes in viscosity were all found to be within 3% of the expected value.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979516?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saager, Rolf B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saggese, Steve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative fluorescence imaging of protoporphyrin IX through determination of tissue optical properties in the spatial frequency domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126013</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability to quantitatively determine tissue fluorescence is of interest for the purpose of better understanding the details of photodynamic therapy of skin cancer. In particular, we are interested in quantifying protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in vivo. We present a method of correcting fluorescence for effects of native tissue absorption and scattering properties in a spatially resolved manner that preserves the resolution of the fluorescence imaging system, based off a homogeneous representation of tissue. Validation was performed using a series of liquid turbid phantoms having varying concentrations of absorber, scatterer, and fluorophore (PpIX). Through the quantification of tissue optical properties via spatial frequency domain imaging, an empirical model based on Monte Carlo simulations was deployed to successfully decouple the effects of absorption and scattering from fluorescence. From this we were able to deduce the concentration of the PpIX to within 0.2 μg/ml of the known concentration. This method was subsequently applied to the determination of PpIX concentration from in vivo normal skin where the model-based correction determined a concentration of 1.6 μg/ml, which is in agreement with literature.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191930?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Šebek, Jiří</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pele, Liat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerber, R Benny</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raman spectra of long chain hydrocarbons: anharmonic calculations, experiment and implications for imaging of biomembranes.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Chem Chem Phys</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Conformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Dynamics Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vibration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12724-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First-principles anharmonic vibrational calculations are carried out for the Raman spectrum of the C-H stretching bands in dodecane, and for the C-D bands in the deuterated molecule. The calculations use the Vibrational Self-Consistent Field (VSCF) algorithm. The results are compared with liquid-state experiments, after smoothing the isolated-molecule sharp-line computed spectra. Very good agreement between the computed and experimental results is found for the two systems. The combined theoretical and experimental results provide insights into the spectrum, elucidating the roles of symmetric and asymmetric CH(3) and CH(2) hydrogenic stretches. This is expected to be very useful for the interpretation of spectra of long-chain hydrocarbons. The results show that anharmonic effects on the spectrum are large. On the other hand, vibrational degeneracy effects seem to be rather modest at the resolution of the experiments. The degeneracy effects may have more pronounced manifestations in higher-resolution experiments. The results show that first-principles anharmonic vibrational calculations for hydrocarbons are feasible, in good agreement with experiment, opening the way for applications to many similar systems. The results may be useful for the analysis of CARS imaging of lipids, for which dodecane is a representative molecule. It is suggested that first-principles vibrational calculations may be useful also for CARS imaging of other systems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670823?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ma, Jian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohira, Shin-Ichi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mishra, Santosh K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puanngam, Mahitti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dasgupta, Purnendu K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid point of care analyzer for the measurement of cyanide in blood.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anal. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobamides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphoric Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-of-Care Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4319-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple, sensitive optical analyzer for the rapid determination of cyanide in blood in point of care applications is described. HCN is liberated by the addition of 20% H(3)PO(4) and is absorbed by a paper filter impregnated with borate-buffered (pH 9.0) hydroxoaquocobinamide (hereinafter called cobinamide). Cobinamide on the filter changes color from orange (λ(max) = 510 nm) to violet (λ(max) = 583 nm) upon reaction with cyanide. This color change is monitored in the transmission mode by a light emitting diode (LED) with a 583 nm emission maximum and a photodiode detector. The observed rate of color change increases 10 times when the cobinamide solution for filter impregnation is prepared in borate-buffer rather than in water. The use of a second LED emitting at 653 nm and alternate pulsing of the LEDs improves the limit of detection by 4 times to ~0.5 μM for a 1 mL blood sample. Blood cyanide levels of imminent concern (≥10 μM) can be accurately measured in ~2 min. The response is proportional to the mass of cyanide in the sample: smaller sample volumes can be successfully used with proportionate change in the concentration LODs. Bubbling air through the blood-acid mixture was found effective for mixing of the acid with the sample and the liberation of HCN. A small amount of ethanol added to the top of the blood was found to be the most effective means to prevent frothing during aeration. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for repetitive determination of blood samples containing 9 μM CN was 1.09% (n = 5). The technique was compared blind with a standard microdiffusion-spectrophotometric method used for the determination of cyanide in rabbit blood. The results showed good correlation (slope 1.05, r(2) 0.9257); independent calibration standards were used.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553921?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raghunathan, Varun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Korth, Olaf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ge, Nien-Hui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid vibrational imaging with sum frequency generation microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3891-3</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate rapid vibrational imaging based on sum frequency generation (SFG) microscopy with a collinear excitation geometry. Using the tunable picosecond pulses from a high-repetition-rate optical parametric oscillator, vibrationally selective imaging of collagen fibers is achieved with submicrometer lateral resolution. We furthermore show simultaneous SFG and second harmonic generation imaging to emphasize the compatibility of the microscope with other nonlinear optical modalities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964132?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time blood flow visualization using the graphics processing unit.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arteries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Graphics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">016009</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser speckle imaging (LSI) is a technique in which coherent light incident on a surface produces a reflected speckle pattern that is related to the underlying movement of optical scatterers, such as red blood cells, indicating blood flow. Image-processing algorithms can be applied to produce speckle flow index (SFI) maps of relative blood flow. We present a novel algorithm that employs the NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) platform to perform laser speckle image processing on the graphics processing unit. Software written in C was integrated with CUDA and integrated into a LabVIEW Virtual Instrument (VI) that is interfaced with a monochrome CCD camera able to acquire high-resolution raw speckle images at nearly 10 fps. With the CUDA code integrated into the LabVIEW VI, the processing and display of SFI images were performed also at ∼10 fps. We present three video examples depicting real-time flow imaging during a reactive hyperemia maneuver, with fluid flow through an in vitro phantom, and a demonstration of real-time LSI during laser surgery of a port wine stain birthmark.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21280915?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qi, Wenjuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time bulk-motion-correction free Doppler variance optical coherence tomography for choroidal capillary vasculature imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Feb 14</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3657-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper, we analyze the retinal and choroidal blood vasculature in the posterior segment of the human eye with optimized color Doppler and Doppler variance optical coherence tomography. Depth-resolved structure, color Doppler and Doppler variance images are compared. Blood vessels down to the capillary level were detected and visualized with the optimized optical coherence color Doppler and Doppler variance method. For in-vivo imaging of human eyes, bulk-motion induced bulk phase must be identified and removed before using the color Doppler method. It was found that the Doppler variance method is not sensitive to bulk-motion and the method can be used without correcting the bulk-motion when the sample-movement-induced velocity changes gradually. Real-time processing and displaying of the structure and blood vessel images are very interesting and is demonstrated using a dual quad-core Central Processing Unit (CPU) workstation. High resolution images of choroidal capillary of the vasculature network with phased-resolved color Doppler and Doppler variance are shown.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21369191?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hou, Randy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, Tho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murgu, Septimiu D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent advances in optical coherence tomography for the diagnoses of lung disorders.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert review of respiratory medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert Rev Respir Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive Value of Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">711-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There have been many advances in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic pulmonary medicine in the past several years, with major progress in the field of imaging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution (micron level) imaging modality currently being advanced with the potential to image airway wall structures in real time and at higher resolution than previously possible. OCT has the potential to increase the sensitivity and specificity of biopsies, create 3D images of the airway to guide diagnostics, and may have a future role in diverse areas such as the evaluation and treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, tracheal stenosis, airway remodeling and inhalation injury. OCT has recently been investigated to monitor airway compliance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma patients as well as differentiate causes of pulmonary hypertension. In future clinical and research applications, OCT will likely be combined with other endoscopic based modalities such as ultrasound, spectroscopy, confocal, and/or photoacoustic tomography to determine functional and biomolecular properties. This article discusses the current uses of OCT, its potential applications, as it relates to specific pulmonary diseases, and the future directions for OCT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21955240?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Xuejun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitmore, Desiré</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xing, Wendong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote multi-color excitation using femtosecond propagating surface plasmon polaritons in gold films.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Color</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gold</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membranes, Artificial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantum Dots</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Plasmon Resonance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul 4</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13454-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate dual-color nonlinear excitation of quantum dots positioned onto a gold film at distances up to 40 μm away from a micrometer sized focused laser spot. We attribute the observed remote nonlinear signal to the excitation of two independent surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes excited at the laser spot in the gold film, which subsequently propagate in a collinear fashion to a distant site and provide the surface field required for nonlinear excitation of the target. This scheme decouples the illuminating photon flux from surface plasmon mediated nonlinear excitation of the target, which provides more control of unwanted heating effects at the target site and represents an attractive approach for surface-mediated femtosecond nonlinear examinations of molecules.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747501?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hector Giral</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Lanzano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caldas, Yupanqui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blaine, Judith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verlander, Jill W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lei, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Levi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of PDZK1 protein in apical membrane expression of renal sodium-coupled phosphate transporters.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of biological chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Biol. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Physiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Polarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphoproteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Binding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Apr 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">286</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15032-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sodium-dependent phosphate (Na/P(i)) transporters NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c play a major role in the renal reabsorption of P(i). The functional need for several transporters accomplishing the same role is still not clear. However, the fact that these transporters show differential regulation under dietary and hormonal stimuli suggests different roles in P(i) reabsorption. The pathways controlling this differential regulation are still unknown, but one of the candidates involved is the NHERF family of scaffolding PDZ proteins. We propose that differences in the molecular interaction with PDZ proteins are related with the differential adaptation of Na/P(i) transporters. Pdzk1(-/-) mice adapted to chronic low P(i) diets showed an increased expression of NaPi-2a protein in the apical membrane of proximal tubules but impaired up-regulation of NaPi-2c. These results suggest an important role for PDZK1 in the stabilization of NaPi-2c in the apical membrane. We studied the specific protein-protein interactions of Na/P(i) transporters with NHERF-1 and PDZK1 by FRET. FRET measurements showed a much stronger interaction of NHERF-1 with NaPi-2a than with NaPi-2c. However, both Na/P(i) transporters showed similar FRET efficiencies with PDZK1. Interestingly, in cells adapted to low P(i) concentrations, there were increases in NaPi-2c/PDZK1 and NaPi-2a/NHERF-1 interactions. The differential affinity of the Na/P(i) transporters for NHERF-1 and PDZK1 proteins could partially explain their differential regulation and/or stability in the apical membrane. In this regard, direct interaction between NaPi-2c and PDZK1 seems to play an important role in the physiological regulation of NaPi-2c.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21388960?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dyer, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shreim, Samir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jayadev, Shreshta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lew, Valerie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Khine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequential shrink photolithography for plastic microlens arrays.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied physics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Phys Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jul 18</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34102-341023</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endeavoring to push the boundaries of microfabrication with shrinkable polymers, we have developed a sequential shrink photolithography process. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by rapidly fabricating plastic microlens arrays. First, we create a mask out of the children's toy Shrinky Dinks by simply printing dots using a standard desktop printer. Upon retraction of this pre-stressed thermoplastic sheet, the dots shrink to a fraction of their original size, which we then lithographically transfer onto photoresist-coated commodity shrink wrap film. This shrink film reduces in area by 95% when briefly heated, creating smooth convex photoresist bumps down to 30 µm. Taken together, this sequential shrink process provides a complete process to create microlenses, with an almost 99% reduction in area from the original pattern size. Finally, with a lithography molding step, we emboss these bumps into optical grade plastics such as cyclic olefin copolymer for functional microlens arrays.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863126?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Aaron</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lieu, Deborah K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freschauf, Lauren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lew, Valerie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Himanshu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jiaxian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Diep</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karakikes, Ioannis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hajjar, Roger J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajay Gopinathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fowlkes, Charless C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ronald A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Khine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrink-film configurable multiscale wrinkles for functional alignment of human embryonic stem cells and their cardiac derivatives.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adv. Mater. Weinheim</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Action Potentials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomimetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Differentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryonic Stem Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flow Cytometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocardium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocytes, Cardiac</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Dec 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5785-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A biomimetic substrate for cell-culture is fabricated by plasma treatment of a prestressed thermoplastic shrink film to create tunable multiscaled alignment &quot;wrinkles&quot;. Using this substrate, the functional alignment of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes is demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065428?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Alexander J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koike, Maya A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, Kim N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rice, Tyler B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaFerla, Frank M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial frequency domain imaging of intrinsic optical property contrast in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1349-57</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extensive changes in neural tissue structure and function accompanying Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that intrinsic signal optical imaging can provide new contrast mechanisms and insight for assessing AD appearance and progression. In this work, we report the development of a wide-field spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) method for non-contact, quantitative in vivo optical imaging of brain tissue composition and function in a triple transgenic mouse AD model (3xTg). SFDI was used to generate optical absorption and scattering maps at up to 17 wavelengths from 650 to 970 nm in 20-month-old 3xTg mice (n = 4) and age-matched controls (n = 6). Wavelength-dependent optical properties were used to form images of tissue hemoglobin (oxy-, deoxy-, and total), oxygen saturation, and water. Significant baseline contrast was observed with 13-26% higher average scattering values and elevated water content (52 ± 2% vs. 31 ± 1%); reduced total tissue hemoglobin content (127 ± 9 μM vs. 174 ± 6 μM); and lower tissue oxygen saturation (57 ± 2% vs. 69 ± 3%) in AD vs. control mice. Oxygen inhalation challenges (100% oxygen) resulted in increased levels of tissue oxy-hemoglobin (ctO(2)Hb) and commensurate reductions in deoxy-hemoglobin (ctHHb), with ~60-70% slower response times and ~7 μM vs. ~14 μM overall changes for 3xTg vs. controls, respectively. Our results show that SFDI is capable of revealing quantitative functional contrast in an AD model and may be a useful method for studying dynamic alterations in AD neural tissue composition and physiology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331663?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yudovsky, Dmitry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial frequency domain spectroscopy of two layer media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Least-Squares Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural Networks (Computer)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107005</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring of tissue blood volume and oxygen saturation using biomedical optics techniques has the potential to inform the assessment of tissue health, healing, and dysfunction. These quantities are typically estimated from the contribution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin to the absorption spectrum of the dermis. However, estimation of blood related absorption in superficial tissue such as the skin can be confounded by the strong absorption of melanin in the epidermis. Furthermore, epidermal thickness and pigmentation varies with anatomic location, race, gender, and degree of disease progression. This study describes a technique for decoupling the effect of melanin absorption in the epidermis from blood absorption in the dermis for a large range of skin types and thicknesses. An artificial neural network was used to map input optical properties to spatial frequency domain diffuse reflectance of two layer media. Then, iterative fitting was used to determine the optical properties from simulated spatial frequency domain diffuse reflectance. Additionally, an artificial neural network was trained to directly map spatial frequency domain reflectance to sets of optical properties of a two layer medium, thus bypassing the need for iteration. In both cases, the optical thickness of the epidermis and absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the dermis were determined independently. The accuracy and efficiency of the iterative fitting approach was compared with the direct neural network inversion.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029367?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Xuejun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface-mediated four-wave mixing of nanostructures with counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jun 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2348-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate that four-wave mixing (FWM) signals from individual Si nanoparticles can be generated by the surface fields of traveling surface plasmon polariton modes. We have chosen a counterpropagating excitation scheme in which the nanoparticle is exposed only to surface excitation fields and not to direct laser illumination. We show that background-free, surface-mediated FWM of nanoparticles can be acquired, and that the resulting nonlinear radiation is coherent.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21686016?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitry E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival of chondrocytes in rabbit septal cartilage after electromechanical reshaping.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromagnetic Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanotransduction, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) has been recently described as an alternative method for reshaping facial cartilage without the need for incisions or sutures. This study focuses on determining the short- and long-term viability of chondrocytes following EMR in cartilage grafts maintained in tissue culture. Flat rabbit nasal septal cartilage specimens were bent into semi-cylindrical shapes by an aluminum jig while a constant electric voltage was applied across the concave and convex surfaces. After EMR, specimens were maintained in culture media for 64 days. Over this time period, specimens were serially biopsied and then stained with a fluorescent live-dead assay system and imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy. In addition, the fraction of viable chondrocytes was measured, correlated with voltage, voltage application time, electric field configuration, and examined serially. The fraction of viable chondrocytes decreased with voltage and application time. High local electric field intensity and proximity to the positive electrode also focally reduced chondrocyte viability. The density of viable chondrocytes decreased over time and reached a steady state after 2-4 weeks. Viable cells were concentrated within the central region of the specimen. Approximately 20% of original chondrocytes remained viable after reshaping with optimal voltage and application time parameters and compared favorably with conventional surgical shape change techniques such as morselization.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842431?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Sean M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shergill, Bhupinder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barry, Zachary T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manousiouthakis, Eleana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Tom T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platt, Manu O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iruela-Arispe, M Luisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segura, Tatiana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VEGF internalization is not required for VEGFR-2 phosphorylation in bioengineered surfaces with covalently linked VEGF.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integr Biol (Camb)</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biocompatible Materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endocytosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heparin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immobilized Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Stability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">887-96</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to activate proliferation, migration, and survival pathways in endothelial cells through phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). VEGF has been incorporated into biomaterials through encapsulation, electrostatic sequestration, and covalent attachment, but the effect of these immobilization strategies on VEGF signaling has not been thoroughly investigated. Further, although growth factor internalization along with the receptor generally occurs in a physiological setting, whether this internalization is needed for receptor phosphorylation is not entirely clear. Here we show that VEGF covalently bound through a modified heparin molecule elicits an extended response of pVEGFR-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and that the covalent linkage reduces internalization of the growth factor during receptor endocytosis. Optical tweezer measurements show that the rupture force required to disrupt the heparin-VEGF-VEGFR-2 interaction increases from 3-8 pN to 6-12 pN when a covalent bond is introduced between VEGF and heparin. Importantly, by covalently binding VEGF to a heparin substrate, the stability (half-life) of VEGF is extended over three-fold. Here, mathematical models support the biological conclusions, further suggesting that VEGF internalization is significantly reduced when covalently bound, and indicating that VEGF is available for repeated phosphorylation events.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21826315?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, Seok Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang Hyuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jin, Sung Min</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Soon Young</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Kwang Yoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Min Kyung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Kyo Won</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal fold wound healing after injection of human adipose-derived stem cells in a rabbit model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta oto-laryngologica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Otolaryngol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Random Allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cell Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplantation, Heterologous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal Cords</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1198-204</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCLUSION: Injection of injured rabbit vocal folds with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) led to improved wound healing and fewer signs of scarring as demonstrated by a decreased collagen content in the treated folds compared with the untreated folds. hADSCs remained viable for up to 12 weeks in rabbit vocal folds.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic and histologic properties of scarred rabbit vocal folds following injection of hADSCs.

METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled animal study. Twenty-four vocal folds from 12 New Zealand rabbits were scarred using a CO(2) laser and injected with either hADSCs (left vocal fold) or phosphate-buffered saline (right vocal fold). Every 4 weeks for the first 12 weeks after injection, an endoscopic examination was performed to assess the morphology of the vocal folds. Twelve weeks later the animals were euthanized and the tissues were stained for histology.

RESULTS: In comparison with the right vocal folds, there was significantly less granulation tissue in the hADSCs-injected left vocal folds (p &lt; 0.05). Histological examination revealed excessive collagen deposition and perichondral fibrosis in the right vocal folds, whereas the left vocal folds exhibited better wound healing and less collagen deposition (p &lt; 0.05). Among the 12 specimens injected with hADSCs, 4 specimens demonstrated viable hADSCs under immunofluorescent cytochemistry.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21732743?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moy, Austin J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, Sean M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indrawan, Elmer S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nudelman, Matthew J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costantini, Samantha J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agarwal, Nikita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorg, Brian S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wide-field functional imaging of blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rodent dorsal window chamber.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvascular research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvasc. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemorheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Blood Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-209</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rodent dorsal window chamber is a widely used in vivo model of the microvasculature. The model consists of a 1cm region of exposed microvasculature in the rodent dorsal skin that is immobilized by surgically implanted titanium frames, allowing the skin microvasculature to be visualized. We describe a detailed protocol for surgical implantation of the dorsal window chamber which enables researchers to perform the window chamber implantation surgery. We further describe subsequent wide-field functional imaging of the chamber to obtain hemodynamic information in the form of blood oxygenation and blood flow on a cm size region of interest. Optical imaging techniques, such as intravital microscopy, have been applied extensively to the dorsal window chamber to study microvascular-related disease and conditions. Due to the limited field of view of intravital microscopy, detailed hemodynamic information typically is acquired from small regions of interest, typically on the order of hundreds of μm. The wide-field imaging techniques described herein complement intravital microscopy, allowing researchers to obtain hemodynamic information at both microscopic and macroscopic spatial scales. Compared with intravital microscopy, wide-field functional imaging requires simple instrumentation, is inexpensive, and can give detailed metabolic information over a wide field of view.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787792?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holtzman, Jennifer S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharar, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Kenneth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucker, Travis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabet, Sharareh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gukasyan, Ripsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ability of optical coherence tomography to detect caries beneath commonly used dental sealants.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dental Caries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pit and Fissure Sealants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">752-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The onset and progression of early tooth decay is often preventable with dental sealants. However, occasionally decay progresses underneath the sealant. Current technology does not permit monitoring of potential lesion progression or arrest. Dental sealants themselves mask the visual cues that identify early tooth decay, and radiographs are not sufficiently sensitive. Therefore, clinicians can be reluctant to use dental sealant. The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the ability of dentists to detect decay beneath commonly used dental sealants using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. STUDY DESIGNS/MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty extracted teeth were divided into equal groups of carious and non-carious teeth, as determined by visual inspection. After radiographs and OCT imaging, teeth were randomly assigned for sealant placement with one of four commonly purchased dental sealants: Clinpro™, Fuji Triage™, Embrace Wet Bond™, and Delton™.Following sealant placement, teeth were radiographed, imaged with OCT, sectioned, examined histologically, and scored as healthy/not healthy. OCT and radiographic images were scored separately. The gold standard was histopathological diagnosis from the serial sections.Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were computed for all measures.

RESULTS: After 90 minutes training, pre-standardized dentists were able to detect tooth decay more accurately using OCT than with visual or radiographic examination. Detection using OCT was somewhat better prior to sealant placement than afterwards. This effect varied in size depending on the type of sealant used. Radiographic diagnosis was also less accurate after sealant placement. Of the four dental sealants, Delton provided excellent positive predictive value and the best post-sealant negative predictive values.

CONCLUSION: In this ex vivo study, dentists were able to detect tooth decay beneath four commonly used dental sealants based on OCT images. Clinical investigations are now underway to determine the usefulness of this approach in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848554?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomez-Godinez, Veronica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Tao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sherman, Adria J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Christopher S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhongsheng, You</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of DNA double-strand break response and chromatin structure in mitosis using laser microirradiation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic acids research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic Acids Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens, Nuclear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromatin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromosomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Phase-Contrast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potoroidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ubiquitin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e202</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study the femtosecond near-IR and nanosecond green lasers are used to induce alterations in mitotic chromosomes. The subsequent double-strand break responses are studied. We show that both lasers are capable of creating comparable chromosomal alterations and that a phase paling observed within 1-2 s of laser exposure is associated with an alteration of chromatin as confirmed by serial section electron microscopy, DAPI, γH2AX and phospho-H3 staining. Additionally, the accumulation of dark material observed using phase contrast light microscopy (indicative of a change in refractive index of the chromatin) ∼ 34 s post-laser exposure corresponds spatially to the accumulation of Nbs1, Ku and ubiquitin. This study demonstrates that chromosomes selectively altered in mitosis initiate the DNA damage response within 30 s and that the accumulation of proteins are visually represented by phase-dark material at the irradiation site, allowing us to determine the fate of the damage as cells enter G1. These results occur with two widely different laser systems, making this approach to study DNA damage responses in the mitotic phase generally available to many different labs. Additionally, we present a summary of most of the published laser studies on chromosomes in order to provide a general guide of the lasers and operating parameters used by other laboratories.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923785?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Magalhães, Nzola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristini, Vittorio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stupack, Dwayne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lowengrub, John</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applications of a new In vivo tumor spheroid based shell-less chorioallantoic membrane 3-D model in bioengineering research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical science and engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a classical in vivo biological model in studies of angiogenesis. Combined with the right tumor system and experimental configuration this classical model can offer new approaches to investigating tumor processes. The increase in development of biotechnological devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment, calls for more sophisticated tumor models that can easily adapt to the technology, and provide a more accurate, stable and consistent platform for rapid quantitative and qualitative analysis. As we discuss a variety of applications of this novel in vivo tumor spheroid based shell-less CAM model in biomedical engineering research, we will show that it is extremely versatile and easily adaptable to an array of biomedical applications. The model is particularly useful in quantitative studies of the progression of avascular tumors into vascularized tumors in the CAM. Its environment is more stable, flat and has a large working area and wider field of view excellent for imaging and longitudinal studies. Finally, rapid data acquisition, screening and validation of biomedical devices and therapeutics are possible with the short experimental window.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21243108?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chi-Cheng Fu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giulia Ossato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maureen Long</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajay Gopinathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luke P. Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Khine</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bimetallic nanopetals for thousand-fold fluorescence enhancements</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Physics Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a simple, ultra-rapid and robust method to create sharp nanostructures—nanopetals—in
a shape memory polymer substrate demonstrating unprecedented enhancements for surface
enhanced sensing over large surface areas. These bimetallic nanostructures demonstrate extremely
strong surface plasmon resonance effects due to the high density multifaceted petal structures that
increase the probability of forming nanogaps. We demonstrate that our nanopetals exhibit extremely
strong surface plasmons, confining the emission and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of the
nearby high-quantum yield fluorescein by 4000. The enhancements are confined to the
extremely small volumes at the nanopetal borders. This enables us to achieve single molecule
detection at relatively high and physiological concentrations.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Shengwen Calvin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tachiki, Lisa May Ling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Jane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dethlefs, Brent A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loudon, William G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A biological global positioning system: considerations for tracking stem cell behaviors in the whole body.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cell reviews</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cell Rev</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Positron-Emission Tomography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantum Dots</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole Body Imaging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many recent research studies have proposed stem cell therapy as a treatment for cancer, spinal cord injuries, brain damage, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions. Some of these experimental therapies have been tested in small animals and, in rare cases, in humans. Medical researchers anticipate extensive clinical applications of stem cell therapy in the future. The lack of basic knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology-survival, migration, differentiation, integration in a real time manner when transplanted into damaged CNS remains an absolute bottleneck for attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. A major challenge to the development of clinical applied stem cell therapy in medical practice remains the lack of efficient stem cell tracking methods. As a result, the fate of the vast majority of stem cells transplanted in the human central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the detrimental effects, remains unknown. The paucity of knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology--survival, migration, differentiation, integration in real-time when transplanted into damaged CNS remains a bottleneck in the attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. Even though excellent histological techniques remain as the gold standard, no good in vivo techniques are currently available to assess the transplanted graft for migration, differentiation, or survival. To address these issues, herein we propose strategies to investigate the lineage fate determination of derived human embryonic stem cells (hESC) transplanted in vivo into the CNS. Here, we describe a comprehensive biological Global Positioning System (bGPS) to track transplanted stem cells. But, first, we review, four currently used standard methods for tracking stem cells in vivo: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and fluorescence imaging (FLI) with quantum dots. We summarize these modalities and propose criteria that can be employed to rank the practical usefulness for specific applications. Based on the results of this review, we argue that additional qualities are still needed to advance these modalities toward clinical applications. We then discuss an ideal procedure for labeling and tracking stem cells in vivo, finally, we present a novel imaging system based on our experiments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237964?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shin Lin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaivalya Jay Vyas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quoc M Nguyen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sakya Uch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antonios Michalos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramesh Srinivasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in physiological and bioenergetic markers associated with stationary meditation.</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Common meditation practices can be classified as those carried out in a stationary position (e.g.,standing or sitting Qi gong meditation) and those involving body movement (e.g.,TaiChi). The aim of this study is to investigate changes in various physiological and bioenergetic markers associated with stationary meditation, and compare them with some of those associated with moving meditation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kotlarchyk, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, E L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, A J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of hydrogel microstructure using laser tweezers particle tracking and confocal reflection imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Phys Condens Matter</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194121</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogels are commonly used as extracellular matrix mimetics for applications in tissue engineering and increasingly as cell culture platforms with which to study the influence of biophysical and biochemical cues on cell function in 3D. In recent years, a significant number of studies have focused on linking substrate mechanical properties to cell function using standard methodologies to characterize the bulk mechanical properties of the hydrogel substrates. However, current understanding of the correlations between the microstructural mechanical properties of hydrogels and cell function in 3D is poor, in part because of a lack of appropriate techniques. Here we have utilized a laser tracking system, based on passive optical microrheology instrumentation, to characterize the microstructure of viscoelastic fibrin clots. Trajectories and mean square displacements were observed as bioinert PEGylated (PEG: polyethylene glycol) microspheres (1, 2 or 4.7 μm in diameter) diffused within confined pores created by the protein phase of fibrin hydrogels. Complementary confocal reflection imaging revealed microstructures comprised of a highly heterogeneous fibrin network with a wide range of pore sizes. As the protein concentration of fibrin gels was increased, our quantitative laser tracking measurements showed a corresponding decrease in particle mean square displacements with greater resolution and sensitivity than conventional imaging techniques. This platform-independent method will enable a more complete understanding of how changes in substrate mechanical properties simultaneously influence other microenvironmental parameters in 3D cultures.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20877437?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kukreti, Shwayta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of metabolic differences between benign and malignant tumors: high-spectral-resolution diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiology</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case-Control Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminant Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">False Positive Reactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive Value of Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics, Nonparametric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: To develop a near-infrared spectroscopic method to identify breast cancer biomarkers and to retrospectively determine if benign and malignant breast lesions could be distinguished by using this method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was HIPAA compliant and was approved by the university institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained. By using self-referencing differential spectroscopy (SRDS) analysis, the existence of specific spectroscopic signatures of breast lesions on images acquired by using diffuse optical spectroscopy imaging in the wavelength range (650-1000 nm) was established. The SRDS method was tested in 60 subjects (mean age, 38 years; age range, 22-74 years). There were 17 patients with benign breast tumors and 22 patients with malignant breast tumors. There were 21 control subjects.

RESULTS: Discrimination analysis helped separate malignant from benign tumors. A total of 40 lesions (22 malignant and 18 benign) were analyzed. Twenty were true-positive lesions, 17 were true-negative lesions, one was a false-positive lesion, and two were false-negative lesions (sensitivity, 91% [20 of 22]; specificity, 94% [17 of 18]; positive predictive value, 95% [20 of 21]; and negative predictive value, 89% [17 of 19]).

CONCLUSION: The SRDS method revealed localized tumor biomarkers specific to pathologic state.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032159?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garg, Rohit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaikh, Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocyte viability in human nasal septum after morselization.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">204-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479439?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shim, Min Suk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Young Jik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined multimodal optical imaging and targeted gene silencing using stimuli-transforming nanotheragnostics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the American Chemical Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Silencing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gold</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIH 3T3 Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethyleneimine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Small Interfering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jun 23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8316-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined diagnosis and therapy for cancer has been of great interest in medicine. Small interference RNA (siRNA)-encapsulating polyplexes were covalently coated with small gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) via acid-cleavable linkages in order to explore the possibility of achieving combined stimuli-responsive multimodal optical imaging and stimuli-enhanced gene silencing. In a mildly acidic tumor environment, Au NPs are dissociated from the siRNA-carrying polyplexes, generating various optical signal changes such as diminished scattering intensity, increased variance of Doppler frequency, and blue-shifted UV absorbance (stimuli-responsive imaging). Simultaneously, Au NP dissociation exposes the siRNA-carrying polyplex with elevated surface charge and results in enhanced cellular uptake and transfection (stimuli-enhanced therapy). In this study, the feasibility of achieving combined diagnosis and therapy for cancer (theragnostics) is demonstrated by (1) microscopic and spectrophotometric confirmation of acid-transformation of the nanoparticles, (2) reduced scattering intensity and increased variance of Doppler frequency in an acidic pH upon the nanoparticle's transformation, and (3) simultaneous optical signal changes and gene silencing in vitro under a tumor pH-mimicking condition. This novel type of stimuli-responsive nanotheragnostics will provide a new paradigm for pinpointed, multimodal, and combined imaging and therapy for cancer.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518502?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodman, Seth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahdout, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammad, Othman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Vijay S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of cobinamide to hydroxocobalamin in reversing cyanide physiologic effects in rabbits using diffuse optical spectroscopy monitoring.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antidotes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobamides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydroxocobalamin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">017001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our purpose is to compare cobinamide to hydroxocobalamin in reversing cyanide (CN)-induced physiologic effects in an animal model using diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Cyanide poisoning is a major threat worldwide. Cobinamide is a novel molecule that can bind two molecules of cyanide, has a much higher binding affinity than hydroxocobalamin, and is more water soluble. We investigated the ability of equimolar doses of cobinamide and hydroxocobalamin to reverse the effects of cyanide exposure in an animal model monitored continuously by DOS. Cyanide toxicity was induced in 16 New Zealand white rabbits by intravenous infusion. Animals were divided into three groups: controls (n=5) received saline following cyanide, hydroxocobalamin (N=6) following cyanide, and cobinamide (N=5) following cyanide. Cobinamide caused significantly faster and more complete recovery of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in cyanide-exposed animals than hydroxocobalamin- or saline-treated animals, with a recovery time constant of 13.8+/-7.1 min compared to 75.4+/-25.1 and 76.4+/-42.7 min, for hydroxocobalamin- and saline-treated animals, respectively (p&lt;0.0001). This study indicates that cobinamide more rapidly and completely reverses the physiologic effects of cyanide than equimolar doses of cobalamin at the dose used in this study, and CN effects and response can be followed noninvasively using DOS.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210475?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Vi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yehchen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection of vesicant-induced upper airway mucosa damage in the hamster cheek pouch model using optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Warfare Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irritants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustard Gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">016017</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamster cheek pouches were exposed to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [CEES, half-mustard gas (HMG)] at a concentration of 0.4, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/ml for 1 or 5 min. Twenty-four hours post-HMG exposure, tissue damage was assessed by both stereomicrography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Damage that was not visible on gross visual examination was apparent in the OCT images. Tissue changes were found to be dependent on both HMG concentration and exposure time. The submucosal and muscle layers of the cheek pouch tissue showed the greatest amount of structural alteration. Routine light microscope histology was performed to confirm the OCT observations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210463?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saager, Rolf B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of optical properties of turbid media spanning visible and near-infrared regimes via spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forearm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Least-Squares Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">017012</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a novel, noncontact method for the determination of quantitative optical properties of turbid media from 430 to 1050 nm. Through measuring the broadband reflectance from an unknown sample as a function of the spatial frequency of the projected illumination patterns, the absolute absorption and reduced scattering coefficients can be calculated without a priori assumptions of the chromophores present. This technique, which is called spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy (SMoQS), was validated through the quantification of optical properties of homogenous liquid phantoms with known concentrations of absorbers and scatterers. The properties of the phantoms were recovered across the range of values prepared with R(2) values of 0.985 and 0.996 for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively. A measurement was also performed on skin tissue as a demonstration of the method's performance in vivo. The resultant absorption spectrum was well described by a multichromophore fit, and the quantitative values for oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, water, and melanin were within published ranges for skin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210486?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeo, Changmin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son, Taeyoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Junghwan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Young-Heum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Kiwoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of compression-controlled low-level laser probe system: towards clinical application.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in medical science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Med Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compressive Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sus scrofa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">699-704</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various physico-chemical tissue optical clearing (TOC) methods have been suggested to maximize photon density in tissue. In order to enhance photon density, a compression-controlled low-level laser probe (CCLLP) system was developed by utilizing the principle of mechanical tissue compression. Negative compression (NC) was applied to the laser probes built in various diameters and simultaneously the laser was irradiated into ex-vivo porcine skin samples. Laser photon density (LPD) was evaluated as a function of NC and probe diameter by analyzing 2D diffusion images of the laser exposures. The CCLLP system resulted in a concentrated laser beam profile, which means enhancement of the LPD. As indicators of LPD, the laser peak intensity increased and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreased as a function of NC. The peak intensity at –30 kPa increased 2.74, 3.22, and 3.64 fold at laser probe diameters of 20, 30, and 40 mm, respectively. In addition, sample temperature was measured with a thermal camera and increased 0.4 K at –30 kPa after 60 s of laser irradiation as a result of enhanced LPD. The CCLLP system effectively demonstrated enhancement of the LPD in tissue and potentially its clinical feasibility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393768?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doppler variance imaging for three-dimensional retina and choroid angiography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choroid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doppler Effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fundus Oculi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">016029</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the use of Doppler variance (standard deviation) imaging for 3-D in vivo angiography in the human eye. In addition to the regular optical Doppler tomography velocity and structural images, we use the variance of blood flow velocity to map the retina and choroid vessels. Variance imaging is subject to bulk motion artifacts as in phase-resolved Doppler imaging, and a histogram-based method is proposed for bulk-motion correction in variance imaging. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for 3-D vasculature imaging of human retina and choroid.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210473?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Hao-Chung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Changhong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cannata, Jonathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Qifa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shung, K Kirk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A dual-modality probe utilizing intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for intravascular imaging applications.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonography, Interventional</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2839-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed a dual-modality biomedical imaging probe utilizing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). It consists of an OCT probe, a miniature ultrasonic transducer and a fixed mirror. The mirror was mounted at the head of the hybrid probe 45° relative to the light and the ultrasound beams to change their propagation directions. The probe was designed to be able to cover a larger area in blood vessel by IVUS and then visualize a specific point at a much finer image resolution using OCT. To demonstrate both its feasibility and potential clinical applications, we used this ultrasound-guide OCT probe to image a rabbit aorta in vitro. The results offer convincing evidence that the complementary natures of these two modalities may yield beneficial results that could not have otherwise been obtained.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21156380?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Lanzano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Fwu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hector Giral</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Levi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic Imaging and Fluctuation Spectroscopy on Single Microvilli in Opossum Kidney Cells by the Modulation Tracking Method</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">751</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regulation of renal tubular inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport occurs via the proximal tubular apical brush border membrane (BBM) sodium gradient-dependent Pi (NaPi) cotransport proteins. Distinct families of NaPi cotransporters show differential regulation under dietary and hormonal stimuli, but the way this is accomplished, for instance through localization in distinct BBM micro- or nano-domains and/or preferential interaction with different PDZ proteins, is not yet understood.

Crucial information could come from the application of single molecule fluctuation correlation spectroscopies on the BBM of living cultured Opossum Kidney (OK) cells expressing NaPi co-transporters with different GFP constructs. The BBM is composed of many microvilli, several micron long structures with a diameter of about 100nm. The microvilli show a relatively fast motion (in the seconds time scale) that makes the use of fluctuation spectroscopy difficult.

None of the current nano-resolution optical methods seems capable of measuring the clustering dynamics of proteins on the surface of rapidly moving microvilli. We developed an optical imaging technique called Modulation Tracking (MT) in which we track the center of mass of the microvillus at an arbitrary point along its length while the laser spot rapidly oscillates perpendicularly to the surface and the changes in the modulation are used to measure the distance of the spot from the fluorescent surface with nanometer resolution. High resolution images of the microvilli can be obtained scanning slowly along the microvillus axis. Since the moving microvillus is always at the center of the orbit, fluorescence image correlation techniques can be applied making the MT a truly dynamic nano-imaging technique.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Lanzano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Fwu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hector Giral</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Levi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic imaging of single microvilli in opossum kidney cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">751</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celli, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of lipid domain formation: fluctuation analysis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochimica et biophysica acta</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochim. Biophys. Acta</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membranes, Artificial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phase Transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1798</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1368-76</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning-fluctuation correlation spectroscopy was used to detect subresolution organizational fluctuations in the lipid liquid-crystalline phase for single lipid model systems. We used the fluorescent probe Laurdan which is sensitive to the amount of water in the membrane to show that there is a spatial heterogeneity on the scale of few pixels (the size of the pixel is 50 nm). We calculated the pixel variance of the GP function and we found that the variance has a peak at the phase transition for 3 different samples made of pure lipids. The pixel variance has an abrupt change at the phase transition of the membrane and then it slowly decreases at higher temperature. The relatively large variance of the GP indicates that the liquid phase of the membrane is quite heterogeneous even several degrees higher than the phase transition temperature. We interpreted this result as evidence of an underlying microscale structure of the membrane in which water is not uniformly distributed at the micron scale. Imaging of these microstructures shows that the pixels with different GP tend to concentrate in specific domains in the membrane. In the case of single lipid membrane, the statistical and fluctuation analysis of the GP data shows that even such simple lipid systems are capable of generating and maintaining stable structural and organizational heterogeneities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025848?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharaon, Michael R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scholz, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bogdanoff, Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoyt, David B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, Gregory R D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early detection of complete vascular occlusion in a pedicle flap model using quantitative [corrected] spectral imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plastic and reconstructive surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plast. Reconstr. Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arterial Occlusive Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graft Occlusion, Vascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobinometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Wistar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgical Flaps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venous Thrombosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1924-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Vascular occlusion after tissue transfer is a devastating complication that can lead to complete flap loss. Spatial frequency domain imaging is a new, noncontact, noninvasive, wide-field imaging technology capable of quantifying oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation.

METHODS: Pedicled fasciocutaneous flaps on Wistar rats (400 to 500 g) were created and underwent continuous imaging using spatial frequency domain imaging before and after selective vascular occlusion. Three flap groups (control, selective arterial occlusion, and selective venous occlusion) and a fourth group composed of native skin between the flaps were measured.

RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the control flap group and the experimental flap groups before selective vascular occlusion: oxyhemoglobin (p=0.2017), deoxyhemoglobin (p=0.3145), total hemoglobin (p=0.2718), and tissue saturation, (p=0.0777). In the selective arterial occlusion flap group, percentage change in total hemoglobin was statistically different from that of the control flap group (p=0.0218). The remaining parameters were not statistically different from those of the control flap: percentage change in oxyhemoglobin (p=0.0888), percentage change in deoxyhemoglobin (p=0.5198), and percentage change in tissue saturation (p=0.4220). The selective venous occlusion flap group demonstrated changes statistically different compared with the control flap group: percentage change in oxyhemoglobin (p=0.0029) and deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation (p&lt;0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Spatial frequency domain imaging provides two-dimensional, spatially resolved maps of tissue oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation. Results presented here indicate that this can be used to quantify and detect physiologic changes that occur after arterial and venous occlusion in a rodent tissue transfer flap model. This portable, noncontact, noninvasive device may have a high clinical applicability in monitoring postoperative patients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124132?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oh, Seajin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Young Jik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficient and facile delivery of gold nanoparticles in vivo using dissolvable microneedles for contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics express</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-113</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obtaining sufficient contrast is an indispensable requirement for detecting early stage cancer using optical coherence tomography (OCT), an emerging diagnostic tool that detects abnormal lesions with micrometer resolutions in real time. PEGylated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs; 87 nm in diameter) were formulated in aqueous dissolvable microneedles (dMNs; 200 μm height) for efficient, precisely controlled, and convenient delivery of Au NPs into hamster oral tissue in vivo. The Au NPs were then further briefly dissipated by ultrasound (US). The results showed 33% and 20% increase in average optical scattering intensity (contrast level) in dysplastic and normal tissues, respectively, and pinpointed pathological structures of early stage oral cancer were also identified by the highly convenient and efficient administration of Au NPs in a novel delivery platform.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258450?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celli, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behne, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazlett, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mauro, T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The epidermal Ca(2+) gradient: Measurement using the phasor representation of fluorescent lifetime imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Fixation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Mar 3</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">911-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ionic gradients are found across a variety of tissues and organs. In this report, we apply the phasor representation of fluorescence lifetime imaging data to the quantitative study of ionic concentrations in tissues, overcoming technical problems of tissue thickness, concentration artifacts of ion-sensitive dyes, and calibration across inhomogeneous tissue. We used epidermis as a model system, as Ca(2+) gradients in this organ have been shown previously to control essential biologic processes of differentiation and formation of the epidermal permeability barrier. The approach described here allowed much better localization of Ca(2+) stores than those used in previous studies, and revealed that the bulk of free Ca(2+) measured in the epidermis comes from intracellular Ca(2+) stores such as the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum, with extracellular Ca(2+) making a relatively small contribution to the epidermal Ca(2+) gradient. Due to the high spatial resolution of two-photon microscopy, we were able to measure a marked heterogeneity in average calcium concentrations from cell to cell in the basal keratinocytes. This finding, not reported in previous studies, calls into question the long-held hypothesis that keratinocytes increase intracellular Ca(2+), cease proliferation, and differentiate passively in response to changes in extracellular Ca(2+). The experimental results obtained using this approach illustrate the power of the experimental and analytical techniques outlined in this report. Our approach can be used in mechanistic studies to address the formation, maintenance, and function of the epidermal Ca(2+) gradient, and it should be broadly applicable to the study of other tissues with ionic gradients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197045?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellman, Amy N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vahidi, Behrad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Hyung Joon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mismar, Wael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steward, Oswald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeon, Noo Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of axonal injury and regeneration in micropatterned neuronal culture using pulsed laser microbeam dissection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab on a chip</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab Chip</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Axons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Axotomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egtazic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidic Analytical Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nerve Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Aug 21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2083-92</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe the integrated use of pulsed laser microbeam irradiation and microfluidic cell culture methods to examine the dynamics of axonal injury and regeneration in vitro. Microfabrication methods are used to place high purity dissociated central nervous system neurons in specific regions that allow the axons to interact with permissive and inhibitory substrates. Acute injury to neuron bundles is produced via the delivery of single 180 ps duration, lambda = 532 nm laser pulses. Laser pulse energies of 400 nJ and 800 nJ produce partial and complete transection of the axons, respectively, resulting in elliptical lesions 25 mum and 50 mum in size. The dynamics of the resulting degeneration and regrowth of proximal and distal axonal segments are examined for up to 8 h using time-lapse microscopy. We find the proximal and distal dieback distances from the site of laser microbeam irradiation to be roughly equal for both partial and complete transection of the axons. In addition, distinct growth cones emerge from the proximal neurite segments within 1-2 h post-injury, followed by a uniform front of regenerating axons that originate from the proximal segment and traverse the injury site within 8 h. We also examine the use of EGTA to chelate the extracellular calcium and potentially reduce the severity of the axonal degeneration following injury. While we find the addition of EGTA to reduce the severity of the initial dieback, it also hampers neurite repair and interferes with the formation of neuronal growth cones to traverse the injury site. This integrated use of laser microbeam dissection within a micropatterned cell culture system to produce precise zones of neuronal injury shows potential for high-throughput screening of agents to promote neuronal regeneration.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20532390?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balu, Mihaela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organ Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Feb 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2380-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate a fiber-based probe for maximum collection of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal in biological tissues. We discuss the design challenges including capturing the backscattered forward generated CARS signal in the sample and the effects of fiber nonlinearities on the propagating pulses. Three different single mode fibers (fused silica fiber, photonic crystal fiber and double-clad photonic crystal fiber) were tested for the probe design. We investigated self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave-mixing (FWM) generation in the fiber: nonlinear processes expected to occur in a two-beam excitation based probe. While SPM and SRS induced spectral broadening was negligible, a strong non phase-matched FWM contribution was found to be present in all the tested fibers for excitation conditions relevant to CARS microscopy of tissues. To spectrally suppress this strong contribution, the pro design incorporates separate fibers for excitation light delivery and for signal detection, in combination with dichroic optics. CARS images of the samples were recorded by collecting the back-scattered forward generated CARS signal in the sample through a multi-mode fiber. Different biological tissues were imaged ex vivo in order to assess the performance of our fiber-delivered probe for CARS imaging, a tool which we consider an important advance towards label-free, in vivo probing of superficial tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20174068?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesco Cutrale</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluctuation Analysis with the Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of the fluctuations in time and space of confocal images has the potential to provide information about molecular diffusion and molecular interactions directly in live cells. Fluctuation image analysis has been commonly done in the laser scanning microscope. In the slow regime, when the fluctuations are slower than the frame rate, the time correlation between the same pixel in different frames of an image stack provides all the information about diffusion and brightness. In the fast regime, for example for molecules diffusing in the cytoplasm, the frame rate is too slow to follow the fluctuations due to diffusion. In the raster scan confocal microscope, these fluctuations are detectable because of the correlation of the intensity with the next pixel in the same line or in the next line. In fluctuation spectroscopy an important parameters is the sampling time that must be shorter that the time of the decay of the fluctuation. In the spinning disk confocal microscope, the sampling time at each pixel is very short. However, in the normal data acquisition protocol of the spinning disk microscope the intensity at one pixel is averaged with the intensity at the same pixel after the disk has performed several rotations. In this work we triggered the camera acquisition so that each pixel is visited only once per frame acquired. While we are observing fluctuations due to fast moving bright particles, the fluctuations due to dim particles seem to be buried in the noise of the system. We are investigating the origin of this extra noise and developing methods to characterize it so that it can be properly subtracted.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moens, Pierre D J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salvemini, Iyrri L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, raster image correlation spectroscopy, and number and brightness on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope with analog detectors (Nikon C1).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy research and technique</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsc. Res. Tech.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Aug 23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was developed in 1972 by Magde, Elson and Webb. Photon counting detectors and avalanche photodiodes have become standards in FCS to the point that there is a widespread belief that these detectors are essential to perform FCS experiments, despite the fact that FCS was developed using analog detectors. Spatial and temporal intensity fluctuation correlations using analog detection on a commercial Olympus Fluoview 300 microscope have been reported by Brown et al. (2008). However, each analog instrument has its own idiosyncrasies that need to be understood before using the instrument for FCS. In this work, we explore the capabilities of the Nikon C1, a low-cost confocal microscope, to obtain single point FCS, Raster-scan image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), and Number and Brightness data both in solution and incorporated into the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles. We show that it is possible to obtain dynamic information about fluorescent molecules from single point FCS, RICS, and Number and Brightness using the Nikon C1. We highlighted the fact that care should be taken in selecting the acquisition parameters to avoid possible artifacts due to the detector noise. However, due to relatively large errors in determining the distribution of digital levels for a given microscope setting, the system is probably only adequate for determining relative brightness within the same image. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20734406?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Vaya W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frequent optical imaging during breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy reveals dynamic tumor physiology in an individual patient.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic radiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acad Radiol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis Inhibitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibodies, Monoclonal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1031-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Imaging tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in vivo offers unique opportunities for patient care and clinical decision-making. Detailed imaging studies may allow oncologists to optimize therapeutic drug type and dose based on individual patient response. Most radiologic methods are used sparingly because of cost; thus, important functional information about tumor response dynamics may be missed. In addition, current clinical standards are based on determining tumor size changes; thus, standard anatomic imaging may be insensitive to early or frequent biochemical responses. Because optical methods provide functional imaging end points, our objective is to develop a low-barrier-to-access bedside approach that can be used for frequent, functional assessment of dynamic tumor physiology in individual patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) is a noninvasive, bedside functional imaging technique that quantifies the concentration and molecular state of tissue hemoglobin, water, and lipid. Pilot clinical studies have shown that DOSI may be a useful tool for quantifying neoadjuvant chemotherapy response, typically by comparing the degree of change in tumor water and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration before and after therapy. Patient responses at 1 week and mid-therapy have been used to predict clinical outcome. In this report, we assess the potential value of frequent DOSI monitoring by performing measurements on 19 different days in a 51-year-old subject with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (initial tumor size 60 x 27 mm) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (anthracyclines and bevacizumab) over an 18-week period.

RESULTS: A composite index, the Tissue Optical Index (TOI), showed a significant ( approximately 50%) decrease over the nearly 18 weeks of chemotherapy. Tumor response was sensitive to the type of chemotherapy agent, and functional indices fluctuated in a manner consistent with dynamic tumor physiology. Final pathology revealed 4 mm of residual disease, which was detectible by DOSI at the conclusion of chemotherapy before surgery.

CONCLUSION: This case study suggests that DOSI may be a bedside-capable tool for frequent longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic functional response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542448?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Xiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Changhong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Qifa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shung, K Kirk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-resolution coregistered intravascular imaging with integrated ultrasound and optical coherence tomography probe.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied physics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Phys Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Sep 27</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133702</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report an integrated ultrasound (US) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe and system for intravascular imaging. The dual-function probe is based on a 50 MHz focused ring US transducer, with a centric hole for mounting OCT probe. The coaxial US and light beams are steered by a 45° mirror to enable coregistered US∕OCT imaging simultaneously. Lateral resolution of US is improved due to focused ultrasonic beam. Mirror effects on US were investigated and invitro imaging of a rabbit aorta has been carried out. The combined US-OCT system demonstrated high resolution in visualizing superficial arterial structures while retaining deep penetration of ultrasonic imaging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981274?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Qun-Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Wen-Ru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Shi-Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang, Andy Peng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Alex</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Andrew L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Chan Wook</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, Anh D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells elicit polarization of m2 macrophages and enhance cutaneous wound healing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cells</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blotting, Western</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coculture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flow Cytometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gingiva</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macrophages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesenchymal Stem Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C57BL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1856-68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasing evidence has supported the important role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in wound healing, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we have isolated a unique population of MSCs from human gingiva (GMSCs) with similar stem cell-like properties, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory functions as human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). We describe here the interplay between GMSCs and macrophages and the potential relevance in skin wound healing. When cocultured with GMSCs, macrophages acquired an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized by an increased expression of mannose receptor (MR; CD206) and secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6, a suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and decreased ability to induce Th-17 cell expansion. In vivo, we demonstrated that systemically infused GMSCs could home to the wound site in a tight spatial interaction with host macrophages, promoted them toward M2 polarization, and significantly enhanced wound repair. Mechanistically, GMSC treatment mitigated local inflammation mediated by a suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increased expression of IL-10. The GMSC-induced suppression of TNF-α secretion by macrophages appears to correlate with impaired activation of NFκB p50. These findings provide first evidence that GMSCs are capable to elicit M2 polarization of macrophages, which might contribute to a marked acceleration of wound healing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20734355?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypothesis: the metastatic niche theory can elucidate infantile hemangioma development.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of cutaneous pathology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cutan. Pathol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemangioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Metastasis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37 Suppl 1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent advances in the understanding of the metastatic phenomenon in cancer have led to the description of a metastatic niche. This concept describes a site prepared for the tumor cells in areas frequently associated with metastasis for the individual tumor studied. This niche is a &quot;soil&quot; that allows for the tumor cell or &quot;seed&quot; to lodge and grow. Certain aspects of the biology of infantile hemangioma cells suggest a relationship to the placenta as a possible site of origin for the hemangioma precursor cells. In this article, a relationship between the placenta, with or without a chorangioma and the hemangioma sites of localization, is hypothesized. The placenta is suggested as the site of humoral factors that prepare a niche similar to the function of malignant tumor cells. If the hypothesis proves to be valid, clues for possible treatment are outlined.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482680?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging breast cancer chemotherapy response with light. Commentary on Soliman et al., p. 2605.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clin. Cancer Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2486-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), which is used to image tumor metabolic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), shows large changes in tumor functional parameters with significant reductions in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin for responders versus nonresponders. Although investigational, DOS may provide a cost-effective, risk-free method for optimizing NAC drug and dosing strategies for individual patients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406838?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiwari, Nivedan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chabra, Sanjay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehdi, Sheherbano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pool, Roy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrews, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging of normal and pathologic joint synovium using nonlinear optical microscopy as a potential diagnostic tool.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthritis, Experimental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthritis, Infectious</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthritis, Rheumatoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synovial Membrane</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">056001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An estimated 1.3 million people in the United States suffer from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA causes profound changes in the synovial membrane of joints, and without early diagnosis and intervention, progresses to permanent alterations in joint structure and function. The purpose of this study is to determine if nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) can utilize the natural intrinsic fluorescence properties of tissue to generate images that would allow visualization of the structural and cellular composition of fresh, unfixed normal and pathologic synovial tissue. NLOM is performed on rabbit knee joint synovial samples using 730- and 800-nm excitation wavelengths. Less than 30 mW of excitation power delivered with a 40×, 0.8-NA water immersion objective is sufficient for the visualization of synovial structures to a maximum depth of 70 μm without tissue damage. NLOM imaging of normal and pathologic synovial tissue reveals the cellular structure, synoviocytes, adipocytes, collagen, vascular structures, and differential characteristics of inflammatory infiltrates without requiring tissue processing or staining. Further study to evaluate the ability of NLOM to assess the characteristics of pathologic synovial tissue and its potential role for the management of disease is warranted.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054095?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardarelli, Francesco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo imaging of single-molecule translocation through nuclear pore complexes by pair correlation functions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Transport, Active</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Compartmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHO Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Localization Signals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Pore</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Substrate Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e10475</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate bidirectional transport of proteins, RNAs, and ribonucleoproteins across the double-membrane nuclear envelope. Although there are many studies that look at the traffic in the nucleus and through the nuclear envelope we propose a method to detect the nucleocytoplasmic transport kinetics in an unperturbed cell, with no requirement for specific labeling of isolated molecules and, most important, in the presence of the cell milieu.

METHODOLOGY: The pair correlation function method (pCF) measures the time a molecule takes to migrate from one location to another within the cell in the presence of many molecules of the same kind. The spatial and temporal correlation among two arbitrary points in the cell provides a local map of molecular transport, and also highlights the presence of barriers to diffusion with millisecond time resolution and spatial resolution limited by diffraction. We use the pair correlation method to monitor a model protein substrate undergoing transport through NPCs in living cells, a biological problem in which single particle tracking (SPT) has given results that cannot be confirmed by traditional single-point FCS measurements because of the lack of spatial resolution.

CONCLUSIONS: We show that obstacles to molecular flow can be detected and that the pCF algorithm can recognize the heterogeneity of protein intra-compartment diffusion as well as the presence of barriers to transport across NE.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454622?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakida, Nicole M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An intact centrosome is required for the maintenance of polarization during directional cell migration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PloS one</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centrosome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytoplasm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microtubules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osteosarcoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potoroidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e15462</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Establishing and maintaining polarization is critical during cell migration. It is known that the centrosome contains numerous proteins whose roles of organizing the microtubule network range include nucleation, stabilization and severing. It is not known whether the centrosome is necessary to maintain polarization. Due to its role as the microtubule organizing center, we hypothesize that the centrosome is necessary to maintain polarization in a migrating cell. Although there have been implications of its role in cell migration, there is no direct study of the centrosome's role in maintaining polarization. In this study we ablate the centrosome by intracellular laser irradiation to understand the role of the centrosome in two vastly different cell types, human osteosarcoma (U2OS) and rat kangaroo kidney epithelial cells (PtK). The PtK cell line has been extensively used as a model for cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration. The U2OS cell line serves as a model for a complex, single migrating cell.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we use femtosecond near-infrared laser irradiation to remove the centrosome in migrating U2OS and PtK2 cells. Immunofluorescence staining for centrosomal markers verified successful irradiation with 94% success. A loss of cell polarization is observed between 30 and 90 minutes following removal of the centrosome. Changes in cell shape are correlated with modifications in microtubule and actin organization. Changes in cell morphology and microtubule organization were quantified revealing significant depolarization resulting from centrosome irradiation.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that the centrosome is necessary for the maintenance of polarization during directed cell migration in two widely different cell types. Removal of the centrosome from a polarized cell results in the reorganization of the microtubule network into a symmetric non-polarized phenotype. These results demonstrate that the centrosome plays a critical role in the maintenance of cytoskeletal asymmetry during cell migration.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21203421?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Hao-Chung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Xiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Qifa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Changhong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shung, K Kirk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrated intravascular optical coherence tomography ultrasound imaging system.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonography, Interventional</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">010512</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on a dual-modality optical coherence tomography (OCT) ultrasound (US) system for intravascular imaging. To the best of our knowledge, we have developed the first integrated OCT-US probe that combines OCT optical components with an US transducer. The OCT optical components mainly consist of a single-mode fiber, a gradient index lens for light-beam focusing, and a right-angled prism for reflecting light into biological tissue. A 40-MHz piezoelectric transducer (PZT-5H) side-viewing US transducer was fabricated to obtain the US image. These components were integrated into a single probe, enabling both OCT and US imaging at the same time. In vitro OCT and ultrasound images of a rabbit aorta were obtained using this dual-modality imaging system. This study demonstrates the feasibility of an OCT-US system for intravascular imaging, which is expected to have a prominent impact on early detection and characterization of atherosclerosis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210424?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramírez-San-Juan, J C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Y C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salazar-Hermenegildo, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-García, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muñoz-Lopez, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration of image exposure time into a modified laser speckle imaging method.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov 21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6857-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Speckle-based methods have been developed to characterize tissue blood flow and perfusion. One such method, called modified laser speckle imaging (mLSI), enables computation of blood flow maps with relatively high spatial resolution. Although it is known that the sensitivity and noise in LSI measurements depend on image exposure time, a fundamental disadvantage of mLSI is that it does not take into account this parameter. In this work, we integrate the exposure time into the mLSI method and provide experimental support of our approach with measurements from an in vitro flow phantom.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048287?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterson, Steve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammad, Othman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Vijay S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intramuscular cobinamide sulfite in a rabbit model of sublethal cyanide toxicity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of emergency medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Emerg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antidotes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobamides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Intramuscular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">352-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY OBJECTIVE: Exposure to cyanide in fires and industrial exposures and intentional cyanide poisoning by terrorists leading to mass casualties is an ongoing threat. Current treatments for cyanide poisoning must be administered intravenously, and no rapid treatment methods are available for mass casualty cyanide exposures. Cobinamide is a cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) analog with an extraordinarily high affinity for cyanide that is more water-soluble than cobalamin. We investigate the use of intramuscular cobinamide sulfite to reverse cyanide toxicity-induced physiologic changes in a sublethal cyanide exposure animal model and determine the ability of an intramuscular cobinamide sulfite injection to rapidly reverse the physiologic effects of cyanide toxicity.

METHODS: New Zealand white rabbits were given 10 mg sodium cyanide intravenously over 60 minutes. Quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of tissue oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations were performed concurrently with blood cyanide level measurements and cobinamide levels. Immediately after completion of the cyanide infusion, the rabbits were injected intramuscularly with cobinamide sulfite (n=6) or inactive vehicle (controls, n=5).

RESULTS: Intramuscular administration led to rapid mobilization of cobinamide and was extremely effective at reversing the physiologic effects of cyanide on oxyhemoglobin and within deoxyhemoglobin extraction. Recovery time to 63% of their baseline values in the central nervous system occurred within a mean of 1,032 minutes in the control group and 9 minutes in the cobinamide group, with a difference of 1,023 minutes (95% confidence interval 116 to 1,874 minutes). In muscle tissue, recovery times were 76 and 24 minutes, with a difference of 52 minutes (95% confidence interval 7 to 98 minutes). RBC cyanide levels returned toward normal significantly faster in cobinamide sulfite-treated animals than in control animals.

CONCLUSION: Intramuscular cobinamide sulfite rapidly and effectively reverses the physiologic effects of cyanide poisoning, suggesting that a compact cyanide antidote kit can be developed for mass casualty cyanide exposures.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20045579?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parikh, Dhavan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camilon, Felizardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J-F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lemierre syndrome: a pediatric case series and review of literature.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American journal of otolaryngology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Otolaryngol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Bacterial Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusobacterium Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fusobacterium necrophorum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepsis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thrombophlebitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonsillitis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Lemierre syndrome is a rare disease of the head and neck often affecting adolescents and young adults. Classically, infection begins in the oropharynx with thrombosis of the tonsillar veins followed by involvement of the parapharyngeal space and the internal jugular vein. Septicemia and pulmonary lesions develop as infection spreads via septic emboli. Although a rare entity in modern times, Lemierre syndrome remains a disease of considerable morbidity and potential mortality.

METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 3 cases and associated literature.

RESULTS: A common 1- to 2-week history of fever, sore throat, neck pain, and fatigue was observed in all patients. Patient 1 developed right facial swelling, neck tenderness, trismus, and tonsillar exudate. Patient 2 displayed right tonsillar erythema and enlargement with right neck tenderness. Patient 3 revealed bilateral tonsillar enlargement with exudate and left neck tenderness. Subsequent studies included blood cultures and computed tomography, after which empiric antibiotic therapy was started. Patient 1 underwent drainage of a right peritonsillar abscess, right pressure equalization tube placement, and ligation of the right external jugular vein. He subsequently developed subdural empyemas, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and carotid artery narrowing and required 9 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Patients 2 and 3 developed pulmonary lesions and received 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Timing was crucial in all cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Lemierre syndrome is a rare but severe opportunistic infection with poor prognostic outcomes if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Aggressive antibiotic therapy coupled with surgical intervention, when necessary, provides excellent outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19944898?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, Christopher B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Navneet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking optics and mechanics in an in vivo model of airway fibrosis and epithelial injury.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elastic Modulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elastin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibrosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histocytochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">015004</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronic mucosal and submucosal injury can lead to persistent inflammation and tissue remodeling. We hypothesized that microstructural and mechanical properties of the airway wall could be derived from multiphoton images. New Zealand White rabbits were intubated, and the tracheal epithelium gently denuded every other day for five days (three injuries). Three days following the last injury, the tracheas were excised for multiphoton imaging, mechanical compression testing, and histological analysis. Multiphoton imaging and histology confirm epithelial denudation, mucosal ulceration, subepithelial thickening, collagen deposition, immune cell infiltration, and a disrupted elastin network. Elastase removes the elastin network and relaxes the collagen network. Purified collagenase removes epithelium with subtle subepithelial changes. Young's modulus [(E) measured in kiloPascal] was significantly elevated for the scrape injured (9.0+/-3.2) trachea, and both collagenase (2.6+/-0.4) and elastase (0.8+/-0.3) treatment significantly reduced E relative to control (4.1+/-0.7). E correlates strongly with second harmonic generation (SHG) signal depth decay for enzyme-treated and control tracheas (R(2)=0.77), but not with scrape-injured tracheas. We conclude that E of subepithelial connective tissue increases on repeated epithelial wounding, due in part to changes in elastin and collagen microstructure and concentration. SHG depth decay is sensitive to changes in extracellular matrix content and correlates with bulk Young's modulus.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210444?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, Susana A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tricerri, M Alejandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giulia Ossato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid packing determines protein-membrane interactions: challenges for apolipoprotein A-I and high density lipoproteins.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochimica et biophysica acta</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochim. Biophys. Acta</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-Naphthylamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apolipoprotein A-I</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Bilayers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipoproteins, HDL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Fluidity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Binding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unilamellar Liposomes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1798</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1399-408</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein and protein-lipid interactions, with and within specific areas in the cell membrane, are critical in order to modulate the cell signaling events required to maintain cell functions and viability. Biological bilayers are complex, dynamic platforms, and thus in vivo observations usually need to be preceded by studies on model systems that simplify and discriminate the different factors involved in lipid-protein interactions. Fluorescence microscopy studies using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as membrane model systems provide a unique methodology to quantify protein binding, interaction, and lipid solubilization in artificial bilayers. The large size of lipid domains obtainable on GUVs, together with fluorescence microscopy techniques, provides the possibility to localize and quantify molecular interactions. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) can be performed using the GUV model to extract information on mobility and concentration. Two-photon Laurdan Generalized Polarization (GP) reports on local changes in membrane water content (related to membrane fluidity) due to protein binding or lipid removal from a given lipid domain. In this review, we summarize the experimental microscopy methods used to study the interaction of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in lipid-free and lipid-bound conformations with bilayers and natural membranes. Results described here help us to understand cholesterol homeostasis and offer a methodological design suited to different biological systems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347719?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bui, Albert K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teves, Kathleen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indrawan, Elmer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal, multimodal functional imaging of microvascular response to photothermal therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Oct 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3216-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although studies have shown that photothermal therapy can coagulate selectively abnormal vasculature, the ability of this method to achieve consistent, complete removal of the vasculature is questionable. We present the use of multimodal, wide-field functional imaging to study, in greater detail, the biological response to selective laser injury. Specifically, a single-platform instrument capable of coregistered fluorescence imaging and laser speckle imaging was utilized to monitor vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression and blood flow, respectively, in a transgenic rodent model. Collectively, the longitudinal, in vivo data collected with our instrument suggest that the biological response to selective laser injury involves early-stage redistribution of blood flow, followed by increased vascular endothelial growth factor promoter activity to stimulate pro-angiogenic events.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20890338?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Shaiw-wen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phung, Thuy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term blood vessel removal with combined laser and topical rapamycin antiangiogenic therapy: implications for effective port wine stain treatment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Cutaneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Random Allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirolimus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Complete blanching of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks after laser therapy is rarely achieved for most patients. We postulate that the low therapeutic efficacy or treatment failure is caused by regeneration and revascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels due to angiogenesis associated with the skin's normal wound healing response. Rapamycin (RPM), an antiangiogenic agent, has been demonstrated to inhibit growth of pathological blood vessels. Our objectives were to (1) investigate whether topical RPM can inhibit reperfusion of photocoagulated blood vessels in an animal model and (2) determine the effective RPM concentration required to achieve this objective.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: For both laser-only and combined laser and RPM treated animals, blood vessels in the dorsal window chambers implanted on golden Syrian hamsters were photocoagulated with laser pulses. Structural and flow dynamics of blood vessels were documented with color digital photography and laser speckle imaging to evaluate photocoagulation and reperfusion. For the combined treatment group, topical RPM was applied to the epidermal side of the window daily for 14 days after laser exposure.

RESULTS: In the laser-only group, 23 out of 24 photocoagulated blood vessels reperfused within 5-14 days. In the combined treatment group with different RPM formulae and concentrations, the overall reperfusion rate of 36% was much lower as compared to the laser-only group. We also found that the reperfusion rate was not linearly proportional to the RPM concentration.

CONCLUSIONS: With topical RPM application, the frequency of vessel reperfusion was considerably reduced, which implies that combined light and topical antiangiogenic therapy might be a promising approach to improve the treatment efficacy of PWS birthmarks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20166161?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erickson, Tim A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunnell, James W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lookup-table method for imaging optical properties with structured illumination beyond the diffusion theory regime.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coloring Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">036013</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinusoidally structured illumination is used in concert with a phantom-based lookup-table (LUT) to map wide-field optical properties in turbid media with reduced albedos as low as 0.44. A key advantage of the lookup-table approach is the ability to measure the absorption (mu(a)) and reduced scattering coefficients (mu(s) (')) over a much broader range of values than permitted by current diffusion theory methods. Through calibration with a single reflectance standard, the LUT can extract mu(s) (') from 0.8 to 2.4 mm(-1) with an average root-mean-square (rms) error of 7% and extract mu(a) from 0 to 1.0 mm(-1) with an average rms error of 6%. The LUT is based solely on measurements of two parameters, reflectance R and modulation M at an illumination period of 10 mm. A single set of three phase-shifted images is sufficient to measure both M and R, which are then used to generate maps of absorption and scattering by referencing the LUT. We establish empirically that each pair (M,R) maps uniquely to only one pair of (micro(s) ('),micro(a)) and report that the phase function (i.e., size) of the scatterers can influence the accuracy of optical property extraction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615015?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jeehyun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oh, Junghwan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetomotive laser speckle imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromagnetic Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Cardiovascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">011110</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser speckle imaging (LSI) involves analysis of reflectance images collected during coherent optical excitation of an object to compute wide-field maps of tissue blood flow. An intrinsic limitation of LSI for resolving microvascular architecture is that its signal depends on relative motion of interrogated red blood cells. Hence, with LSI, small-diameter arterioles, venules, and capillaries are difficult to resolve due to the slow flow speeds associated with such vasculature. Furthermore, LSI characterization of subsurface blood flow is subject to blurring due to scattering, further limiting the ability of LSI to resolve or quantify blood flow in small vessels. Here, we show that magnetic activation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles modulate the speckle flow index (SFI) values estimated from speckle contrast analysis of collected images. With application of an ac magnetic field to a solution of stagnant SPIO particles, an apparent increase in SFI is induced. Furthermore, with application of a focused dc magnetic field, a focal decrease in SFI values is induced. Magnetomotive LSI may enable wide-field mapping of suspicious tissue regions, enabling subsequent high-resolution optical interrogation of these regions. Similarly, subsequent photoactivation of intravascular SPIO nanoparticles could then be performed to induce selective photothermal destruction of unwanted vasculature.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210436?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zemek, Allison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garg, Rohit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Model for estimating the threshold mechanical stability of structural cartilage grafts used in rhinoplasty.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focus Groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logistic Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhinoplasty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Engineering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1089-93</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Characterizing the mechanical properties of structural cartilage grafts used in rhinoplasty is valuable because softer engineered tissues are more time- and cost-efficient to manufacture. The aim of this study is to quantitatively identify the threshold mechanical stability (e.g., Young's modulus) of columellar, L-strut, and alar cartilage replacement grafts.

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, focus group survey.

METHODS: Ten mechanical phantoms of identical size (5 x 20 x 2.3 mm) and varying stiffness (0.360 to 0.85 MPa in 0.05 MPa increments) were made from urethane. A focus group of experienced rhinoplasty surgeons (n = 25, 5 to 30 years in practice) were asked to arrange the phantoms in order of increasing stiffness. Then, they were asked to identify the minimum acceptable stiffness that would still result in favorable surgical outcomes for three clinical applications: columellar, L-strut, and lateral crural replacement grafts. Available surgeons were tested again after 1 week to evaluate intra-rater consistency.

RESULTS: For each surgeon, the threshold stiffness for each clinical application differed from the threshold values derived by logistic regression by no more than 0.05 MPa (accuracy to within 10%). Specific thresholds were 0.56, 0.59, and 0.49 MPa for columellar, L-strut, and alar grafts, respectively. For comparison, human nasal septal cartilage is approximately 0.8 MPa.

CONCLUSIONS: There was little inter- and intra-rater variation of the identified threshold values for adequate graft stiffness. The identified threshold values will be useful for the design of tissue-engineered or semisynthetic cartilage grafts for use in structural nasal surgery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513022?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter T. Fwu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Lanzano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulation Particle Tracking </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, we present a novel optical imaging method that makes use of high precision particle tracking of fluorescent particles to obtain images of nanometer size structures in live cells. Particle tracking not only provides the trajectory of the center of mass but also the particle orientation and size can now be observed, in vivo and real time with the nanometer resolution. This method helps in further understanding of the dynamics of the small particles in biological systems, which was hard to achieve by the current optical techniques. The method is based in rapidly modulating the position of the laser beam around small structures on the order of 100nm in size. When the laser spot oscillates in the direction toward the particle surface, the fluorescence of the particle is modulated. The modulation, which is the ratio of the alternating part to the average fluorescence intensity, is a function of the distance of the particle from the center of mass to the oscillation. In order to track the particle, we circularly moved the oscillating laser spot around the moving particle, and at the same time, analyzed the modulation in the frequency spectrum of the intensity along the orbit to perform a feedback loop updating the average laser position to the center of mass of the particle position. The size, shape and orientation information of the fluorescent structure can then be obtained by looking at the higher order modulations components. We explain the theory behind this method and we show the 3D reconstruction of nanometer microvilli structures on the apical membrane of OK cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Youngdae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tong, Jiansong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Park Joo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albanese, Alexandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhardwaj, Nitin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Källberg, Morten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, Hui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shin, Yeon-Kyun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cho, Wonhwa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular basis of the potent membrane-remodeling activity of the epsin 1 N-terminal homology domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of biological chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Biol. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endocytosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutant Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Structure, Quaternary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Structure, Secondary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Structure, Tertiary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure-Activity Relationship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transferrin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unilamellar Liposomes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">531-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mechanisms by which cytosolic proteins reversibly bind the membrane and induce the curvature for membrane trafficking and remodeling remain elusive. The epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain has potent vesicle tubulation activity despite a lack of intrinsic molecular curvature. EPR revealed that the N-terminal alpha-helix penetrates the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-containing membrane at a unique oblique angle and concomitantly interacts closely with helices from neighboring molecules in an antiparallel orientation. The quantitative fluorescence microscopy showed that the formation of highly ordered ENTH domain complexes beyond a critical size is essential for its vesicle tubulation activity. The mutations that interfere with the formation of large ENTH domain complexes abrogated the vesicle tubulation activity. Furthermore, the same mutations in the intact epsin 1 abolished its endocytic activity in mammalian cells. Collectively, these results show that the ENTH domain facilitates the cellular membrane budding and fission by a novel mechanism that is distinct from that proposed for BAR domains.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880963?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zimmerley, Maxwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younger, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valenton, Tiffany</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oertel, David C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, Jimmie L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular orientation in dry and hydrated cellulose fibers: a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The journal of physical chemistry. B</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Phys Chem B</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cotton Fiber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Aug 12</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10200-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is combined with spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to interrogate the molecular alignment in dry and hydrated cellulose fibers. Two types of cellulose were investigated: natural cellulose I in cotton fibers and regenerated cellulose II in rayon fibers. On the basis of the orientation of the methylene symmetric stretching vibration, the molecular alignment of cellulose microfibrils is found to be conserved on the micrometer scale. Whereas the molecular orientation in cotton shows modest variability along the fiber, the alignment of the cellulose units in rayon is highly consistent throughout the fiber. The ordered alignment is retained upon fiber hydration. Upon hydration of the cellulose fibers, an anisotropic electronic contribution is observed, which indicates an ordered incorporation of water molecules into the fiber structure. The third-order and second-order electronic polarizability of cellulose I are directed along the axis of the polyglucan chain. No second-order optical response is observed in cellulose II, supporting the antiparallel arrangement of the polyglucan chains in regenerated cellulose.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684644?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Computation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo methods comprise a large and still growing collection of methods
of repetitive simulation designed to obtain approximate solutions of various problems
by playing games of chance.Often these methods aremotivated by randomness
inherent in the problem being studied (as, e.g., when simulating the random walks
of “particles” undergoing diffusive transport), but this is not an essential feature
of Monte Carlo methods.</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Ryan S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratzer, Adelheid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barry, Nicholas P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyazaki-Anzai, Shinobu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyazaki, Makoto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moshe Levi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multimodal CARS microscopy determination of the impact of diet on macrophage infiltration and lipid accumulation on plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of lipid research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Lipid Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apolipoproteins E</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atherosclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macrophages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C57BL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1729-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We characterized several cellular and structural features of early stage Type II/III atherosclerotic plaques in an established model of atherosclerosis-the ApoE-deficient mouse-by using a multimodal, coregistered imaging system that integrates three nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) contrast mechanisms: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). Specifically, the infiltration of lipid-rich macrophages and the structural organization of collagen and elastin fibers were visualized by CARS, SHG, and TPEF, respectively, in thick tissue specimens without the use of exogenous labels or dyes. Label-free CARS imaging of macrophage accumulation was confirmed by histopathology using CD68 staining. A high-fat, high-cholesterol Western diet resulted in an approximate 2-fold increase in intimal plaque area, defined by CARS signals of lipid-rich macrophages. Additionally, analysis of collagen distribution within lipid-rich plaque regions revealed nearly a 4-fold decrease in the Western diet-fed mice, suggesting NLOM sensitivity to increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and decreased smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation. These imaging results provide significant insight into the structure and composition of early stage Type II/III plaque during formation and allow for quantitative measurements of the impact of diet and other factors on critical plaque and arterial wall features.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20208058?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiara Stringari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Digman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Donovan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Components Mapping of Live Tissue by Phasor Analysis of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) of live tissues a major issue is the assignment of autofluorescence to specific molecular components and their interactions within the physiological context. Here we use the phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging to analyze complex decays in a live tissue. The tissues used were seminiferous tubules from the testes of wild type mice or mice expressing GFP from an Oct4 transgene. Lifetime images were acquired in the time domain and analytically transformed in the phasor representation. By examination of the clustering of the phasors we identified different molecular components: auto fluorescence, GFP, collagen and retinol. Each chemical species was identified and categorized by its specific location in the phasor plot. This phasor fingerprint reduces the importance of knowing the exact lifetime distribution of the fluorophores and emphasizes the contribution of the species to the signal. To better identify specific tissue components we also used spectral imaging and second harmonic generation microscopy. Linear combinations in the same pixel of molecular species were recognized and their relative fraction was calculated and mapped. The analysis of the fluorescence decay with higher harmonics of the phasor plot separates different molecular components that have the same location in the phasor plot at one harmonic but arise from different lifetime distributions. The phasor approach to lifetime imaging in live tissue provides a unique and straightforward method for interpreting complex decays in terms of molecular features by identifying fluorophores and obtaining functional maps of their relative concentration. This method has the potential to become a non invasive tool to characterize the local microenvironment and monitor differentiation and diseases in label-free live tissues. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raghunathan, Varun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiplicative and subtractive focal volume engineering in coherent Raman microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Color</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electronics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subtraction Technique</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2365-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigorous calculations are performed to study the effective reduction of the nonlinear excitation volumes when using phase-only masks to condition the pump and Stokes driving fields. Focal volume reduction was achieved using both a multiplicative operation of the excitation fields as well as a subtractive operation. Using a tunable optical bottle beam for the Stokes field, an effective reduction of the width of the excitation volume by a factor of 1.5 can be achieved in the focal plane. Further reduction of the focal volume introduces a rapid growth of sidelobes, which renders such volumes unsuitable for imaging applications. In addition, phase sensitive detection was found to provide information from selective sub-divisions of the engineered coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering excitation volume. In the case of isolated nanoparticles, an apparent resolution improvement by a factor of 3 is demonstrated, and it is shown that the size of sub-diffraction-limited particles can be accurately determined using phase sensitive detection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045900?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giulia Ossato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamas Lukacsovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Lawrence Marsh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N&amp;B and Cross-N&amp;B Analysis Detect Oligomerization of Huntingtin in Live Cells </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">651</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aggregation of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by a mutation of Huntingtin caused by an elongation of a polyglutamine (polyQ) sequence in the protein. Here we describe the application of the recently developed Number and molecular Brightness method (N&amp;B) to monitor the aggregation process of Huntingtin exon1 (Httex1). N&amp;B measures the molecular brightness of the protein aggregates in the entire cell non-invasively based on the fluctuation dynamics at each pixel of an image. This analysis provides a map of aggregation with pixel resolution.

We observed the behavior of Httex1-97QP-EGFP this is a construct with 97 polyQ repeats corresponding to Juvenile onset of the disease.

We preformed experiments in ST14A cells transfected with Httex1-97QP-EGFP. We establish that the process of nucleation leading to inclusion formation has four phases: i) Initially only monomers are present; ii) Following an increase in protein concentration (not, vert, similar1 μM), due to protein accumulation, small oligomers (8-15 proteins) form throughout the cell; iii) At higher protein concentrations, an inclusion is formed in the cytoplasm; iv) The inclusion recruits most of the Httex1 protein in the cell, including those in the nucleus, leaving only monomers at very low concentration.

We also performed cross-N&amp;B analysis to measure the size of the oligomeric species. Cross-N&amp;B recovers the stoichiometry of the complexes from the simultaneous fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity in two image channels. The experiments were done on ST14A cells co-transfected with Httex1-97QP-EGFP and Httex1-97QP-mCherry. These experiments confirmed the mechanism of aggregation observed by N&amp;B and the range of size of the oligomers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehdari, Reza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Quoc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelley, Timothy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared imaging of the sinuses: preliminary evaluation of a new technology for diagnosing maxillary sinusitis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxillary Sinus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxillary Sinusitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, X-Ray Computed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transillumination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">036011</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosing sinusitis remains a challenge for primary care physicians. There is a need for a simple, office-based technique to aid in the diagnosis of sinusitis without the cost and radiation risk of conventional radiologic imaging. We designed a low-cost near-infrared (NIR) device to transilluminate the maxillary sinuses. The use of NIR light allows for greater interrogation of deep-tissue structures as compared to visible light. NIR imaging of 21 patients was performed and compared with computed tomography (CT) scans. Individual maxillary sinuses were scored on a scale from 0 to 2 based on their degree of aeration present on CT and similarly based on the NIR signal penetration into the maxilla on NIR images. Our results showed that air-filled and fluid/tissue-filled spaces can be reasonably distinguished by their differing NIR signal penetration patterns, with average NIR imaging scores for fluid-filled maxillary sinuses (0.93+/-0.78, n=29) significantly lower than those for normal maxillary sinuses (1.62+/-0.57, n=13) (p=0.003). NIR imaging of the sinuses is a simple, safe, and cost-effective modality that can potentially aid in the diagnosis of sinusitis. Long-term, significant device refinement and large clinical trials will be needed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of this technique.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615013?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amani R. Makkouk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H. Michael Gach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared-activated gold nanoshells for thermal ablation of macrophages in vitro</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics VI</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7548</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro studies were initiated to determine the suitability of murine and rat macrophages as delivery vehicles for gold
nanoshells in the treatment of gliomas. Visualization of macrophage accumulation in and around gliomas may be
accomplished using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO). The
optimal loading of both murine and rat macrophages with SPIO was determined using inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Higher concentrations of SPIO were observed in rat macrophages and the
optimal concentration in these cell lines was around 300 μg/ml. Higher concentrations resulted in significant cell
toxicity. SPIO were visualized in fixed rat brains subjected to high field MRI using T2*-weighted gradient echo pulse
sequences. Macrophages were found to be very sensitive to near infra-red (NIR) laser irradiation.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel, Cyrus T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needle electrode-based electromechanical reshaping of cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrosurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microelectrodes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3389-97</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) of cartilage provides an alternative to the classic surgical techniques of modifying the shape of facial cartilages. The original embodiment of EMR required surface electrodes to be in direct contact with the entire cartilage region being reshaped. This study evaluates the feasibility of using needle electrode systems for EMR of facial cartilage and evaluates the relationships between electrode configuration, voltage, and application time in effecting shape change. Flat rabbit nasal septal cartilage specimens were deformed by a jig into a 90° bend, while a constant electric voltage was applied to needle electrodes that were inserted into the cartilage. The electrode configuration, voltage (0-7.5 V), and application time (1-9 min) were varied systematically to create the most effective shape change. Electric current and temperature were measured during voltage application, and the resulting specimen shape was assessed in terms of retained bend angle. In order to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of EMR, the most effective and practical settings from the septal cartilage experimentation were used to reshape intact rabbit and pig ears ex vivo. Cell viability of the cartilage after EMR was determined using confocal microscopy in conjunction with a live/dead assay. Overall, cartilage reshaping increased with increased voltage and increased application time. For all electrode configurations and application times tested, heat generation was negligible (&lt;1 °C) up to 6 V. At 6 V, with the most effective electrode configuration, the bend angle began to significantly increase after 2 min of application time and began to plateau above 5 min. As a function of voltage at 2 min of application time, significant reshaping occurred at and above 5 V, with no significant increase in the bend angle between 6 and 7.5 V. In conclusion, electromechanical reshaping of cartilage grafts and intact ears can be effectively performed with negligible temperature elevation and spatially limited cell injury using needle electrodes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614240?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karimi, Koohyar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Devcic, Zlatko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avila, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Popenko, Natalie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new approach in determining lateral facial attractiveness.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beauty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120 Suppl 4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S157</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTRODUCTION: The current literature on facial attractiveness focuses on anterior-posterior facial portraits, with lateral facial analysis limited to comparing facial attractiveness scores with various facial measurements. Here we use a novel approach to more rigorously study lateral facial attractiveness by combining morphing software and a genetic algorithm with web-based facial attractiveness scoring to evolve attractive lateral facial images.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify the key lateral facial landmarks that produce realistic lateral facial images; and 2) determine if a genetic algorithm combined with morphing software can progressively evolve lateral facial attractiveness.

METHODS: A cohort of lateral facial portraits were selectively paired by a genetic algorithm biased towards more attractive faces, and &quot;bred&quot; with morphing software to create a cohort of faces more attractive than the original. By repeating this process facial attractiveness was &quot;evolved&quot; through several cohorts.

RESULTS: Key facial landmarks are: trichion to glabella, nasion to tip of nose, subnasale to labrale inferius, and pogonion to menton. Facial attractiveness scores increased in each successive cohort.

CONCLUSION: Using these landmarks and methodologies, realistic lateral facial portraits were created and progressively increased in facial attractiveness. This technique is a robust alternative to traditional approaches in the analysis of lateral facial attractiveness.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21225755?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, William C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, Charles W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Griesel, Alexa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilz, Renate B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New facile method to measure cyanide in blood.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anal. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cobamides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Limit of Detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitamin B 12</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4216-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanide, a well-known toxic substance that could be used as a weapon of mass destruction, is likely responsible for a substantial percentage of smoke inhalation deaths. The vitamin B(12) precursor cobinamide binds cyanide with high affinity, changing color and, correspondingly, its spectrophotometric spectrum in the ultraviolet/visible light range. Based on these spectral changes, we developed a new facile method to measure cyanide in blood using cobinamide. The limit of detection was 0.25 nmol, while the limit of quantitation was approximately 0.5 nmol. The method was reliable, requires minimal equipment, and correlated well with a previously established method. Moreover, we adapted it for rapid qualitative assessment of cyanide concentration, which could be used in the field to identify cyanide-poisoned subjects for immediate treatment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420400?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, S H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, S I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruth, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-invasive tissue temperature measurements based on quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) of water.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forearm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Physiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jul 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3753-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe the development of a non-invasive method for quantitative tissue temperature measurements using Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Our approach is based on well-characterized opposing shifts in near-infrared (NIR) water absorption spectra that appear with temperature and macromolecular binding state. Unlike conventional reflectance methods, DOS is used to generate scattering-corrected tissue water absorption spectra. This allows us to separate the macromolecular bound water contribution from the thermally induced spectral shift using the temperature isosbestic point at 996 nm. The method was validated in intralipid tissue phantoms by correlating DOS with thermistor measurements (R=0.96) with a difference of 1.1+/-0.91 degrees C over a range of 28-48 degrees C. Once validated, thermal and hemodynamic (i.e. oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration) changes were measured simultaneously and continuously in human subjects (forearm) during mild cold stress. DOS-measured arm temperatures were consistent with previously reported invasive deep tissue temperature studies. These results suggest that DOS can be used for non-invasive, co-registered measurements of absolute temperature and hemoglobin parameters in thick tissues, a potentially important approach for optimizing thermal diagnostics and therapeutics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20551502?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCaughey, Ryan G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlebicki, Cara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel wavelengths for laser nerve stimulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromyography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Semiconductor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Solid-State</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neural Conduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sciatic Nerve</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-75</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Laser light is known to stimulate nerves. This study investigated alternative wavelengths for nerve stimulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sciatic nerves of rats were irradiated with four different lasers-a Ho:YAG (2100 nm), a Yb:glass fiber laser (1495 nm) and diode lasers (1450 nm and 1540 nm).

RESULTS: All lasers evoked a visible leg twitch response, and electromyography confirmed muscle activation. The Yb:glass laser at 1495 nm delivered through a single mode fiber was found to be the most effective stimulus. The stimulation threshold for a 2 millisecond pulse from the Yb:glass laser was determined to be 3.7+/-2.8 mJ/cm(2).

CONCLUSIONS: The Yb:glass laser has the potential for use in neurostimulation, as an alternative to electrical stimulation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19802885?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirillin, Mikhail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">König, Karsten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shakhova, Natalia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semyanov, Alexey</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical bioimaging and neuroimaging: from whole-body inspection to brain sensing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biophotonics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biophotonics</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whole Body Imaging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">741-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21080516?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djalilian, Hamid R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Edward C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naemi, Kaveh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zardouz, Shawn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karimi, Koohyar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of cholesteatoma.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otology &amp; neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otol. Neurotol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy, Cross-Sectional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mastoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mucous Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">932-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: To image cholesteatoma using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and correlate the results with clinical findings and conventional observations obtained using binocular microscopy and histology. OCT is a high-resolution optical imaging modality that generates cross-sectional images of turbid media, such as tissue with resolution approaching that of light microscopy. OCT relies on intrinsic differences in tissue optical properties for image contrast.

STUDY DESIGN: In vivo prospective clinical study.

SETTING: University Medical Center.

PATIENTS: Patients with cholesteatoma undergoing otologic surgery.

INTERVENTION: Using a commercial OCT imaging system, we obtained cross-sectional images (resolution, approximately 10 microm; depth penetration, approximately 1 mm) of cholesteatomas.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Images are obtained by raster scanning a single mode fiber across the interior of the probe. The imaging probe is sterilized and inserted into the middle ear or mastoid under microscopic guidance, and still images of the middle ear or mastoid mucosa and cholesteatoma when present were obtained.

RESULTS: OCT images of cholesteatomas demonstrate differences in signal intensity, which are distinct from those of normal or inflamed middle ear/mastoid mucosa. Identification of keratin in cholesteatoma, even if very thin, distinguished it from inflamed mucosa.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study that systematically used OCT to image cholesteatoma during otologic surgery. Cholesteatomas can be distinguished from normal or inflamed adjacent mucosa.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684054?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine, Esther L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, Roger L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jason H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of the larynx using the Niris system.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of otolaryngology - head &amp; neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: To present our experience using the first commercially available optical coherence tomography (OCT) device for use in the head, neck, and upper aerodigestive tract and to determine the feasibility and efficacy of this system in comparison with our previous experience using other research OCT systems.

METHODS: Using the Niris OCT imaging system (Imalux, Cleveland, OH), we obtained OCT images of benign and premalignant laryngeal disease in 33 patients undergoing surgical head and neck endoscopy. This imaging system has a spatial depth resolution of 10 to 20 mum and a depth scanning range of 2.2 mm, obtaining images of 200 x 200 pixels at a maximum frame rate of 0.7 Hz. The scanning mechanism of the device is located at the distal end of a flexible probe that is placed in contact or near-contact with the area of interest. The tip of the probe was inserted through a rigid laryngoscope, and still images were obtained.

RESULTS: OCT images of arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, piriform sinus, epiglottis, and true and false vocal cords were obtained. In patients whose OCT images were taken from normal tissue, the normal microstructures were clearly identified, as well as disruption of the latter in malignant pathologies.

CONCLUSIONS: The device can easily be incorporated into the operating room and requires minimal set-up and staff to operate. OCT imaging with this device potentially offers an efficient, quick, and reliable imaging modality in guiding surgical biopsies, intraoperative decision making, and therapeutic options of various laryngeal pathologies and premalignant disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20211101?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandjbakhche, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kainerstorfer, Jana Maria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical diagnostic and biophotonic methods from bench to bedside.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Devices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-of-Care Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Translational Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">061701</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21198149?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holtzman, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical diagnostics in the oral cavity: an overview.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oral diseases</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oral Dis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Devices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tooth Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transillumination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">717-28</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As the emphasis shifts from damage mitigation to disease prevention or reversal of early disease in the oral cavity, the need for sensitive and accurate detection and diagnostic tools become more important. Many novel and emergent optical diagnostic modalities for the oral cavity are becoming available to clinicians with a variety of desirable attributes including: (i) non-invasiveness, (ii) absence of ionizing radiation, (iii) patient-friendliness, (iv) real-time information (v) repeatability, and (vi) high-resolution surface and subsurface images. In this article, the principles behind optical diagnostic approaches, their feasibility and applicability for imaging soft and hard tissues, and their potential usefulness as a tool in the diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions, dental pathologies, and other dental applications will be reviewed. The clinical applications of light-based imaging technologies in the oral cavity and of their derivative devices will be discussed to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of emergent diagnostic modalities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561224?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouma, Brett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fukumura, Dai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jain, Rakesh K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical methods in vascular biology and medicine.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardiovascular Physiological Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">011001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210426?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pair-correlation approach to FCS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">761</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular diffusion and transport processes are fundamental in physical, chemical, biochemical and biological systems. Current approaches to measure molecular transport in cells and tissues based on perturbation methods like fluorescence recovery after photobleaching are invasive, fluctuation correlation methods are local and single particle tracking requires the observation of isolated particles for relatively long periods of time. We propose to detect molecular transport by measuring the time cross-correlation of fluctuations at a pair of locations in the sample. When the points are further than two times the size of the point spread function, the maximum of the correlation is proportional to the average time a molecule takes to move from a specific location to another. We demonstrate the method with simulations, using beads in solution and by measuring the diffusion of molecules in cellular membranes. The spatial pair cross-correlation method detects barriers to diffusion and heterogeneity of diffusion because the time of the correlation maximum is delayed in the presence of diffusion barriers. This non-invasive sensitive technique follows the same molecule over a large area producing a map of molecular flow and does not require isolated molecules thereby many molecules can be labeled at the same time and within the point spread function. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jing Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parametric Diffuse Optical Imaging in Reflectance Geometry</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a model-based technique
used for noninvasive characterization of subsurface tissue
function and structure. Compared to more common transmission
geometries, reflectance DOI has the advantage of being portable
and easily implemented in a clinical setting. However, reflectance
measurements are generally not compatiblewith conventionalDOI
image reconstruction methods because they typically provide a limited
number of unique tissue views. In this paper, we describe a fast
and reliable DOI image reconstruction method based on parameterization
of tissue and tumor optical contrast, using physiological
a priori knowledge. The reconstruction method is formulated
within the general Bayesian inversion framework and is capable
of handling both model and measurement errors. Simulations are
carried out to illustrate the application of this approach, using a
limited number of source–detector combinations. It is also shown
that parametric reflectance DOI is robust to model misspecifications
and measurement noise.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049247?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Yi-Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Yuanjie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayes, Debra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siegel, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsu, Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eskander, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Ong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linskey, Mark E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAX6 suppression of glioma angiogenesis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens, CD31</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Inhibitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morpholines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neovascularization, Pathologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAX2 Transcription Factor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PTEN Phosphohydrolase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-200</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We reported that PAX6 suppresses glioblastoma cell growth in vivo and anchorage-independent growth without significant alteration of cell proliferation in vitro, suggesting that PAX6 may alter the tumor microenvironment. Because we found that PAX6 downregulates expression of the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in glioma cells, we used a subcutaneous xenograft model to verify PAX6 suppression of VEGFA-induced angiogenesis based on CD31-immunostaining of endothelial cells. The results showed a significant reduction of VEGFA at the transcription level in PAX6-transfected cells in xenografts and PAX6 has a suppressive effect on the microvascular amplification typically seen in glioblastoma. We showed that PAX6 suppression of VEGFA expression requires its DNA binding-domain. The C-terminal truncation mutant of PAX6, however, did not show the dominant negative function in regulating VEGFA expression that it showed previously in regulating MMP2 expression. In the glioma cell line U251HF, we further determined that blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway with either adenoviral-mediated PTEN expression or LY294002 enhanced PAX6-mediated suppression of VEGFA in an additive manner; thus, PAX6-mediated suppression of VEGFA is not via the canonical pathway through HIF1A. These two VEGFA-regulatory pathways can also be similarly modulated in another malignant glioma cell line, U87, but not in LN229 where the basal VEGFA level is low and PTEN is wild-type. PAX6 suppression of VEGFA appears to be blocked in LN229. In conclusion, our data showed that PAX6 can initiate in glioma cells a new signaling pathway independent of PI3K/Akt-HIF1A signaling to suppress VEGFA expression.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19618119?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Jinhee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Donghee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son, Taeyoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seo, Jongbum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of a tissue optical clearing agent: combination of microneedling and sonophoresis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Cutaneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phonophoresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">412-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various physical methods, such as microneedling, laser ablation, sonophoresis, and sandpaper, have been widely studied to enhance the transdermal delivery of tissue optical clearing (TOC) agents. A previous study demonstrated that the microneedling method could effectively enhance the permeability of a TOC agent through the skin barrier.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we introduce a new physical combination method which utilizes both microneedling and sonophoresis to further enhance the transdermal delivery of a TOC agent, glycerol. Porcine skin samples were divided into a control group treated only with the microneedle roller and a test group treated with both the microneedle roller and sonophoresis. Glycerol was applied topically after microneedling. The optimal concentration and transdermal delivery efficacy of glycerol were quantitatively evaluated.

RESULTS: A 70% glycerol solution was determined to be the optimal concentration for the combination method. The combination method resulted in approximately a 2.3-fold higher transdermal diffusion rate of glycerol when compared to the microneedling method alone.

CONCLUSION: The combination method and optimal glycerol concentration effectively enhanced transdermal delivery of glycerol by accelerating the diffusion rate through the skin barrier.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20583247?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeCoro, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential of optical coherence tomography for early diagnosis of oral malignancies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert review of anticancer therapy</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expert Rev Anticancer Ther</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early Detection of Cancer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mucous Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Staging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precancerous Conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With nearly 1,500,000 new patients diagnosed every year in the USA, cancer poses a considerable challenge to healthcare today. Oral cancer is responsible for a sizeable portion of deaths due to cancer, primarily because it is diagnosed at a late stage when the prognosis is poor. Current methods for diagnosing oral cancer need to be augmented by better early detection, monitoring and screening modalities. A new approach is needed that provides real-time, accurate, noninvasive diagnosis. The results of early clinical trials using in vivo optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of oral dysplasia and malignancy are encouraging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214513?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, C B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, A J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, S C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting bulk mechanical properties of cellularized collagen gels using multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta biomaterialia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Biomater</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Linking Reagents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4657-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellularized collagen gels are a common model in tissue engineering, but the relationship between the microstructure and bulk mechanical properties is only partially understood. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an ideal non-invasive tool for examining collagen microstructure, cellularity and crosslink content in these gels. In order to identify robust image parameters that characterize microstructural determinants of the bulk elastic modulus, we performed serial MPM and mechanical tests on acellular and cellularized (normal human lung fibroblasts) collagen hydrogels, before and after glutaraldehyde crosslinking. Following gel contraction over 16 days, cellularized collagen gel content approached that of native connective tissues (∼200 mg ml⁻¹). Young's modulus (E) measurements from acellular collagen gels (range 0.5-12 kPa) exhibited a power-law concentration dependence (range 3-9 mg ml⁻¹) with exponents from 2.1 to 2.2, similar to other semiflexible biopolymer networks such as fibrin and actin. In contrast, cellularized collagen gel stiffness (range 0.5-27 kPa) produced concentration-dependent exponents of 0.7 uncrosslinked and 1.1 crosslinked (range ∼5-200 mg ml⁻¹). The variation in E of cellularized collagen hydrogels can be explained by a power-law dependence on robust image parameters: either the second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) (matrix component) skewness (R²=0.75, exponents of -1.0 and -0.6, respectively); or alternatively the SHG and TPF (matrix component) speckle contrast (R²=0.83, exponents of -0.7 and -1.8, respectively). Image parameters based on the cellular component of TPF signal did not improve the fits. The concentration dependence of E suggests enhanced stress relaxation in cellularized vs. acellular gels. SHG and TPF image skewness and speckle contrast from cellularized collagen gels can predict E by capturing mechanically relevant information on collagen fiber, cell and crosslink density.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620246?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlebicki, Cara A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Alice D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Hongrui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preliminary investigation on use of high-resolution optical coherence tomography to monitor injury and repair in the rat sciatic nerve.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nerve Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sciatic Nerve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used in limited settings to study peripheral nerve injury. The purpose of the study is to determine whether high-resolution OCT can be used to monitor nerve injury and regeneration in the rat sciatic nerve following crush injury, ligation, and transection with microsurgical repair.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five rats were segregated into three groups. The right sciatic nerve was suture ligated (n = 15), cut then microsurgically repaired (n = 15), or crushed (n = 15). The left sciatic nerve served as the control; only surgical exposure and skin closure were performed. Each group was further divided into three subgroups where they were assigned survival durations of 4, 15, or 24 weeks. Following euthanasia, nerves were harvested, fixed in formalin, and imaged at the injury site, as well as proximal and distal ends. The OCT system resolution was approximately 7 microm in tissue with a 1,060 nm central wavelength.

RESULTS: Control (uninjured) nerve tissue showed homogenous signal distribution to a relatively uniform depth; in contrast, damaged nerves showed irregular signal distribution and intensity. Changes in signal distribution were most significant at the injury site and distal regions. Increases in signal irregularity were evident during longer recovery times. Histological analysis determined that OCT imaging was limited to the surrounding perineurium and scar tissue.

CONCLUSION: OCT has the potential to be a valuable tool for monitoring nerve injury and repair, and the changes that accompany wound healing, providing clinicians with a non-invasive tool to treat nerve injuries.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432279?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian Hellriegel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeria R. Caiolfa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicolai Sidenius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno Zamai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptor-ligand interactions in the plasma membrane of live cells resolved in space and time by N &amp; B analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">750</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this presentation we show how we push the Number and Brightness analysis (N&amp;B) to the limits of applicability. We demonstrate that by N&amp;B we can observe how a GFP labeled membrane receptor (namely uPAR) dimerizes upon ligand binding in live cells. We show how we obtain real time, spatially and temporally resolved images of the molecular reorganization of uPAR in the cell membrane. These results are backed by extensive simulations, and by well-defined live cell calibration experiments (using monomeric and dimeric GFP-uPAR constructs).

N&amp;B quantifies the amplitudes of fluorescence intensity fluctuations as individual fluorescent species diffuse in and out of a pixel in a series of images. The basic idea is that the amplitude fluctuations of a diffusing molecule labeled with two dyes (e.g. a dimer, or a bound ligand-receptor pair) will be twice as large as the amplitudes of a molecule with only one dye (i.e. a monomer, or the unbound ligands and receptors), simply because the doubly labeled object is twice as bright as the individual one.

N&amp;B is related to fluctuation spectroscopy such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy FCS and photon counting histogram, PCH. These methods can resolve molecule-molecule interactions, but are usually restricted to the acquisition at one specific pixel. N&amp;B was described recently for 2-photon scanning microscopy. There, N&amp;B was typically used to distinguish between mobile molecules and large aggregates in cells, using time-sequences of about 50-100 frames (typically 512x512 pixels at 4s/frame).

However, when attempting to distinguish between monomers and dimers, as the smallest possible increment of molecule-molecule interactions, the experimenter is confronted with low signal-to-noise ratios and long-term perturbations (cell movement, vesicle trafficking). In this work we describe how we have resolved these issues.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moon, Sucbei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang-Won</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference spectrum extraction and fixed-pattern noise removal in optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24395-404</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a new signal processing method that extracts the reference spectrum information from an acquired optical coherence tomography (OCT) image without a separate calibration step of reference spectrum measurement. The reference spectrum is used to remove the fixed-pattern noise that is a characteristic artifact of Fourier-domain OCT schemes. It was found that the conventional approach based on an averaged spectrum, or mean spectrum, is prone to be influenced by the high-amplitude data points whose statistical distribution is hardly randomized. Thus, the conventional mean-spectrum subtraction method cannot completely eliminate the artifact but may leave residual horizontal lines in the final image. This problem was avoided by utilizing an advanced statistical analysis tool of the median A-line. The reference A-line was obtained by taking a complex median of each horizontal-line data. As an optional method of high-speed calculation, we also propose a minimum-variance mean A-line that can be calculated from an image by a collection of mean A-line values taken from a horizontal segment whose complex variance of the data points is the minimum. By comparing the images processed by those methods, it was found that our new processing schemes of the median-line subtraction and the minimum-variance mean-line subtraction successfully suppressed the fixed-pattern noise. The inverse Fourier transform of the obtained reference A-line well matched the reference spectrum obtained by a physical measurement as well.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164786?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molly J. Rossow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning laser image correlation for measurement of flow.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-Aided Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics as Topic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">026003</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning laser image correlation (SLIC) is an optical correlation technique for measuring the fluid velocity of particles suspended in a liquid. This technique combines laser scanning of an arbitrary pattern with pair cross-correlation between any two points in the pattern. SLIC overcomes many of the limitations of other optical correlation techniques for flow measurement, such as laser speckle, spatial temporal image correlation spectroscopy, and two-foci methods. One of the main advantages of SLIC is that the concept can be applied to measurements on a range of scales through simple zooming or modifications in the instrumentation. Additionally, SLIC is relatively insensitive to instrument noise through the use of correlation analysis and is insensitive to background. SLIC can provide detailed information about the direction and pattern of flow. SLIC has potential applications ranging from microfluidics to blood flow measurements.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459248?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molly J. Rossow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning laser image correlation (SLIC) measurements in Zebra Fish larvae</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">580-581</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning Laser Image Correlation (SLIC) is a technique to measure the flow
of small particles and to observe local flow patterns over an area. SLIC can
be applied to situations including blood cells flowing through blood vessels
or tracer particles flowing through microfluidic channels. The main advantage
of SLIC over other flow measurement techniques is that SLIC can be
scaled to measure flow in areas ranging from microns to centimeters wide.
To accomplish this, an image is first acquired through laser scanning and analyzed
with number and brightness analysis (N&amp;B) to identify regions of
flow. This is used as a guide to manually (or potentially automatically) select
a pattern within the image, such as a line along the center of a channel, that
is then scanned repeatedly with the laser beam. Since the entire image is not
scanned in each measurement SLIC measurements can be obtained quickly
and efficiently. The results of these scanned patterns are analyzed with the
recently developed pair correlation technique to extract the rate of flow
and to identify characteristic flow patterns such as turbulence, particles
that adhere to the channel walls, and variable velocity along the length of
the channel.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shanshan Xu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-referencing differential spectroscopy analysis in breast translational research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">749</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A self-referencing differential spectroscopy analysis approach has been developed for broadband near-infrared (NIR 650-1000 nm) absorption spectra to reveal intrinsic optical breast cancer biomarkers. Through the application of this method that accounts for inter-patient variability using the normal tissue as an internal control, we have characterized the metabolic differences between malignant and normal tissues that result from subtle alterations in molecular disposition.

From a pilot study of 15 cancer patients performed in 2007, absorption signatures, not arising from the individual abundance in the four major chromophores (lipid, oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin and water), have been demonstrated to successfully differentiate the normal and malignant tissues. Based on the data acquired from a NIR Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy Imaging instrument, specific spectral signatures containing specific NIR absorption bands are located in regions at about 760, 930, and 980 nm indicative of lipid biomarkers or water in abnormal state. The shape of the fingerprint spectra, namely specific tumor component (STC) spectra, is highly reproducible and exhibits consistent and particular wavelength-dependent characteristics. STC index algorithm was set up to quantitatively computing the residual due to components that are unaccounted for by the basis spectra.

A 61 subject retrospective study aiming to distinguish between benign and malignant breast tumors was carried out in 2008 on top of previous findings. By converting the observed molecular dispositions into a simple index (malignancy index) derived from a weighted wavelength analysis to maximize the differences between the benign and malignant tumors, two types of tumors were stratified with 95% sensitivity, 89% specificity, 91% positive predictive value, and 94% negative predictive value. The observation of pathology specific spectral signatures provides a potentially substantial method for differential diagnosis and monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moon, Sucbei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Sang-Won</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semi-resonant operation of a fiber-cantilever piezotube scanner for stable optical coherence tomography endoscope imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fingers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Sep 27</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21183-97</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A forward-view optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning catheter has been developed based on a fiber-cantilever piezotube scanner by using a semi-resonant scan strategy for a better scan performance. A compact endoscope catheter was fabricated by using a tubular piezoelectric actuator with quartered electrodes in combination with a resonant fiber cantilever. A cantilever weight was attached to the fiber cantilever to reduce the resonance frequency down to 63 Hz, well in the desirable range for Fourier-domain OCT. The resonant-cantilever scanner was driven at semi-resonance frequencies that were well out of the resonance peak but within a range of partial resonance. This driving strategy has been found to minimize the phase difference between the two scan axes for a better scan stability against environmental perturbations as well as for a driving simplicity. By driving the two axes at slightly different frequencies, a low-order Lissajous pattern has been obtained for a 2D area scan. 3D OCT images have been successfully acquired in an acquisition time of 1.56 seconds for a tomogram volume of 2.2 × 2.2 × 2.1 mm(3). They were reconstructed without any scan calibration by extracting the scan timing from the image data. In addition, it has been found that the Lissajous scan strategy provides a means to compensate the relative axial motion of a sample for a correct imaged morphology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20941015?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Site-specific opening of the blood-brain barrier.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biophotonics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biophotonics</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood-Brain Barrier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capillary Permeability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Delivery Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Neurological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therapeutics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonic Therapy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">356-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant impediment for the delivery of therapeutic drugs into the brain. This is particularly problematic for the treatment of malignant gliomas which are characterized by diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into normal brain where they are protected by a patent BBB. Selective disruption of the BBB, followed by administration of anti-cancer agents, represents a promising approach for the elimination of infiltrating glioma cells. A summary of the techniques (focused ultrasound, photodynamic therapy and photochemical internalization) for site-specific opening of the BBB will be discussed in this review. Each approach is capable of causing localized and transient opening of the BBB with minimal damage to surrounding normal brain as evidenced from magnetic resonance images and histology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162563?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaveh Azartash</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial Correlation of Speckle Fluctuations Reveals Thickness and Features of the Ocular Surface Tear Film </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Here we present Fluctuation Analysis of Spatial Image Correlation (FASIC), a non-invasive method for evaluating the complex dynamics of the tear film surface by spatial correlation analysis. Tear film stability and its interaction with the corneal surface play an important role in maintaining ocular surface integrity and quality of vision. Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) refers to abnormalities of tear film secretion and/or stability diagnosed by conventional methods such as the Schirmer test and tear break-up time (TBUT). Several different physical methods have been developed to measure non-invasively the structure and function of the tear film including high-speed videokeratography and dynamic wavefront aberrometry. Interferometry and optical coherence tomography are amongst new proposed methods to measure tear film thickness that have remained in research phase.

With FASIC, a series of images are obtained using a laser illumination and a CMOS camera. The spatial correlation is calculated for every frame. A sinusoidal background due to interference of the tear film appears in this spatial correlation together with other features. We have developed a mathematical model to obtain the thickness of the tear film from this sinusoidal background. The model includes the macroscopic dynamics of small lipid droplets in the tear film. Consistent data with live animal model and human clinical study has been obtained.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Elaine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral Doppler optical coherence tomography imaging of localized ischemic stroke in a mouse model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Ischemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C3H</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">066006</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report the use of spectral Doppler optical coherence tomography imaging (SDOCTI) for quantitative evaluation of dynamic blood circulation before and after a localized ischemic stroke in a mouse model. Rose Bengal photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used as a noninvasive means for inducing localized ischemia in cortical microvasculature of the mouse. Fast, repeated Doppler optical coherence tomography scans across vessels of interest are performed to record flow dynamic information with high temporal resolution. Doppler-angle-independent flow indices are used to quantify vascular conditions before and after the induced ischemia by the photocoagulation of PDT. The higher (or lower) flow resistive indices are associated with higher (or lower) resistance states that are confirmed by laser speckle flow index maps (of laser speckle imaging). Our in vivo experiments shows that SDOCTI can provide complementary quantified flow information that is an alternative to blood volume measurement, and can be used as a means for cortical microvasculature imaging well suited for small animal studies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21198180?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foulad, Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasri, Pedram</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garg, Rohit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stabilization of costal cartilage graft warping using infrared laser irradiation in a porcine model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Solid-State</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specimen Handling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue and Organ Harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">405-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To develop a method to rapidly stabilize the shape change process in peripheral slices of costal cartilage by using infrared laser irradiation in a porcine model.

METHODS: Forty peripheral porcine costal cartilage specimens (40 × 10 × 2 mm) were harvested. Thirty of these specimens were immediately irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.32 μm; spot size, 2-mm diameter) using 1 of 3 exposure treatments: 6 W, 2 seconds, and 4 spots; 8 W, 3 seconds, and 4 spots; or 6 W, 2 seconds, and 8 spots. Ten control specimens were only immersed in 0.9% saline solution. Angle of curvature was measured from photographs taken at 0 minutes, immediately after irradiation, and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, and 24 hours. Infrared imaging was used to measure surface temperatures during irradiation. Cell viability after irradiation was determined using a live/dead assay in conjunction with fluorescent confocal microscopy.

RESULTS: Compared with the untreated controls, the irradiated grafts underwent accelerated shape change within the first 30 minutes to reach a stable geometry. Thereafter, irradiated grafts underwent little or no shape change, whereas the control group exhibited significant change in curvature from 30 minutes to 24 hours (P &lt; .001). The average peak irradiated spot temperatures ranged from 76°C to 82°C. Cell viability measurements at the laser spot sites demonstrated a hemispherically shaped region of dead cells with a depth of 0.8 to 1.2 mm and a surface diameter of 1.9 to 2.7 mm.

CONCLUSIONS: Laser irradiation of peripheral costal cartilage slices provides an effective method for rapidly stabilizing acute shape change by accelerating the warping process. The temperature elevations necessary to achieve this are spatially limited and well within the limits of tolerable tissue injury.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079118?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loewe, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oble, Darryl A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valero, Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zukerberg, Lawrence</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem cell marker upregulation in normal cutaneous vessels following pulsed-dye laser exposure and its abrogation by concurrent rapamycin administration: implications for treatment of port-wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of cutaneous pathology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cutan. Pathol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotics, Antineoplastic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens, CD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Division</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fetal Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycoproteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intermediate Filament Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ki-67 Antigen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nerve Tissue Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peptides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recurrence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirolimus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stem Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Up-Regulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37 Suppl 1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-wine stains (PWS) represent a group of vascular malformations that are usually accompanied by psychological distress for affected patients, often reflected in high treatment demand. Although the pulsed-dye laser (PDL) was established as standard therapy for PWS more than a decade ago, therapeutic outcome may be unsatisfactory. One of the main drawbacks to successful PDL therapy is PWS revascularization shortly after laser exposure. Therefore, inhibition of revascularization should improve therapeutic outcome of PDL therapy. In this study, we first evaluated the effects of various light energies on normal cutaneous vessels over a period of 14 days, particularly the proliferation and stem cell marker expression of dermal endothelial cells, which were found to be highest 8 days following laser exposure. We found that PDL exposure induced dose-dependent damage of dermal vessels up to energy densities of 6 J/cm(2), above which no increase in PDL-induced effects were observed with the energies employed in this study. In dermal endothelial cells of PDL-exposed skin, we found strong expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 as well as the stem cell marker nestin but not other stem cell markers such as CD133 and CD166. The influence of rapamycin (RPM), used as an adjuvant to PDL exposure, was also investigated. RPM administration reduced Ki-67 and nestin expression in dermal endothelial cells and increased PDL-induced destruction of dermal vessels, indicating that the use of RPM after PDL exposure may be an interesting new approach for prolonging and improving PWS laser therapeutic outcome.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482679?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioux, Sylvain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frangioni, John V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structured illumination enhances resolution and contrast in thick tissue fluorescence imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">010506</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We introduce a noncontact imaging method utilizing multifrequency structured illumination for improving lateral and axial resolution and contrast of fluorescent molecular probes in thick, multiple-scattering tissue phantoms. The method can be implemented rapidly using a spatial light modulator and a simple image demodulation scheme similar to structured light microscopy in the diffraction regime. However, imaging is performed in the multiple-scattering regime utilizing spatially modulated scalar photon density waves. We demonstrate that by increasing the structured light spatial frequency, fluorescence from deeper structures is suppressed and signals from more superficial objects enhanced. By measuring the spatial frequency dependence of fluorescence, background can be reduced by localizing the signal to a buried fluorescent object. Overall, signal-to-background ratio (SBR) and resolution improvements are dependent on spatial frequency and object depth/dimension with as much as sevenfold improvement in SBR and 33% improvement in resolution for approximately 1-mm objects buried 3 mm below the surface in tissue-like media with fluorescent background.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20210421?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lemor, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahdout, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boss, Gerry R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackledge, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jann, Lauren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagasawa, Herbert T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterson, Steven E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulfanegen sodium treatment in a rabbit model of sub-lethal cyanide toxicity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicology and applied pharmacology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prodrugs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sulfurtransferases</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-76</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of intramuscular and intravenous sulfanegen sodium treatment to reverse cyanide effects in a rabbit model as a potential treatment for mass casualty resulting from cyanide exposure. Cyanide poisoning is a serious chemical threat from accidental or intentional exposures. Current cyanide exposure treatments, including direct binding agents, methemoglobin donors, and sulfur donors, have several limitations. Non-rhodanese mediated sulfur transferase pathways, including 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST) catalyze the transfer of sulfur from 3-MP to cyanide, forming pyruvate and less toxic thiocyanate. We developed a water-soluble 3-MP prodrug, 3-mercaptopyruvatedithiane (sulfanegen sodium), with the potential to provide a continuous supply of substrate for CN detoxification. In addition to developing a mass casualty cyanide reversal agent, methods are needed to rapidly and reliably diagnose and monitor cyanide poisoning and reversal. We use non-invasive technology, diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) to monitor physiologic changes associated with cyanide exposure and reversal. A total of 35 animals were studied. Sulfanegen sodium was shown to reverse the effects of cyanide exposure on oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin rapidly, significantly faster than control animals when administered by intravenous or intramuscular routes. RBC cyanide levels also returned to normal faster following both intramuscular and intravenous sulfanegen sodium treatment than controls. These studies demonstrate the clinical potential for the novel approach of supplying substrate for non-rhodanese mediated sulfur transferase pathways for cyanide detoxification. DOS and CWNIRS demonstrated their usefulness in optimizing the dose of sulfanegen sodium treatment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705081?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caracciolo, Giulio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callipo, Luciano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Sanctis, Sofia Candeloro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cavaliere, Chiara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pozzi, Daniela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laganà, Aldo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface adsorption of protein corona controls the cell internalization mechanism of DC-Chol-DOPE/DNA lipoplexes in serum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochimica et biophysica acta</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochim. Biophys. Acta</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adsorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesterol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endocytosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liposomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIH 3T3 Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphatidylethanolamines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteomics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Small Angle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Static Electricity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synchrotrons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X-Ray Diffraction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1798</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">536-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serum has often been reported as a barrier to efficient lipid-mediated transfection. Here we found that the transfection efficiency of DC-Chol-DOPE/DNA lipoplexes increases in serum. To provide insight into the mechanism of lipoplex-serum interaction, several state-of-the-art methodologies have been applied. The nanostructure of DC-Chol-DOPE/DNA lipoplexes was found to be serum-resistant as revealed by high resolution synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering, while dynamic light scattering measurements showed a marked size increase of complexes. The structural stability of DC-Chol-DOPE/DNA lipoplexes was confirmed by electrophoresis on agarose gel demonstrating that plasmid DNA remained well protected by lipids. Proteomics experiments showed that serum proteins competed for the cationic surface of lipid membranes leading to the formation of a rich a 'protein corona'. Combining structural results with proteomics findings, we suggest that such a protein corona can promote large aggregation of intact lipoplexes. According to a recently proposed size-dependent mechanism of lipoplex entry within cells, protein corona-induced formation of large aggregates most likely results in a switch from a clathrin-dependent to caveolae-mediated entry pathway into the cells which is likely to be responsible for the observed transfection efficiency boost. As a consequence, we suggest that surface adsorption of protein corona can have a high biological impact on serum-resistant cationic formulations for in vitro and in vivo lipid-mediated gene delivery applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917267?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seiler, Magdalene J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aramant, Robert B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Qiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kitayama, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pham, Sylvia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan, Fengrong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keirstead, Hans S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography imaging of retinal sheet implants in live rats.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuroscience methods</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurosci. Methods</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline Phosphatase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPI-Linked Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graft Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isoenzymes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Degeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Ganglion Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Pigment Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staining and Labeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: To obtain three-dimensional images from retinal transplants in live animals and evaluate the placement and structural quality of the transplants.

METHODS: Donor retinal sheets were isolated from E19 fetuses of transgenic rats expressing human alkaline phosphatase (hPAP), and transplanted to the subretinal space of 19-56 days old S334ter-3 rat recipients with fast retinal degeneration (average age at surgery 32 days). A total of 143 rats were imaged 1 day to 2.8 months after surgery, using a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) system, with an axial resolution of 3.5 microm. The CCD A-line integration time was set at 200 micros for better visualization of degenerated retina. After targeting the transplant area, 139 or 199 consecutive slices were scanned. Projection images and movies of the retinal transplant area were computed and later compared with histology.

RESULTS: OCT scans identified 137 of 141 transplants as a thickening of the degenerated retina. OCT indicated the laminar structure of the transplants and surgical defects, such as RPE/choroid damage with an accuracy rate between 83 and 99%. Three-dimensional projections showed the transplant position in the retina in relation to the optic disc. Histology of transplants by hPAP and hematoxylin-eosin staining was correlated with the OCT results.

CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography is an excellent tool to image retinal layers in a live rat. This procedure helps to evaluate the placement and quality of the transplants in the living eye.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219535?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeria Levi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional particle tracking in a laser scanning fluorescence microscope. Single Particle stracking and single molecule energy transfer</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, single - particle and single - molecule techniques have each become
essential tools in the fi elds of biophysics and cell biology [1] . One of the main
reasons for the strong impact of these techniques is that they provide crucial
information that is averaged out in traditional ensemble methods. Among these
new techniques, single - particle tracking ( SPT ) has constituted a remarkable new
tool for the study of dynamics in biological processes.
Today, several fl uorescence microscopy techniques have been developed to
measure the motion of molecules, the two most widely used being fl uorescence
recovery after photobleaching ( FRAP ), which was developed during the 1970s by
Axelrod et al. [2] , and fl uorescence fl uctuation spectroscopy ( FFS ), which was
established during the same decade by Magde et al. [3] . Some of the most important
characteristics of these techniques are represented schematically in Figure
1.1 . While FRAP averages, in time and space, the behavior of a large ensemble of
molecules, FCS averages the behavior of a small number of molecules within the
observation volume. In both cases, the mobility properties determined in these
experiments correspond to the average behavior of the observed molecules. Such
averaging may, however, be problematic. For example, one problem may occur in
the complex environment of the cell, where particles can interact with multiple
targets and result in populations with different mobility properties. Moreover, the
dynamics of each population may change in time and/or space. In such cases,
both FRAP and FCS will provide only limited dynamical information.
Although SPT was fi rst applied in biophysics during the 1980s and 1990s [16 –
19] , the number of applications of these techniques has since grown signifi cantly,
based mainly on advances in microscopy and labeling techniques which have led
to signifi cant improvements in the accuracy and speed of these methods. Such
advances have also presented the possibility to study more complex processes, with
better spatial and temporal resolution.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jian, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional speckle suppression in Optical Coherence Tomography based on the curvelet transform.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artifacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan 18</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1024-32</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography is an emerging non-invasive technology that provides high resolution, cross-sectional tomographic images of internal structures of specimens. OCT images, however, are usually degraded by significant speckle noise. Here we introduce to our knowledge the first 3D approach to attenuating speckle noise in OCT images. Unlike 2D approaches which only consider information in individual images, 3D processing, by analyzing all images in a volume simultaneously, has the advantage of also taking the information between images into account. This, coupled with the curvelet transform's nearly optimal sparse representation of curved edges that are common in OCT images, provides a simple yet powerful platform for speckle attenuation. We show the approach suppresses a significant amount of speckle noise, while in the mean time preserves and thus reveals many subtle features that could get attenuated in other approaches.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173923?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, Anh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Joel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toward multimodality oral cancer diagnosis in the XXI century: Blending cutting edge imaging and genomic/proteomic definition of suspicious lesions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioinformation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioinformation</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">If emergent genomic and proteomic approaches to early oral cancer detection are to be successful, a means of reliably and comprehensively identifying high-risk tissue sampling sites constitutes an essential step in the oral cancer screening process. Recent studies have determined that in vivo Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a quick and user-friendly tool for detecting and mapping oral lesions, and that it can enhance diagnostic accuracy when using high resolution diagnostic techniques such as in vivo microscopy. Therefore OCT can potentially provide a means of improving the clinical usefulness of novel diagnostic approaches such as proteomics by identifying sites that need to be sampled.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21364840?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Xiangqun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velocity variation assessment of red blood cell aggregation with spectral domain Doppler optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocyte Aggregation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hematocrit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3210-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We propose spectral domain Doppler optical coherence tomography (SD-D-OCT) to qualitatively measure red blood cell aggregation. Variance/standard deviation (SD) of the Doppler frequency spectrum in Doppler variance imaging of flowing blood under shearing conditions was developed as a new aggregation index. In in vitro microchannel-flow experiments, porcine blood at various hematocrits with aggregation characteristics induced by dextran 500 or at the presence of plasma fibrinogen was measured by a SD-D-OCT system with a spectrum centered at 1310 nm. The effects of shear rate, hematocrit, aggregation level on the SD values were investigated. The results demonstrate that Doppler variance imaging using the SD value was capable of differentiating the normal and the aggregated blood with hematocrits of 30-55% flowing at a shear rate of 40-60 s(-1). The SD value was found to be nonsignificant hematocrit-dependent. It is also a sensitive and repeatable aggregation index for comparison between nonaggregated and aggregated blood samples.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473568?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morris, Norma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, Margaret</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volunteer research subjects' experience of participation in research on a novel diagnostic technology for breast cancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qualitative health research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qual Health Res</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Altruism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Britain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professional-Patient Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Subjects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology Assessment, Biomedical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-92</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although volunteer research subjects play a crucial role in the development of new health technologies, there have been relatively few in-depth studies of what participation in research means to them, and how they manage and make sense of the research encounter. Using constructivist perspectives we analyze data from 15 United States-based women taking part in tests of prototype instrumentation with potential for cancer diagnosis, comparing their responses with findings from a larger study (using the same interview methodology) on United Kingdom-based women participating in a similar program. For both groups the prime concerns emerging at interview related to the social rather than the physical challenges of participation. Both deployed similar discursive strategies to manage these tensions.We suggest that, at least within the limits of the kind of low-risk, nontherapeutic research studied, lessons can be drawn for research management, particularly the key role of the researcher-researched working relationship in assuring mutually satisfactory outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940087?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dell, Steven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioux, Sylvain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frangioni, John V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wavelength optimization for rapid chromophore mapping using spatial frequency domain imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lighting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">061716</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial frequency-domain imaging (SFDI) utilizes multiple-frequency structured illumination and model-based computation to generate two-dimensional maps of tissue absorption and scattering properties. SFDI absorption data are measured at multiple wavelengths and used to fit for the tissue concentration of intrinsic chromophores in each pixel. This is done with a priori knowledge of the basis spectra of common tissue chromophores, such as oxyhemoglobin (ctO(2)Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (ctHHb), water (ctH(2)O), and bulk lipid. The quality of in vivo SFDI fits for the hemoglobin parameters ctO(2)Hb and ctHHb is dependent on wavelength selection, fitting parameters, and acquisition rate. The latter is critical because SFDI acquisition time is up to six times longer than planar two-wavelength multispectral imaging due to projection of multiple-frequency spatial patterns. Thus, motion artifact during in vivo measurements compromises the quality of the reconstruction. Optimal wavelength selection is examined through matrix decomposition of basis spectra, simulation of data, and dynamic in vivo measurements of a human forearm during cuff occlusion. Fitting parameters that minimize cross-talk from additional tissue chromophores, such as water and lipid, are determined. On the basis of this work, a wavelength pair of 670 nm∕850 nm is determined to be the optimal two-wavelength combination for in vivo hemodynamic tissue measurements provided that assumptions for water and lipid fractions are made in the fitting process. In our SFDI case study, wavelength optimization reduces acquisition time over 30-fold to 1.5s compared to 50s for a full 34-wavelength acquisition. The wavelength optimization enables dynamic imaging of arterial occlusions with improved spatial resolution due to reduction of motion artifacts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21198164?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katherine Bhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive Monte Carlo Algorithms Applied to Heterogeneous Transport Problems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-225</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We apply three generations of geometrically convergent adaptive Monte
Carlo algorithms to solve a model transport problem with severe heterogeneities in
energy. In the first generation algorithms an arbitrarily precise solution of the transport
equation is sought pointwise. In the second generation algorithms the solution
is represented more economically as a vector of regionwise averages over a fixed
uniform phase space decomposition. The economy of this representation provides
geometric reduction in error to a precision limited by the granularity of the imposed
phase space decomposition. With the third generation algorithms we address the
question of how the second generation uniform phase space subdivision should be
refined in order to achieve additional geometric learning. A refinement strategy is
proposed based on an information density function that combines information from
the transport equation and its dual.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malavia, Nikita K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, Christopher B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panettieri, Reynold A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airway epithelium stimulates smooth muscle proliferation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemokine CCL2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coculture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interleukin-6</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interleukin-8</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAP Kinase Signaling System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matrix Metalloproteinase 9</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocytes, Smooth Muscle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-304</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication between the airway epithelium and stroma is evident during embryogenesis, and both epithelial shedding and increased smooth muscle proliferation are features of airway remodeling. Hence, we hypothesized that after injury the airway epithelium could modulate airway smooth muscle proliferation. Fully differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells at an air-liquid interface were co-cultured with serum-deprived normal primary human airway smooth muscle cells (HASM) using commercially available Transwells. In some co-cultures, the NHBE were repeatedly (x4) scrape-injured. An in vivo model of tracheal injury consisted of gently denuding the tracheal epithelium (x3) of a rabbit over 5 days and then examining the trachea by histology 3 days after the last injury. Our results show that HASM cell number increases 2.5-fold in the presence of NHBE, and 4.3-fold in the presence of injured NHBE compared with HASM alone after 8 days of in vitro co-culture. In addition, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and, more markedly, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 concentration increased in co-culture correlating with enhanced HASM growth. Inhibiting MMP-9 release significantly attenuated the NHBE-dependent HASM proliferation in co-culture. In vivo, the injured rabbit trachea demonstrated proliferation in the smooth muscle (trachealis) region and significant MMP-9 staining, which was absent in the uninjured control. The airway epithelium modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation via a mechanism that involves secretion of soluble mediators including potential smooth muscle mitogens such as IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, but also through a novel MMP-9-dependent mechanism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19151317?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krishnamachari, Vishnu V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amplitude and phase of tightly focused laser beams in turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical review letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys. Rev. Lett.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul 24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">043903</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A framework is developed that combines electric field Monte Carlo simulations of random scattering with an angular-spectrum representation of diffraction theory to determine the amplitude and phase characteristics of tightly focused laser beams in turbid media. For planar sample geometries, the scattering-induced coherence loss of wave vectors at larger angles is shown to be the primary mechanism for broadening the focal volume. This approach for evaluating the formation of the focal volume in turbid media is of direct relevance to the imaging properties of nonlinear coherent microscopy, which rely on both the amplitude and phase of the focused fields.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19659354?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of diffusion and binding in cells using the RICS approach.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy research and technique</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsc. Res. Tech.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-32</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The movement of macromolecules in cells is assumed to occur either through active transport or by diffusion. However, the determination of the diffusion coefficients in cells using fluctuation methods or FRAP frequently give diffusion coefficient that are orders of magnitude smaller than the diffusion coefficients measured for the same macromolecule in solution. It is assumed that the cell internal viscosity is partially responsible for this decrease in the apparent diffusion. When the apparent diffusion is too slow to be due to cytoplasm viscosity, it is assumed that weak binding of the macromolecules to immobile or quasi immobile structures is taking place. In this article, we derive equations for fitting of the RICS (Raster-scan Image Correlations Spectroscopy) data in cells to a model that includes transient binding to immobile structures, and we show that under some conditions, the spatio-temporal correlation provided by the RICS approach can distinguish the process of diffusion and weak binding. We apply the method to determine the diffusion in the cytoplasm and binding of Focal Adhesion Kinase-EGFP to adhesions in MEF cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067357?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Amy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoang, Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laquer, Vivian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis in cutaneous disease: part I.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis Inducing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis Inhibitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neovascularization, Pathologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neovascularization, Physiologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Diseases</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">921-42; quiz 943-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis is an important process in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis. Angiogenesis is controlled in a healthy body by a system of angiogenic growth factors and angiogenesis inhibitors. When angiogenic growth factors are predominantly expressed, blood vessel growth occurs and disease may result. Successful therapies have been developed that target growth factors, their receptors, or the cascade pathways that are activated by growth factor/receptor interactions. There is good evidence that angiogenesis plays an important role in a wide range of cutaneous maladies, and angiogenesis-targeting therapies are playing an increasing role in the management of dermatologic disease. Cutaneous angiogenesis offers an exciting new arena for targeted dermatologic therapeutics. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to distinguish angiogenic growth factors and inhibitors, recognize angiogenic mediating agents and compare their mechanisms of action, and apply the use of angiogenic mediating agents in clinical and research situations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19925924?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laquer, Vivian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoang, Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Amy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis in cutaneous disease: part II.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiogenesis Inducing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neovascularization, Pathologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Malformations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">945-58; quiz 959-60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review will discuss the role of angiogenesis in specific cutaneous diseases. Scientific evidence now points to the role of angiogenesis in tumor development and many other cutaneous disorders. Angiogenesis is a complex process that involves angiogenic growth factors and inhibitors, many of which could be a potential target for pharmacologic intervention. Antiangiogenic agents have recently been applied to dermatologic diseases with promising efficacy. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to recognize cutaneous diseases where angiogenesis is likely to be an important factor, recognize scenarios where angiogenic therapy may be useful in conjunction with traditional therapies, and be able to use angiogenic-mediating agents in the treatment of dermatologic disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19925925?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bae, Hyeoungho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Yu-Chih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, Pai H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automated Power Control for Mobile Laser Speckle Imaging System.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE embedded systems letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Embed Syst Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-76</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently, Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) has been applied to measure blood perfusion in human skin. Attractive features of LSI are its temporal resolution and relatively simple instrumentation. The progressive reduction in the cost and size of camera technology now enables development of mobile LSI instrumentation. To reduce the size of LSI to a mobile platform, we are faced with new challenges in terms of reducing power consumption and heat without sacrificing detection accuracy. To address these challenges, we propose pulsed laser operation using a new automated power control (APC) circuit. By synchronizing the pulses to the laser diode driver with the camera shutter, the camera detects a similar raw speckle image as before while consuming only a small fraction of the power. Furthermore, the reduced power consumption in turn keeps the temperature of the case low, increasing the stability of the system. We validated our solution using simulations in Pspice, and we evaluated the operation of the circuit using a prototype APC board and a commercial camera.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21052486?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Yu-Chih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Nadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shumaker, Peter R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross, E Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood flow dynamics after laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoplethysmography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Blood Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">563-71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: During laser therapy of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, regions of perfusion may persist. We hypothesize that such regions are not readily observable even when laser surgery is performed by highly experienced clinicians. The objective of this study was to use objective feedback to assess the acute vascular response to laser therapy.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinic-friendly laser speckle imaging (LSI) instrument was developed to provide the clinician with real-time images of blood flow during laser therapy. Images were acquired from patients undergoing laser therapy of PWS birthmarks at Scripps Clinic and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic. Blood flow maps were extracted from the acquired imaging data. Histogram-based analysis was applied in grading the degree of heterogeneity present in the blood flow maps after laser therapy.

RESULTS: Collectively, two types of patient responses were observed in response to laser exposure: (1) an immediate increase in perfusion within minutes after laser therapy; and (2) an overall decrease in blood perfusion approximately 1 hour after laser therapy, with distinct regions of persistent perfusion apparent in the majority of post-treatment blood-flow images. A comparison of blood flow in PWS and adjacent normal skin demonstrated that PWS blood flow can be greater than, or sometimes equivalent to, that of normal skin.

CONCLUSION: In general, a decrease in skin perfusion is observed during pulsed laser therapy of PWS birthmarks. However, a heterogeneous perfusion map was frequently observed. These regions of persistent perfusion may be due to incomplete photocoagulation of the targeted vessels. We hypothesize that immediate retreatment of these regions identified with LSI, will result in enhanced removal of the PWS vasculature. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:563-571, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731304?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saltzman, Darin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patino, Renee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldberg, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy assessment of hemorrhage- and hemoglobin-based blood substitute resuscitation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Substitutes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemorrhage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resuscitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044027</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are solutions of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) that have been developed for replacement or augmentation of blood transfusion. It is important to monitor in vivo tissue hemoglobin content, total tissue hemoglobin [THb], oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations ([OHb], [RHb]), and tissue oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)=[OHb][THb]x100%) to evaluate effectiveness of HBOC transfusion. We designed and constructed a broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) prototype system to measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering spectra between 650 and 1000 nm capable of accurately determining these tissue hemoglobin component concentrations in vivo. Our purpose was to assess the feasibility of using DOS to optically monitor tissue [OHb], [RHb], S(t)O(2), and total tissue hemoglobin concentration ([THb]=[OHb]+[RHb]) during HBOC infusion using a rabbit hypovolemic shock model. The DOS prototype probe was placed on the shaved inner thigh muscle of the hind leg to assess concentrations of [OHb], [RHb], [THb], as well as S(t)O(2). Hemorrhagic shock was induced in intubated New Zealand white rabbits (N=6) by withdrawing blood via a femoral arterial line to 20% blood loss (10-15 cckg). Hemoglobin glutamer-200 (Hb-200) 1:1 volume resuscitation was administered following the hemorrhage. These values were compared against traditional invasive measurements, serum hemoglobin concentration (sHGB), systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and blood gases. DOS revealed increases of [THb], [OHb], and tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation after Hb-200 infusion, while blood total hemoglobin values continued did not increase; we speculate, due to hyperosmolality induced hemodilution. DOS enables noninvasive in vivo monitoring of tissue hemoglobin and oxygenation parameters during shock and volume expansion with HBOC and potentially enables the assessment of efficacy of resuscitation efforts using artificial blood substitutes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725738?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baldacchini, Tommaso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zimmerley, Maxwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuo, Chun-Hung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zadoyan, Ruben</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of microstructures fabricated by two-photon polymerization using coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The journal of physical chemistry. B</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Phys Chem B</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep 24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12663-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the possibility to image microstructures fabricated by two-photon polymerization (TPP) using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. The imaging contrast based on chemical selectivity attained by CARS microscopy is used to gather qualitative information on TPP. Upon the basis of detailed knowledge of the characteristic signatures of the photoresist Raman spectrum, quantitative relationships between laser writing conditions and polymer cross-linking are demonstrated. The increase in degree of polymer conversion as a function of laser average power follows a sigmoidal profile which is interpreted in terms of a simple model based on the polymerization mechanism of the photoresist.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19715350?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bargo, Paulo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kollias, Nikiforos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromophore concentrations, absorption and scattering properties of human skin in-vivo.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14599-617</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of in-vivo human skin provide critical information on non-invasive skin diagnoses for aesthetic and clinical purposes. To date, very few in-vivo skin optical properties have been reported. Previously, we reported absorption and scattering properties of in-vivo skin in the wavelength range from 650 to 1000 nm using the diffusing probe in the &quot;modified two-layer geometry&quot;. In this study, we determine the spectra of skin optical properties continuously in the range from 500 to 1000 nm. It was found that the concentration of chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, and melanin, calculated based on the absorption spectra of eighteen subjects at wavelengths above and below 600 nm were distinct because of the inherent difference in the interrogation region. The scattering power, which is related to the average scatterer's size, demonstrates a clear contrast between skin phototypes, skin sites, and wavelengths. We also applied venous occlusion on forearms and found that the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin as assessed at wavelengths above and below 600 nm were different. Our results suggest that diffuse reflectance techniques with the visible and near infrared light sources can be employed to investigate the hemodynamics and optical properties of upper dermis and lower dermis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687939?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanner, Kandice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferris, Donald R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Lanzano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mandefro, Berhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, David M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rugg, Elizabeth L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coherent movement of cell layers during wound healing by image correlation spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ambystoma mexicanum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratinocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2098-106</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have determined the complex sequence of events from the point of injury until reepithelialization in axolotl skin explant model and shown that cell layers move coherently driven by cell swelling after injury. We quantified three-dimensional cell migration using correlation spectroscopy and resolved complex dynamics such as the formation of dislocation points and concerted cell motion. We quantified relative behavior such as velocities and swelling of cells as a function of cell layer during healing. We propose that increased cell volume ( approximately 37% at the basal layer) is the driving impetus for the start of cell migration after injury where the enlarged cells produce a point of dislocation that foreshadows and dictates the initial direction of the migrating cells. Globally, the cells follow a concerted vortex motion that is maintained after wound closure. Our results suggest that cell volume changes the migration of the cells after injury.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804742?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tournas, Joshua A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Truitt, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Y C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring photodynamic therapy and pulsed dye laser for port wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is a commonly utilized treatment for port wine stain birthmarks (PWS) in the United States; however, results are variable and few patients achieve complete removal. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is commonly used in China, but treatment associated photosensitivity lasts several weeks and scarring may occur. We propose an alternative treatment option, combined PDT+PDL and performed a proof-of-concept preliminary clinical trial.

METHODS: Subjects with non-facial PWS were studied. Each subject had four test sites: control, PDL alone, PDT alone (benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A photosensitizer with 576 nm light), and PDT+PDL. Radiant exposure time for PDT was increased in increments of 15 J/cm(2). Authors evaluated photographs and chromametric measurements before and 12 weeks post-treatment.

RESULTS: No serious adverse events were reported; epidermal changes were mild and self-limited. No clinical blanching was noted in control or PDT-alone sites. At PDT radiant exposures of 15 and 30 J/cm(2), equivalent purpura and blanching was observed at PDL and PDT+PDL sites. At PDT radiant exposures over 30 J/cm(2), greater purpura was noted at PDT+PDL sites as compared to PDL alone. Starting at 75 J/cm(2), improved blanching was noted at PDT+PDL sites.

CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicate that PDT+PDL is safe and may offer improved PWS treatment efficacy. Additional studies are warranted.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932451?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qingyuan Zhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shahab Parsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcellinus Harsono</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakida, Nicole M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A combined double-tweezers and wavelength-tunable laser nanosurgery microscope</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7400</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In two previous studies we have conducted combined laser subcellular microsurgery and optical trapping
on chromosomes in living cells1, 2. In the latter study we used two separate microscopes, one for the trap
and one for the laser scissors, thus requiring that we move the cell specimen between microscopes and
relocate the irradiated cells. In the former paper we combined the 1064 nm laser trap and the 532 nm laser
scissors into one microscope. However, in neither study did we have multiple traps allowing for more
flexibility in application of the trapping force. In the present paper we describe a combined laser scissors
and tweezers microscope that (1) has two trapping beams (both moveable via rapid scanning mirrors (FSM-
300, Newport Corp.), (2) uses a short pulsed tunable 200 fs 710-990 nm Ti:Sapphire laser for laser
microsurgery, and (3) also has the option to use a 337 nm 4 ns UV laser for subcellular surgery. The two
laser tweezers and either of the laser ablation beams can be used in a cell surgery experiment. The system
is integrated into the robotic-controlled RoboLase system3. Experiments on mitotic chromosomes of rat
kangaroo PTK2 cells are described.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Xiangduo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephens, Jared</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heale, Jason T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomez-Godinez, Veronica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jong-Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative analysis of different laser systems to study cellular responses to DNA damage in mammalian cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic acids research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic Acids Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultraviolet Rays</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proper recognition and repair of DNA damage is critical for the cell to protect its genomic integrity. Laser microirradiation ranging in wavelength from ultraviolet A (UVA) to near-infrared (NIR) can be used to induce damage in a defined region in the cell nucleus, representing an innovative technology to effectively analyze the in vivo DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage recognition process in mammalian cells. However, the damage-inducing characteristics of the different laser systems have not been fully investigated. Here we compare the nanosecond nitrogen 337 nm UVA laser with and without bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), the nanosecond and picosecond 532 nm green second-harmonic Nd:YAG, and the femtosecond NIR 800 nm Ti:sapphire laser with regard to the type(s) of damage and corresponding cellular responses. Crosslinking damage (without significant nucleotide excision repair factor recruitment) and single-strand breaks (with corresponding repair factor recruitment) were common among all three wavelengths. Interestingly, UVA without BrdU uniquely produced base damage and aberrant DSB responses. Furthermore, the total energy required for the threshold H2AX phosphorylation induction was found to vary between the individual laser systems. The results indicate the involvement of different damage mechanisms dictated by wavelength and pulse duration. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357094?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">You, Zhongsheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, Quan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Peng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, You-Wei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basilio, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonnu, Nina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verma, Inder M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, Tony</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CtIP links DNA double-strand break sensing to resection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular cell</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Cell</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrier Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombination, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Suppressor Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xenopus laevis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Dec 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">954-69</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), cells sense the DNA lesions and then activate the protein kinase ATM. Subsequent DSB resection produces RPA-coated ssDNA that is essential for activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). However, the biochemical mechanism underlying the transition from DSB sensing to resection remains unclear. Using Xenopus egg extracts and human cells, we show that the tumor suppressor protein CtIP plays a critical role in this transition. We find that CtIP translocates to DSBs, a process dependent on the DSB sensor complex Mre11-Rad50-NBS1, the kinase activity of ATM, and a direct DNA-binding motif in CtIP, and then promotes DSB resection. Thus, CtIP facilitates the transition from DSB sensing to processing: it does so by binding to the DNA at DSBs after DSB sensing and ATM activation and then promoting DNA resection, leading to checkpoint activation and HR.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064462?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bae, Myung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinsmore, Robert C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aref, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezryadin, Alexey</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current-phase relationship, thermal and quantum phase slips in superconducting nanowires made on a scaffold created using adhesive tape.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano Lett.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1889-96</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantum phase slippage (QPS) in a superconducting nanowire is a new candidate for developing a quantum bit [Mooij et al. New J. Phys. 2005, 7, 219; Mooij et al. Nat. Phys. 2006, 2, 169; Khlebnikov http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0210019 2007]. It has also been theoretically predicted that the occurrence of QPS significantly changes the current-phase relationship (CPR) of the wire due to the tunneling between topologically different metastable states [Khlebnikov Phys. Rev. B 2008, 78, 014512]. We present studies on the microwave response of the superconducting nanowires to reveal their CPRs. First, we demonstrate a simple nanowire fabrication technique, based on commercially available adhesive tapes, which allows making thin superconducting wire from different metals. We compare the resistance vs temperature curves of Mo(76)Ge(24) and Al nanowires to the classical and quantum models of phase slips. In order to describe the experimentally observed microwave responses of these nanowires, we use the McCumber-Stewart model [McCumber J. Appl. Phys. 1968, 39, 3113; Stewart Appl. Phys. Lett. 1968, 12, 277], which is generalized to include either classical or quantum CPR.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344118?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCormick, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jiangping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microspheres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Fibers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">034005</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multiphoton endoscopy system has been developed using a two-axis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror and double-cladding photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). The MEMS mirror has a 2-mm-diam, 20-deg optical scanning angle, and 1.26-kHz and 780-Hz resonance frequencies on the x and y axes. The maximum number of resolvable focal spots of the MEMS scanner is 720 x 720 on the x and y axes, which indicates that the MEMS scanner can potentially support high-resolution multiphoton imaging. The DCPCF is compared with standard single-mode fiber and hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber on the basis of dispersion, attenuation, and coupling efficiency properties. The DCPCF has high collection efficiency, and its dispersion can be compensated by grating pairs. Three configurations of probe design are investigated, and their imaging quality and field of view are compared. A two-lens configuration with a collimation and a focusing lens provides the optimum imaging performance and packaging flexibility. The endoscope is applied to image fluorescent microspheres and bovine knee joint cartilage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566298?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiseman, Paul W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horwitz, Alan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detecting protein complexes in living cells from laser scanning confocal image sequences by the cross correlation raster image spectroscopy method.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artifacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paxillin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinculin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">707-16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe a general method for detecting molecular complexes based on the analysis of single molecule fluorescence fluctuations from laser scanning confocal images. The method detects and quantifies complexes of two different fluorescent proteins noninvasively in living cells. Because in a raster scanned image successive pixels are measured at different times, the spatial correlation of the image contains information about dynamic processes occurring over a large time range, from the microseconds to seconds. The correlation of intensity fluctuations measured simultaneously in two channels detects protein complexes that carry two molecules of different colors. This information is obtained from the entire image. A map of the spatial distribution of protein complexes in the cell and their diffusion and/or binding properties can be constructed. Using this cross correlation raster image spectroscopy method, specific locations in the cell can be visualized where dynamics of binding and unbinding of fluorescent protein complexes occur. This fluctuation imaging method can be applied to commercial laser scanning microscopes thereby making it accessible to a large community of scientists.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167315?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Navneet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakida, Nicole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, Chris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection and monitoring of early airway injury effects of half-mustard (2-chloroethylethylsulfide) exposure using high-resolution optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustard Gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044037</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution imaging technology capable of delivering real-time, near-histologic images of tissues. Mustard gas is a vesicant-blistering agent that can cause severe and lethal damage to airway and lungs. The ability to detect and assess airway injury in the clinical setting of mustard exposure is currently limited. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability to detect and monitor progression of half-mustard [2-chloroethylethylsulfide (CEES)] airway injuries with OCT techniques. A ventilated rabbit mustard exposure airway injury model is developed. A flexible fiber optic OCT probe is introduced into the distal trachea to image airway epithelium and mucosa in vivo. Progression of airway injury is observed over eight hours with OCT using a prototype time-domain superluminescent diode OCT system. OCT tracheal images from CEES exposed animals are compared to control rabbits for airway mucosal thickening and other changes. OCT detects the early occurrence and progression of dramatic changes in the experimental group after exposure to CEES. Histology and immunofluorescence staining confirms this finding. OCT has the potential to be a high resolution imaging modality capable of detecting, assessing, and monitoring treatment for airway injury following mustard vesicant agent exposures.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725748?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Jian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing compact multiphoton systems using femtosecond fiber lasers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tail</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tendons</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">030508</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We implement a fiber-delivered compact femtosecond fiber laser at 1,030-nm wavelength in multiphoton imaging. The laser pulse duration is 150 fs, the average power is 200 mW, and the repetition rate is 40 MHz. The laser measures 200 x 160 x 45 mm in size and its output is delivered through a photonic bandgap fiber. Intrinsic second-harmonic generation signal is excited from rat tail tendon and human skin samples. Two-photon excited fluorescence signal is obtained from human skin tissues stained with exogenous fluorophore. Our results show that femtosecond fiber lasers at 1030-nm wavelength have significant potential in developing compact, all-fiber-based, portable multiphoton systems and endoscopes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566289?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Cynthia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siavoshi, Sara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy measurements of healing in breast tissue after core biopsy: case study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014024</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) has been used to monitor and predict the effects of neoadjuvant (i.e., presurgical) chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in several pilot studies. Because patients with suspected breast cancers undergo biopsy prior to treatment, it is important to understand how biopsy trauma influences DOS measurements in the breast. The goal of this study was to measure the effects of a standard core breast biopsy on DOS measurements of tissue deoxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, water, and bulk lipid concentrations. We serially monitored postbiopsy effects in the breast tissue in a single subject (31-year-old premenopausal female) with a 37x18x20 mm fibroadenoma. A baseline measurement and eight weekly postbiopsy measurements were taken with a handheld DOS imaging instrument. Our instrument used frequency domain photon migration combined with broadband steady-state spectroscopy to characterize tissues via quantitative measurements of tissue absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from 650 to 1000 nm. The concentrations of significant near-infrared (NIR) absorbers were mapped within a 50 cm(2) area over the biopsied region. A 2-D image of a contrast function called the tissue optical index (TOI=deoxyhemoglobinxwaterbulk lipid) was generated and revealed that a minimum of 14 days postbiopsy was required to return TOI levels in the biopsied area to their prebiopsy levels. Changes in the TOI images of the fibroadenoma also reflected the progression of the patient's menstrual cycle. DOS could therefore be useful in evaluating both wound-healing response and the effects of hormone and hormonal therapies in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256712?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander M. Grant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly Sry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolf Saager</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick Ayers</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T. Joshua Pfefer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse Optical spectroscopy of melanoma-simulating silicone phantoms.</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering III</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7187</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currently the only method for positively identifying malignant melanoma involves invasive and often undesirable biopsy
procedures. Available ex-vivo data indicates increased vascularization in the lower regions of excised melanoma, as
compared to dysplastic nevi. The ability to interrogate this region of tissue in-vivo could lead to useful diagnostic
information. Using a newly developed fiber based superficial probe in conjunction with a steady-state frequency-domain
photon migration (SSFDPM) system, we can probe the upper 1-2 mm of tissue, extracting functional information in the
near infrared (650-1000 nm) range. To test the resolution and detection range of the superficial probe in this context,
deformable silicone phantoms have been fabricated that simulate normal skin with melanocytic lesions. These phantoms
consist of a two-layered matrix with the optical properties of normal light skin, containing several cylindrical inclusions
that simulate highly absorbing pigmented lesions such as melanoma. These inclusions are varied in depth, diameter, and
optical properties in order to fully test the probe’s detection capabilities. It was found that, depending on absorption, we
can typically probe to a depth of 1.0-1.5 mm in an inclusion, likely reaching the site of angiogenesis in an early-stage
melanoma. Additionally, we can successfully interrogate normal tissue below lesions 1.5mm deep when absorption is
about 0.4/mm or less. This data indicates that the superficial probe shows great promise for non-invasive diagnosis of
pigmented lesions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genc, Suzanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Myung K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital holographic microscopy for quantitative cell dynamic evaluation during laser microsurgery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattern Recognition, Automated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potoroidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul 6</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12031-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital holographic microscopy allows determination of dynamic changes in the optical thickness profile of a transparent object with sub-wavelength accuracy. Here, we report a quantitative phase laser microsurgery system for evaluation of cellular/ sub-cellular dynamic changes during laser micro-dissection. The proposed method takes advantage of the precise optical manipulation by the laser microbeam and quantitative phase imaging by digital holographic microscopy with high spatial and temporal resolution. This system will permit quantitative evaluation of the damage and/or the repair of the cell or cell organelles in real time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19582118?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitlin, Samantha G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, Norman M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapados, Brian R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soutoglou, Evi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jean Y J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleveland, Don W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Double-strand DNA breaks recruit the centromeric histone CENP-A.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autoantigens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Transport, Active</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centromere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Structure, Tertiary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15762-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The histone H3 variant CENP-A is required for epigenetic specification of centromere identity through a loading mechanism independent of DNA sequence. Using multiphoton absorption and DNA cleavage at unique sites by I-SceI endonuclease, we demonstrate that CENP-A is rapidly recruited to double-strand breaks in DNA, along with three components (CENP-N, CENP-T, and CENP-U) associated with CENP-A at centromeres. The centromere-targeting domain of CENP-A is both necessary and sufficient for recruitment to double-strand breaks. CENP-A accumulation at DNA breaks is enhanced by active non-homologous end-joining but does not require DNA-PKcs or Ligase IV, and is independent of H2AX. Thus, induction of a double-strand break is sufficient to recruit CENP-A in human and mouse cells. Finally, since cell survival after radiation-induced DNA damage correlates with CENP-A expression level, we propose that CENP-A may have a function in DNA repair.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717431?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siavoshi, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Cynthia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of contact force on breast tissue optical property measurements using a broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy handheld probe.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4270-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the effects of operator-applied force on diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) by integrating a force transducer into the handheld probe. Over the typical range of contact forces measured in the breasts of eight patients, absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (650 to 1000 nm) variance was 3.1 +/- 1.0% and 1.0 +/- 0.4%. For trained operators, we observed &lt;5% variation in hemoglobin and &lt;2% variation in water and lipids. Contact force is not a significant source of variation, most likely because of a relatively wide probe surface area and the stability of the DOS method for calculating tissue optical properties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623242?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balu, Mihaela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baldacchini, Tommaso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zadoyan, Ruben</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of excitation wavelength on penetration depth in nonlinear optical microscopy of turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">010508</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a comparative study of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging in turbid media at 800- and 1300-nm excitation. The depth-dependent decay of TPEF and SHG signals in turbid tissue phantoms is used to estimate the impact of light scattering on excitation intensity at each wavelength. A 50 to 80% increase in scattering length is observed using 1300-nm excitation, while peak TPEF emission intensity is obtained 10 to 20 microm beneath the surface for both sources. The increased penetration depth at 1300 nm is confirmed by TPEF and SHG microscopy of tissue phantoms composed of gelatin/microspheres and 3-D organotypic collagen-fibroblast cultures, respectively. Our results establish the feasibility of 1.3-microm excitation in nonlinear optical microscopy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256688?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Chao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da Costa, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bryant, Susan V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, David M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of laser irradiation of cartilage on chondrocyte gene expression and the collagen matrix.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Cartilages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Laser reshaping of cartilage is an emerging technology aimed at replacing conventional techniques for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Little is known about the mechanisms of wound healing following the photothermal heating during laser reshaping and, ultimately, how collagen remodels in the irradiated tissue. Healthy hyaline and elastic cartilage as found in the ear, nose, larynx, and trachea does not express collagen type I which is characteristic of fibro-cartilage and scar tissue. The aim of the study was to determine if collagen I and II gene expression occurs within laser irradiated rabbit septal cartilage.

METHODS: Nasal septum harvested from freshly euthanized New Zealand White rabbits were irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser. After 2 weeks in culture, the laser spot and surrounding non-irradiated regions were imaged using immunofluorescence staining and evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the presence of collagen I and II, and ascertain collagen I and II gene expression, respectively.

RESULTS: All laser irradiated specimens showed a cessation in collagen II gene expression within the center of the laser spot. Collagen II was expressed in the surrounding region encircling the laser spot and within the non-irradiated periphery in all specimens. Immunohistochemistry identified only type II collagen. Neither collagen I gene expression nor immunoreactivity were identified in any specimens regardless or irradiation parameters.

CONCLUSIONS: Laser irradiation of rabbit septal cartilage using dosimetry parameters similar to those used in laser reshaping does not result in the detection of either collagen I gene expression or immunoreactivity. Only collagen type II was noted after laser exposure in vitro following cell culture, which suggests that the cellular response to laser irradiation is distinct from that observed in conventional wound healing. Laser irradiation of cartilage can leave an intact collagen matrix which likely allows chondrocyte recovery on an intact scaffold.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639619?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Rogelio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vo, Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of ultra low fluence rate single and repetitive photodynamic therapy on glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">578-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Achieving local control of gliomas with photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the delivery of adequate light fluences to depths of 1-2 cm in the resection margin where the majority of local recurrences originate. This is clinically impractical with current single-shot, intraoperative PDT treatments due to the length of time required to deliver adequate fluences. Multiple or extended treatment protocols would therefore seem to be required. The response of human glioma spheroids to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT using single or, repetitive light delivery protocols was investigated at both low and ultra low fluence rates.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human glioma spheroids (400 microm diameter) were subjected to sub-threshold light fluence (1.5, 3, or 6 J cm(-2)) ALA-PDT consisting of four light delivery schemes: single treatment given over either 1 or 24 hours, repetitive treatment given either as four 1 hour light treatments separated by a 4 day interval, or 24 hours light delivery, consisting of four 24 hours treatments separated by a 3 day interval. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using a growth assay. In some cases, confocal microscopy was used to image cell viability.

RESULTS: The repetitive and single light treatment protocols were most effective when delivered at ultra low (microW cm(-2)) fluence rates. In all cases, growth inhibition was light dose-dependent. The repetitive ultra low fluence rate treatment (1.5 J cm(-2); irradiance = 17 microW cm(-2)) light delivery protocol was the most effective resulting in total growth inhibition during the 2-week observation period.

CONCLUSION: Ultra low light fluence rate ALA-PDT results in significant spheroid growth inhibition. Repeated administration of ALA was required during repetitive and/or protracted single PDT treatment protocols. The existence of a lower fluence rate limit, below which the efficacy of threshold light fluences diminish was not found in these studies. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:578-584, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731298?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caracciolo, Giulio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caminiti, Ruggero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Susana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficient escape from endosomes determines the superior efficiency of multicomponent lipoplexes.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The journal of physical chemistry. B</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Phys Chem B</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHO Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endosomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liposomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasmids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Apr 16</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4995-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Designer multicomponent lipoplexes have recently emerged as especially promising transfection candidates, since they are from 10 to 100 times more efficient than binary complexes usually employed for gene delivery purposes. Here, we show, for the first time, that after internalization binary complexes of lower transfection potency remain in compact perinuclear endosomes, while multicomponent systems have intrinsic endosomal rupture properties that allow plasmid DNA to escape from endosomes with extremely high efficiency. Endosomal rupture results in an extraordinarily homogeneous distribution of unbound plasmid DNA throughout the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19301832?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Carlos P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, Jente</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seon, Hyeryung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Abraham P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flanagan, Lisa A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Ho-Young</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, Andrew J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeon, Noo Li</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engineering microscale cellular niches for three-dimensional multicellular co-cultures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab on a chip (6.342)    </style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Young Jik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhanced detection of early-stage oral cancer in vivo by optical coherence tomography using multimodal delivery of gold nanoparticles.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Delivery Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gold</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microinjections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">034008</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images can be enhanced by utilizing surface plasmon resonant gold nanoparticles. To improve the poor in vivo transport of gold nanoparticles through biological barriers, an efficient delivery strategy is needed. In this study, the improved penetration and distribution of gold nanoparticles were achieved by microneedle and ultrasound, respectively, and it was demonstrated that this multimodal delivery of antibody-conjugated PEGylated gold nanoparticles enhanced the contrast in in vivo OCT images of oral dysplasia in a hamster model.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566301?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Xiangqun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility of Doppler variance imaging for red blood cell aggregation characterization.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doppler Effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocyte Aggregation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hematocrit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">060507</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An abnormal level of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation is a clinical condition associated with many pathologies. Our purpose is to investigate the feasibility of spectral domain phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography incorporated with Doppler variance imaging to characterize RBC aggregation in flowing blood. Variance/standard deviation (SD) of the Doppler frequency spectrum of porcine blood flowing through a glass tube (diameter 300 microm) at 4.7 mms is measured. For nonaggregating RBCs with hematocrits of 20, 40, and 60%, the mean centerline SD values were 34.2+/-1.2, 47.8+/-1.0, and 47.2+/-0.5, respectively. After dextran 500 induction, the SD value decreased significantly to 29.9+/-0.7, 37.9+/-3.0, and 40.1+/-0.6 (P&lt;0.01) in the aggregated blood, respectively. The results demonstrate that Doppler variance imaging using the SD value is capable of differentiating normal and aggregated blood.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059238?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCaughey, Ryan G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Hui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rothholtz, Vanessa S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juhasz, Tibor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Femtosecond laser ablation of the stapes.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osteotomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stapes Surgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024040</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A femtosecond laser, normally used for LASIK eye surgery, is used to perforate cadaveric human stapes. The thermal side effects of bone ablation are measured with a thermocouple in an inner ear model and are found to be within acceptable limits for inner ear surgery. Stress and acoustic events, recorded with piezoelectric film and a microphone, respectively, are found to be negligible. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical coherence tomography are used to confirm the precision of the ablation craters and lack of damage to the surrounding tissue. Ablation is compared to that from an Er:YAG laser, the current laser of choice for stapedotomy, and is found to be superior. Ultra-short-pulsed lasers offer a precise and efficient ablation of the stapes, with minimal thermal and negligible mechanical and acoustic damage. They are, therefore, ideal for stapedotomy operations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405768?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systems Biology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article focuses on methods based on fluctuation correlation spectroscopy to determine the formation of protein complexes in living cells. We present the principles of the fluctuation method applied to cells. We discuss the novelty and the promises of this approach. The emphasis is in the discussion of the underlying statistical assumptions of the image correlation spectroscopy analysis rather than in reviewing applications of the method. Although one example of the application of the fluctuation method is given, this article also contains simulations that are better suited to illustrate and support the basic assumptions of the method.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20835996?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zimmerley, Maxwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClure, R Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Following dimethyl sulfoxide skin optical clearing dynamics with quantitative nonlinear multimodal microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadaver</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen Type I</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimethyl Sulfoxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Apr 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D79-87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging is combined with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy to follow the process of optical clearing in human skin ex vivo using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the optical clearing agent. SHG imaging revealed that DMSO introduces morphological changes to the collagen I matrix. By carefully measuring the dynamic tissue attenuation of the coherent nonlinear signal, using CARS reference signals during the clearing process, it is found that DMSO reduces the overall SHG response from dermal collagen. Evidence is provided for a role of DMSO in compromising the structure of collagen fibers, associated with a reduction of the tissue's scattering properties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340127?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rahman, Zakia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacFalls, Heather</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, Kerrie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chan, Kin F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tournas, Joshua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stumpp, Oliver F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bedi, Vikramaditya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zachary, Christopher</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fractional deep dermal ablation induces tissue tightening.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cosmetic Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Aging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the significant risk profile associated with traditional ablative resurfacing, a safer and less invasive treatment approach known as fractional deep dermal ablation (FDDA) was recently developed. We report the results of the first clinical investigation of this modality for treatment of photodamaged skin.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four subjects received treatments on the inner forearm with a prototype fractional CO(2) laser device (Reliant Technologies Inc., Mountain View, CA) at settings of 5-40 mJ/MTZ and 400 MTZ/cm(2). Clinical and histological effects were assessed by study investigators 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months following treatment. Thirty subjects were then enrolled in a multi-center study for treatment of photodamage using the same device. Subjects received 1-2 treatments on the face and neck, with energies ranging from 10 to 40 mJ/MTZ and densities ranging from 400 to 1,200 MTZ/cm(2). Study investigators assessed severity of post-treatment responses during follow-up visits 48 hours, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months following treatment. Using a standard quartile improvement scale (0-4), subjects and investigators assessed improvement in rhytides, pigmentation, texture, laxity and overall appearance 1 and 3 months post-treatment.

RESULTS: Clinical and histologic results demonstrated that fractional delivery of a 10,600 nm CO(2) laser source offers an improved safety profile with respect to traditional ablative resurfacing, while still effectively resurfacing epidermal and dermal tissue. Forearm and facial treatments were well-tolerated with no serious adverse events observed. Eighty-three percent of subjects exhibited moderate or better overall improvement (50-100%), according to study investigator quartile scoring.

CONCLUSIONS: FDDA treatment is a safe and promising new approach for resurfacing of epidermal and deep dermal tissue targets.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226572?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Jashin J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papajohn, Nicholas G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murase, Jenny E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Willem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalized chrysiasis improved with pulsed dye laser.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatol Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthritis, Rheumatoid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperpigmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reoperation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">538-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19292841?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokes, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gradient-index lens rod based probe for office-based optical coherence tomography of the human larynx.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ambulatory Care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014017</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving noninvasive imaging modality that has been used to image the human larynx during surgical endoscopy. The design of a long gradient-index lens-based probe capable of capturing images of the human larynx by use of spectral domain OCT during a typical office-based laryngoscopy examination is presented. An optical-ballast-based 4f optical relay system is proposed to realize variable working distance with a constant optical delay. In-vivo OCT imaging of the human larynx is demonstrated. Office-based OCT is a promising imaging modality for early laryngeal cancer diagnosis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256705?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, J G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roe, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walters, T J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemodynamic changes in rat leg muscles during tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury observed by near-infrared spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological measurement</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiol Meas</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemodynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hindlimb</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reperfusion Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tourniquets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, we hypothesized that non-invasive continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) can determine the severity or reversibility of muscle damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and the results will be highly correlated with those from physical examination and histological analysis. To test this hypothesis, we performed CWNIRS measurements on two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats ( approximately 400 g) that underwent 2 h (n = 6) or 3 h (n = 7) of pneumatic tourniquet application (TKA). Tissue oxyhemoglobin [HbO(2)] and deoxyhemoglobin [Hb] concentration changes were monitored during the 2 h or 3 h of 250 mmHg TKA and for an additional 2 h post-TKA. Rats were euthanized 24 h post-TKA and examined for injury, edema and viability of muscles. Contralateral muscles served as controls for each animal. In both groups, [HbO(2)] dropped immediately, then gradually decreased further after TKA and then recovered once the tourniquet was released. However, releasing after 2 h of TKA caused [HbO(2)] to overshoot above the baseline during reperfusion while the 3 h group continued to have lower [HbO(2)] than baseline. We found a significant correlation between the elapsed time from tourniquet release to the first recovery peak of [HbO(2)] and the muscle weight ratio between tourniquet and contralateral limb muscles (R = 0.86). Hemodynamic patterns from non-invasive CWNIRS demonstrated significant differences between 2 h and 3 h I/R. The results demonstrate that CWNIRS may be useful as a non-invasive prognostic tool for conditions involving vascular compromise such as extremity compartment syndrome.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436084?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-dynamic-range quantitative phase imaging with spectral domain phase microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratinocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Phase-Contrast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3442-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phase microscopy for high-dynamic-range quantitative phase-contrast imaging of a transparent phase object was demonstrated. Using a common path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system, this technique is capable of displacement measurement with a sensitivity of 34 pm. The limitation of 2pi ambiguity restriction was overcome by the use of a phase retrieval approach performed in spectral domain. Two-dimensional quantitative phase imaging of human neonatal dermal keratinocyte cells was demonstrated to evaluate the performance of the system for cell imaging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881621?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avram, Mathew M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tope, Whitney D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szachowicz, Edward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypertrophic scarring of the neck following ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acne Keloid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cicatrix, Hypertrophic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neck</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Ablative fractional carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser treatments have gained popularity due to their efficacy, shortened downtime, and decreased potential for scarring in comparison to traditional ablative CO(2) resurfacing. To date, scarring with fractional CO(2) lasers has not been reported.

OBJECTIVE: Five patients treated with the same fractional CO(2) laser technology for photodamage of the neck were referred to our practices 1-3 months after treatment. Each patient developed scarring. Of the five cases, two are discussed in detail. The first was treated under general anesthesia on the face and anterior neck at a pulse energy of 30 mJ (859 microm depth) with 25% coverage. Eleven days after treatment, three non-healing areas along the horizontal skin folds of the anterior neck were noted. At 2 weeks after CO(2) ablative fractional resurfacing, these areas had become thickened. These raised areas were treated with a non-ablative fractionated 1,550 nm laser to modify the wound healing milieu. One week later, distinct firm pale papules in linear arrays with mild hypopigmentation had developed along involved neck skin folds. Skin biopsy was performed. For the second patient, the neck was treated at a pulse energy of 20 mJ (630 microm depth) with 30% coverage of the exposed skin, with a total treatment energy of 5.0 kJ. Minimal crusting was noted on the neck throughout the initial healing phase of 2 weeks. She then experienced tightness on her neck. Approximately 3 weeks after treatment, she developed multiple vertical and horizontal hypertrophic scars (HS).

RESULTS: Histopathology for the first case confirmed the presence of a hypertrophic scar. The papules in this case completely resolved with mild residual hypopigmentation after treatment with topical corticosteroids. HS failed to resolve in the second case to date after 1 month.

CONCLUSION: As with traditional ablative CO(2) laser resurfacing, HS is a potential complication of ablative fractional CO(2) laser resurfacing, particularly on the neck. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment HS of neck skin may be reversible. We urge caution when treating the neck with this device and close attention to wound care in the post-operative period.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291746?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging barriers to diffusion by pair correlation functions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisotropy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GTPase-Activating Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">665-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular diffusion and transport are fundamental processes in physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological systems. However, current approaches to measure molecular transport in cells and tissues based on perturbation methods such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching are invasive, fluctuation correlation methods are local, and single-particle tracking requires the observation of isolated particles for relatively long periods of time. We propose to detect molecular transport by measuring the time cross-correlation of fluctuations at a pair of locations in the sample. When the points are farther apart than two times the size of the point spread function, the maximum of the correlation is proportional to the average time a molecule takes to move from a specific location to another. We demonstrate the method by simulations, using beads in solution, and by measuring the diffusion of molecules in cellular membranes. The spatial pair cross-correlation method detects barriers to diffusion and heterogeneity of diffusion because the time of the correlation maximum is delayed in the presence of diffusion barriers. This noninvasive, sensitive technique follows the same molecule over a large area, thereby producing a map of molecular flow. It does not require isolated molecules, and thus many molecules can be labeled at the same time and within the point spread function.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19619481?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abookasis, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lay, Christopher C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linskey, Mark E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frostig, Ron D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging cortical absorption, scattering, and hemodynamic response during ischemic stroke using spatially modulated near-infrared illumination.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Ischemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebrovascular Circulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lighting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024033</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe a technique that uses spatially modulated near-infrared (NIR) illumination to detect and map changes in both optical properties (absorption and reduced scattering parameters) and tissue composition (oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation) during acute ischemic injury in the rat barrel cortex. Cerebral ischemia is induced using an open vascular occlusion technique of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Diffuse reflected NIR light (680 to 980 nm) from the left parietal somatosensory cortex is detected by a CCD camera before and after MCA occlusion. Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze the spatial frequency dependence of the reflected light to predict spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of tissue absorption and scattering properties in the brain. Experimental results from seven rats show a 17+/-4.7% increase in tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin and a 45+/-3.1, 23+/-5.4, and 21+/-2.2% decrease in oxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin concentration and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation levels, respectively, 45 min following induction of cerebral ischemia. An ischemic index (I(isch)=ctHHbctO(2)Hb) reveals an average of more then twofold contrast after MCAo. The wavelength-dependence of the reduced scattering (i.e., scatter power) decreased by 35+/-10.3% after MCA occlusion. Compared to conventional CCD-based intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), the use of structured illumination and model-based analysis allows for generation of separate maps of light absorption and scattering properties as well as tissue hemoglobin concentration. This potentially provides a powerful approach for quantitative monitoring and imaging of neurophysiology and metabolism with high spatiotemporal resolution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405762?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolinsky, Lawrence</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving oral cancer survival: the role of dental providers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the California Dental Association</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Calif Dent Assoc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemoprevention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coloring Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early Detection of Cancer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education, Dental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luminescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical Oncology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saliva</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival Rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">789-98</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oral cancer accounts for 2 percent to 4 percent of all cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. In contrast to other cancers, the overall U.S. survival rate from oral cancer has not improved during the past 50 years, mostly due to late-stage diagnosis. Several noninvasive oral cancer detection techniques that emerged in the past decade will be discussed, with a brief overview of most common oral cancer chemopreventive agents.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19998655?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Kenneth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo diagnosis of oral dysplasia and malignancy using optical coherence tomography: preliminary studies in 50 patients.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observer Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: In vivo, non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution imaging of tissue surfaces and subsurfaces, with the potential capability for detection and mapping of epithelial pathologies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical capability of non-invasive in vivo OCT for diagnosing oral dysplasia and malignancy.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In 50 patients with oral lesions, conventional clinical examination was followed by OCT imaging, then standard biopsy and histopathology. Two blinded, pre-standardized investigators separately diagnosed each lesion based on (1) OCT and (2) histopathology.

RESULTS: Intra- and inter-observer agreement between diagnoses based on histopathology and imaging data was excellent, with lambda values between 0.844 and 0.896. Sensitivity and specificity were also very good.

CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the excellent capability of in vivo OCT for detecting and diagnosing oral premalignancy and malignancy in human subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19533765?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yin, Jiechen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo early detection of smoke-induced airway injury using three-dimensional swept-source optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke Inhalation Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">060503</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on the feasibility of rapid, high-resolution, 3-D swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) to detect early airway injury changes following smoke inhalation exposure in a rabbit model. The SSOCT system obtains 3-D helical scanning using a microelectromechanical system motor-based endoscope. Real-time 2-D data processing and image display at the speed of 20 frames/s are achieved by adopting the technique of parallel computing. Longitudinal images are reconstructed via an image processing algorithm to remove motion artifacts caused by ventilation and pulse. Quantitative analyses of tracheal airway thickness as well as thickness distribution along tracheal circumference are also performed based on the comprehensive 3-D volumetric data.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059234?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colt, Henri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo three-dimensional imaging of normal tissue and tumors in the rabbit pleural cavity using endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography with thoracoscopic guidance.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pleural Cavity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thoracoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064045</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to develop a dynamic tunable focal distance graded-refractive-index lens rod-based high-speed 3-D swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) endoscopic system and demonstrate real-time in vivo, high-resolution (10-microm) imaging of pleural-based malignancies in an animal model. The GRIN lens-based 3-D SS OCT system, which images at 39 fps with 512 A-lines per frame, was able to capture images of and detect abnormalities during thoracoscopy in the thoracic cavity, including the pleura, chest wall, pericardium, and the lungs. The abnormalities were confirmed by histological evaluation and compared to OCT findings. The dynamic tunable focal distance range and rapid speed of the probe and SS prototype OCT system enabled this first-reported application of in vivo 3-D thoracoscopic imaging of pleural-based malignancies. The imaging probe of the system was found to be easily adaptable to various sites within the thoracic cavity and can be readily adapted to other sites, including rigid airway endoscopic examinations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059283?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolaenko, Alexei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krishnamachari, Vishnu Vardhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometric switching of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signals in microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical review. A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys. Rev., A</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13823</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) interferometry is used to deplete the anti-Stokes radiation emerging from a tightly focused spot. Near-to-complete depletion of the anti-Stokes radiation is obtained when a phase-controlled local oscillator field at the anti-Stokes frequency is out of phase with the induced CARS field in the focal volume. Unlike in traditional interferometry, this depleted energy is not spatially redistributed. A theoretical analysis shows that the energy loss in the anti-Stokes channel is accompanied by an energy gain in the pump and Stokes channels. Interferometric switching of anti-Stokes radiation may offer a route toward developing high-resolution CARS microscopy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204150?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigation of a probe design for facilitating the uses of the standard photon diffusion equation at short source-detector separations: Monte Carlo simulations.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-Aided Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">054043</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We design a special diffusing probe to investigate the optical properties of human skin in vivo. The special geometry of the probe enables a modified two-layer (MTL) diffusion model to precisely describe the photon transport even when the source-detector separation is shorter than 3 mean free paths. We provide a frequency domain comparison between the Monte Carlo model and the diffusion model in both the MTL geometry and conventional semiinfinite geometry. We show that using the Monte Carlo model as a benchmark method, the MTL diffusion theory performs better than the diffusion theory in the semiinfinite geometry. In addition, we carry out Monte Carlo simulations with the goal of investigating the dependence of the interrogation depth of this probe on several parameters including source-detector separation, sample optical properties, and properties of the diffusing high-scattering layer. From the simulations, we find that the optical properties of samples modulate the interrogation volume greatly, and the source-detector separation and the thickness of the diffusing layer are the two dominant probe parameters that impact the interrogation volume. Our simulation results provide design guidelines for a MTL geometry probe.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895144?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaiser, M L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokes, D E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, R L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, W B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, B J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal epithelial thickness: a comparison between optical coherence tomography and histology.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology &amp; Cervico-Facial Surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clin Otolaryngol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngectomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">460-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography, an imaging modality using near-infrared light, produces cross-sectional tissue images with a lateral pixel resolution of 10 microm. However, normative data is first needed on epithelial thickness for lesion characterisation, and, to date, little exists. The purpose of our study is to measure normal laryngeal epithelial thickness by in vivo optical coherence tomography, and compare these values to those obtained from fixed ex-vivo laryngectomy specimens.

DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective at a single medical center in California, United States.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 116 patients undergoing operative endoscopy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optical coherence tomography images of clinically normal laryngeal subsites were selected. Calibrated measurements of epithelial thickness at various laryngeal subsites were recorded. Measurements of epithelial thickness from corresponding areas were obtained using optical micrometry on histologically normal regions of 15 total laryngectomy specimens. Descriptive statistics were performed.

RESULTS: Mean epithelial optical coherence tomography thicknesses were: true vocal cords (81 microm), false vocal cords (78 microm), subglottis (61 microm), aryepiglottic folds (111 microm), laryngeal epiglottis (116 microm) and lingual epiglottis (170 microm). Epithelial thicknesses in fixed tissues were: true vocal cords (103 microm), false vocal cords (79 microm), aryepiglottic folds (205 microm) subglottis (61 microm), laryngeal epiglottis (38 microm) and lingual epiglottis (130 microm).

CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography does not have the artifacts associated with conventional histologic techniques. The inevitable development of office-based optical coherence tomography devices will increase the precision of laryngeal measurements and contribute to the clinical application of this technology in diagnosing laryngeal disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19793279?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hur, Sung Sik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Yi-Shuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chien, Shu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Live Cells Exert 3-Dimensional Traction Forces on Their Substrata.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular and molecular bioengineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Mol Bioeng</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-436</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The traction forces exerted by an adherent cell on a substrate have been studied only in the two-dimensions (2D) tangential to substrate surface (Txy). We developed a novel technique to measure the three-dimensional (3D) traction forces exerted by live bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on polyacrylamide deformable substrate. On 3D images acquired by confocal microscopy, displacements were determined with image-processing programs, and traction forces in tangential (XY) and normal (Z) directions were computed by finite element method (FEM). BAECs generated traction force in normal direction (Tz) with an order of magnitude comparable to Txy. Tz is upward at the cell edge and downward under the nucleus, changing continuously with a sign reversal between cell edge and nucleus edge. The method was evaluated regarding accuracy and precision of displacement measurements, effects of FE mesh size, displacement noises, and simple bootstrapping. These results provide new insights into cell-matrix interactions in terms of spatial and temporal variations in traction forces in 3D. This technique can be applied to study live cells to assess their biomechanical dynamics in conjunction with biochemical and functional activities, for investigating cellular functions in health and disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12195-009-0082-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779633?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gielen, Ellen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smisdom, Nick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VandeVen, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Clercq, Ben</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Digman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigo, Jean-Michel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofkens, Johan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engelborghs, Yves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ameloot, Marcel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring diffusion of lipid-like probes in artificial and natural membranes by raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS): use of a commercial laser-scanning microscope with analog detection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langmuir</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membranes, Artificial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Probes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5209-18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The heterogeneity in composition and interaction within the cellular membrane translates into a wide range of diffusion coefficients of its constituents. Therefore, several complementary microfluorimetric techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and single-particle tracking (SPT) have to be applied to explore the dynamics of membrane components. The recently introduced raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) offers a much wider dynamic range than each of these methods separately and allows for spatial mapping of the dynamic properties. RICS is implemented on a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM), and the wide dynamic range is achieved by exploiting the inherent time information carried by the scanning laser beam in the generation of the confocal images. The original introduction of RICS used two-photon excitation and photon counting detection. However, most CLSM systems are based on one-photon excitation with analog detection. Here we report on the performance of such a commercial CLSM (Zeiss LSM 510 META) in the study of the diffusion of the fluorescent lipid analog 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indodicarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-C(18)(5)) both in giant unilamellar vesicles and in the plasma membrane of living oligodendrocytes, i.e., the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system. It is shown that RICS on a commercial CLSM with analog detection allows for reliable results in the study of membrane diffusion by removal of unwanted correlations introduced by the analog detection system. The results obtained compare well with those collected by FRAP and FCS.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260653?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ringold, Tyson L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jeehyun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods to enhance laser speckle imaging of high-flow and low-flow vasculature.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crystallization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Blood Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4073-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this paper is to present two methods to extend the response range of laser speckle imaging (LSI). We report on the use of two methods (image exposure time control and magnetomotive actuation of exogenous contrast agents) to enhance characterization of high- and low-flow vasculature, respectively. With an exposure time of 10 and 0.01 ms, the linear response range extended to 10 and 280 mm/s, respectively. With application of an AC magnetic field to a solution of stagnant SPIO particles, an apparent increase of approximately 3x in speckle flow index was induced.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19964103?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlebicki, Cara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimally invasive ear reshaping with a 1450-nm diode laser using cryogen spray cooling in New Zealand white rabbits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlebicki, Cara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimally invasive ear reshaping with a 1450-nm diode laser using cryogen spray cooling in New Zealand white rabbits.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Cutaneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anesthesia, Local</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear, External</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Semiconductor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomicrography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Random Allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">399-404</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Otoplasty is the current standard of care for treating prominent ears, a psychologically and sometimes functionally disabling disorder. The technically demanding procedure carries many risks such as poor aesthetic outcome, need for revision surgery, and need for general anesthesia. This study investigates the use of laser irradiation combined with cryogen skin cooling and stenting to reshape cartilage in the ears of New Zealand white rabbits.

METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, internally controlled animal study, the right ears of 9 rabbits were mechanically deformed with a jig and then irradiated with a 1450-nm diode laser combined with cryogen skin cooling (14 J/pulse with cryogen spray for 33 milliseconds per cycle and a 6-mm spot size). The left ear served as the control. The ears were splinted for 1, 3, or 4 weeks. The rabbits were then given a lethal dose of intravenous pentobarbital, and the splints were removed and ears examined and photographed. Light and confocal microscopy were performed on the specimens.

RESULTS: Shape change was observed in all 9 treated rabbit ears, while none of the control ears (stenting alone) showed significant change. Qualitatively, reshaped ears were stiffer after 4 weeks of splinting than after 1 or 3 weeks. None of the rabbits showed evidence of skin injury nor did they show signs of postprocedural pain. Findings from histologic analysis in the treated areas showed evidence of an expanded chondrocyte population in the region of laser irradiation, along with some perichondrial thickening and some fibrosis of the deep dermis. Confocal microscopy revealed minimal cellular death at 1 week and none thereafter.

CONCLUSIONS: Cartilage reshaping using laser energy can be performed safely transcutaneously using cryogen spray cooling in rabbits. This animal model has similarity to human ears with regard to skin and cartilage thickness and is a stepping stone toward developing minimally invasive laser auricle reshaping in humans.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917901?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathews, Marlon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vo, Van</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Rogelio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motexafin gadolinium enhances the efficacy of aminolevulinic acid mediated-photodynamic therapy in human glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antineoplastic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Synergism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethidium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metalloporphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Invasiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been investigated as a postoperative treatment in patients with high grade gliomas. The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to determine whether motexafin gadolinium (MGd), a known radiation sensitizer, could potentiate the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT. Human glioma (ACBT) spheroids (250 microm diameter) were incubated in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with and without MGd and irradiated with 635 nm light for a total light fluence of 6, 12, or 18 J cm(-2) delivered at a fluence rate of 5 mW cm(-2). Spheroid growth was monitored for a period of 4 weeks following each treatment. In another set of experiments, 400-500 microm diameter ACBT spheroids were implanted into a gel collagen matrix and subjected to ALA-PDT (fluence: 3 or 6 J cm(-2)), MGd, or a combination of ALA-PDT and MGd. The migration distance of surviving glioma cells in each treatment group was recorded over a 5-day period. The results showed that MGd interacted with PDT in a synergistic manner resulting in greater cytotoxicity than that achievable with either treatment modality alone. The degree of synergism was shown to increase with increasing light fluence. At the highest light fluence investigated (18 J cm(-2)), the percentage of spheroids demonstrating growth 4 weeks following exposure to MGd, ALA-PDT, or MGd + ALA-PDT was 100%, 75%, and 15%, respectively. The results of cell migration studies revealed that the combination of PDT and MGd produced a significant inhibitory effect on glioma cell migration: the addition of MGd resulted in an approximately three times reduction in migration distance compared with PDT alone. Overall, the results suggest that MGd can potentiate both the cytotoxic and migration inhibitory effects of ALA-PDT and hence, this combined therapeutic approach has the potential to extend treatment volumes in patients with malignant gliomas.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777009?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weber, Jessie R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J.  Tromberg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noncontact imaging of absorption and scattering in layered tissue using spatially modulated structured light</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Physics</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinusoidal patterns of spatially modulated near-infrared (650 nm) structured light are used to interrogate multilayer phantoms and tissue. Diffuse reflectance is imaged at multiple spatial frequencies from 0–0.3 mm-1. ac and dc components of the image are fit to a two layer model formulated from the diffusion approximation to the Boltzman transport equation. The two-layer model depends on optical properties (absorption, μa, and reduced scattering, μs′) in each layer and on top layer thickness (d). Layered tissue phantoms with variable optical properties in each layer (μa=0.006–0.034 mm-1 and μs′=0.89–1.45 mm-1) were constructed to test the accuracy of the model. Constraining top layer thickness to within 25% of the correct value in a four-parameter fit results in recovery of upper layer optical properties with average accuracies of ±2% for top layer μs′ and ±17% for top layer μa. Bottom layer μa can then be recovered to an average accuracy of ±25% with two parameter fits. Average accuracies of top and bottom layer absorption can further be improved to 12% and 18%, respectively, by fitting for each alone. Bottom layer scattering and top layer thickness do not vary significantly from initial guesses because of poor sensitivity to these parameters in frequency dependent reflectance data. Measurements of in vivo volar forearm optical properties at 650 nm produced spatially varying skin (d=2 mm) optical property maps that range from 0.025&amp;#- x2013;0.045 and 1.7–2 mm-1 for upper layer μa and μs′ and 0.005–0.015 and 0.5–3 mm-1 for lower layer μa and μs′, respectively. These preliminary results suggest that spatial modulation of the source provides sufficient depth sensitivity to allow noncontact mapping and quantification of layered tissue optical properties using a wide-field, noncontact approach. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keuter, Kelly A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uppal, Amit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari Brenner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancio, Leopoldo C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batchinsky, Andriy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of cyanide toxicity and treatment using diffuse optical spectroscopy in a rabbit model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mil Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acute Toxicity Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Gas Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron Transport Complex IV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hematinics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydroxocobalamin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicators and Reagents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methemoglobin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poisoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium Cyanide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium Nitrite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics as Topic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">615-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currently, no reliable noninvasive methods exist for monitoring the severity of in vivo cyanide (CN) toxicity, treatment, and resulting physiological changes. We developed a broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) system to measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering. DOS was used to optically monitor CN toxicity and treatment with sodium nitrite (NaNO2). To perform experiments, the DOS probe was placed on the hind leg of rabbits. A sodium CN solution was infused intravenously. DOS and concurrent physiologic measurements were obtained. After completion of CN infusion, NaNO2 was infused to induce methemoglobinemia (MetHb). During infusion of CN, blood gas measurements showed an increase in venous partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), and following reversal, venous pO2 values decreased. DOS measurements demonstrated corresponding changes in hemoglobin oxygenation states and redox states of cytochrome-c oxidase (CcO) during CN infusion and NaNO2 treatment. Therefore, DOS enables detection and monitoring of CN toxicity and treatment with NaNO2.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585775?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Hyunmin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheps, Tatyana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Philip G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear optical imaging of individual carbon nanotubes with four-wave-mixing microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano Lett.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2991-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dual color four-wave-mixing (FWM) microscopy is used to spatially resolve the third-order optical response from individual carbon nanotubes. Good signal-to-noise is obtained from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) sitting on substrates, when the excitation beams are resonant with electronic transitions of the nanotube, by detecting the FWM response at the anti-Stokes frequency. Whereas the coherent anti-Stokes (CAS) signal is sensitive to both electronic and vibrational resonances of the material, it is shown that the signal from individual SWNTs is dominated by the electronic response. The CAS signal is strongly polarization dependent, with the highest signals found parallel with the enhanced electronic polarizibility along the long axis of the SWNT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637886?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saidi, Arya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Office-based dynamic imaging of vocal cords in awake patients with swept-source optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vibration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064020</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving noninvasive imaging modality that has been used to image the human larynx during surgical endoscopy. The design of a long gradient index (GRIN) lens-based probe capable of capturing images of the human larynx by use of swept-source OCT during a typical office-based laryngoscopy examination is presented. In vivo OCT imaging of the human larynx is demonstrated with a rate of 40 frames per second. Dynamic vibration of the vocal folds is recorded to provide not only high-resolution cross-sectional tissue structures but also vibration parameters, such as the vibration frequency and magnitude of the vocal cords, which provides important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as fundamental research of the voice itself. Office-based OCT is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx for physicians in otolaryngology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059258?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Digman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One photon up, one photon down.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature biotechnology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Biotechnol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204693?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baek, Jae Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yehchan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vu, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical approach to the salivary pellicle.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dental Pellicle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The salivary pellicle plays an important role in oral physiology, yet noninvasive in situ characterization and mapping of this layer remains elusive. The goal of this study is to develop an optical approach for the real-time, noninvasive mapping and characterization of salivary pellicles using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM). The long-term goals are to improve diagnostic capabilities in the oral cavity, gain a better understanding of physiological and pathological processes related to the oral hard tissues, and monitor treatment responses. A salivary pellicle is incubated on small enamel cubes using human whole saliva. OCT and OCM imaging occurs at 0, 10, 30, 60 min, and 24 h. For some imaging, spherical gold nanoparticles (15 nm) are added to determine whether this would increase the optical signal from the pellicle. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) provides the baseline information. In the saliva-incubated samples, a surface signal from the developing pellicle is visible in OCT images. Pellicle &quot;islands&quot; form, which increase in complexity over time until they merge to form a continuous layer over the enamel surface. Noninvasive, in situ time-based pellicle formation on the enamel surface is visualized and characterized using optical imaging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725713?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubinstein, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schalch, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Di Silvio, Mauricio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Miguel A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">[Optical coherence tomography applications in otolaryngology].</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta otorrinolaringológica española</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spa</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography is a novel imaging technique providing high-resolution bidimensional images of tissue microstructures. Several studies have been published on the use of this technique in different fields of medicine, particularly ophthalmology. There are very few studies in the field of otolaryngology. This paper presents various applications of optical coherence tomography in the different sub-specialties of otolaryngology, as well as the benefits of this technique over traditional diagnostic methods.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814989?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Yan-Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Yong-Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Shu-Zhe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhong-Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Qing-Hua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">He, Yong-Hong</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based air jet indentation system for measuring the mechanical properties of soft tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurement science &amp; technology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meas Sci Technol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel noncontact indentation system with the combination of an air jet and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was presented in this paper for the quantitative measurement of the mechanical properties of soft tissues. The key idea of this method is to use a pressure-controlled air jet as an indenter to compress the soft tissue in a noncontact way and utilize the OCT signals to extract the deformation induced. This indentation system provides measurement and mapping of tissue elasticity for small specimens with high scanning speed. Experiments were performed on 27 silicone tissue-mimicking phantoms with different Young's moduli, which were also measured by uniaxial compression tests. The regression coefficient of the indentation force to the indentation depth (N mm(-1)) was used as an indicator of the stiffness of tissue under air jet indentation. Results showed that the stiffness coefficients measured by the current system correlated well with the corresponding Young's moduli obtained by conventional mechanical testing (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001). Preliminary in vivo tests also showed that the change of soft tissue stiffness with and without the contraction of the underlying muscles in the hand could be differentiated by the current measurement. This system may have broad applications in tissue assessment and characterization where alterations of mechanical properties are involved, in particular with the potential of noncontact micro-indentation for tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463843?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krishnan, Kannan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holub, Oliver</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clayton, Andrew H A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cody, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moens, Pierre D J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profilin interaction with phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate destabilizes the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profilins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Binding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unilamellar Liposomes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jun 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5112-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profilin, a small cytoskeletal protein, and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] have been implicated in cellular events that alter the cell morphology, such as endocytosis, cell motility, and formation of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Profilin has been shown to interact with PI(4,5)P2, but the role of this interaction is still poorly understood. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a simple model of the cell membrane, we investigated the interaction between profilin and PI(4,5)P2. A number and brightness analysis demonstrated that in the absence of profilin, molar ratios of PI(4,5)P2 above 4% result in lipid demixing and cluster formations. Furthermore, adding profilin to GUVs made with 1% PI(4,5)P2 leads to the formation of clusters of both profilin and PI(4,5)P2. However, due to the self-quenching of the dipyrrometheneboron difluoride-labeled PI(4,5)P2, we were unable to determine the size of these clusters. Finally, we show that the formation of these clusters results in the destabilization and deformation of the GUV membrane.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527671?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Clive H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawakami-Wong, Hilari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voronets, Julia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lussi, Adrian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantification of dental erosions in patients with GERD using optical coherence tomography before and after double-blind, randomized treatment with esomeprazole or placebo.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American journal of gastroenterology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Gastroenterol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-Ulcer Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dental Enamel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Double-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esophageal pH Monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastroesophageal Reflux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Omeprazole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severity of Illness Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tooth Erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2788-95</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Dental erosion, the chemical dissolution of enamel without bacterial involvement, is a rarely reported manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as well as of recurrent vomiting and dietary habits. It leads to loss of tooth substance, hypersensitivity, functional impairment, and even tooth fracture. To date, dental erosions have been assessed using only very basic visual methods, and no evidence-based guidelines or studies exist regarding the prevention or treatment of GERD-related dental erosions.

METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to quantify dental tissue demineralization and enamel loss before and after 3 weeks of acid-suppressive treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. or placebo in 30 patients presenting to the Berne University Dental Clinic with advanced dental erosions and abnormal acid exposure by 24-h esophageal pH manometry (defined as &gt;4% of the 24-h period with pH&lt;4). Enamel thickness, reflectivity, and absorbance as measures of demineralization were quantified by OCT before and after therapy at identical localizations on teeth with most severe visible erosions as well as several other predefined changes in teeth.

RESULTS: The mean+/-s.e.m. decrease of enamel thickness of all teeth before and after treatment at the site of maximum exposure was 7.2+/-0.16 black trianglem with esomeprazole and 15.25+/-0.17black trianglem with placebo (P=0.013), representing a loss of 0.3% and 0.8% of the total enamel thickness, respectively. The change in optical reflectivity to a depth of 25 black trianglem after treatment was-1.122 +/-0.769 dB with esomeprazole and +2.059+/-0.534 dB with placebo (P 0.012), with increased reflectivity signifying demineralization.

CONCLUSIONS: OCT non-invasively detected and quantified significantly diminished progression of dental tissue demineralization and enamel loss after only 3 weeks of treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. vs. placebo. This suggests that esomeprazole may be useful in counteracting progression of GERD-related dental erosions. Further validation of preventative treatment regimens using this sensitive detection method is required, including longer follow-up and correlation with quantitative reflux measures.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654570?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frederic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayers, Frederick R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitation and mapping of tissue optical properties using modulated imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024012</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe the development of a rapid, noncontact imaging method, modulated imaging (MI), for quantitative, wide-field characterization of optical absorption and scattering properties of turbid media. MI utilizes principles of frequency-domain sampling and model-based analysis of the spatial modulation transfer function (s-MTF). We present and compare analytic diffusion and probabilistic Monte Carlo models of diffuse reflectance in the spatial frequency domain. Next, we perform MI measurements on tissue-simulating phantoms exhibiting a wide range of l values (0.5 mm to 3 mm) and (micro(s) (')micro(a)) ratios (8 to 500), reporting an overall accuracy of approximately 6% and 3% in absorption and reduced scattering parameters, respectively. Sampling of only two spatial frequencies, achieved with only three camera images, is found to be sufficient for accurate determination of the optical properties. We then perform MI measurements in an in vivo tissue system, demonstrating spatial mapping of the absorption and scattering optical contrast in a human forearm and dynamic measurements of a forearm during venous occlusion. Last, metrics of spatial resolution are assessed through both simulations and measurements of spatially heterogeneous phantoms.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405742?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zimmerley, Maxwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lin, Chia-Yu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oertel, David C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marsh, Jennifer M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, Jimmie L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative detection of chemical compounds in human hair with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044019</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is used to determine the distribution and concentration of selected compounds in intact human hair. By generating images based on ratiometric CARS contrast, quantitative concentration maps of both water and externally applied d-glycine are produced in the cortex of human hair fibers. Both water and d-glycine are found to homogeneously distribute throughout the cortical regions of the hair. The ability to selectively detect molecular agents in hair fibers is of direct relevance to understanding the chemical and physical mechanisms that underlie the performance of hair-care products.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725730?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soren D. Konecky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schotland, John C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative optical tomography of sub-surface heterogeneities using spatially modulated structured light.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14780-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a wide-field method for obtaining three-dimensional images of turbid media. By projecting patterns of light of varying spatial frequencies on a sample, we reconstruct quantitative, depth resolved images of absorption contrast. Images are reconstructed using a fast analytic inversion formula and a novel correction to the diffusion approximation for increased accuracy near boundaries. The method provides more accurate quantification of optical absorption and higher resolution than standard diffuse reflectance measurements.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687956?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katayama, Yoshihiko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkacky, Ondrej</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyer, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bräuchle, Christoph</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamb, Don C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time nanomicroscopy via three-dimensional single-particle tracking.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemphyschem</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tubulin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Oct 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2458-64</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We developed a new method for real-time, three-dimensional tracking of fluorescent particles. The instrument is based on a laser-scanning confocal microscope where the focus of the laser beam is scanned or orbited around the particle. Two confocal pinholes are used to simultaneously monitor regions immediately above and below the particle and a feedback loop is used to keep the orbit centered on the particle. For moderate count rates, this system can track particles with 15 nm spatial resolution in the lateral dimensions and 50 nm in the axial dimension at a temporal resolution of 32 ms. To investigate the interaction of the tracked particles with cellular components, we have combined our orbital tracking microscope with a dual-color, wide-field setup. Dual-color fluorescence wide-field images are recorded simultaneously in the same image plane as the particle being tracked. The functionality of the system was demonstrated by tracking fluorescent-labeled artificial viruses in tubulin-eGFP expressing HUH7 cells. The resulting trajectories can be used to investigate the microtubule network with super resolution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760694?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography data processing with parallel computing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information Storage and Retrieval</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Phase-Contrast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Nov 10</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6365-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the increase of the A-line speed of optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, real-time processing of acquired data has become a bottleneck. The shared-memory parallel computing technique is used to process OCT data in real time. The real-time processing power of a quad-core personal computer (PC) is analyzed. It is shown that the quad-core PC could provide real-time OCT data processing ability of more than 80 K A-lines per second. A real-time, fiber-based, swept source polarization-sensitive OCT system with 20 K A-line speed is demonstrated with this technique. The real-time 2D and 3D polarization-sensitive imaging of chicken muscle and pig tendon is also demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19904337?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franco, Walfre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remittance at a single wavelength of 390 nm to quantify epidermal melanin concentration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014005</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Objective quantification of epidermal melanin concentration (EMC) should be useful in laser dermatology to determine the individual maximum safe radiant exposure (IMSRE). We propose a single-wavelength remittance measurement at 390 nm as an alternative optical method to determine EMC and IMSRE. Remittance spectra (360 to 740 nm), melanin index (MI) measurements and the transient radiometric temperature increase, DeltaT(t), upon skin irradiation with an Alexandrite laser (755 nm, 3-ms pulse duration, 6 Jcm(2)) were measured on 749 skin spots (arm and calf) on 23 volunteers (skin phototypes I to IV). Due to the shallow penetration depth and independence of blood oxygen saturation (isosbestic point), remittance at 390 nm appears to provide better estimates for EMC and IMSRE than MI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256693?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bui, Albert K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClure, R Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Jennell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stoianovici, Charles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirshburg, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revisiting optical clearing with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimethyl Sulfoxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional optical characterization of disease progression and response to therapy suffers from loss of spatial resolution and imaging depth due to scattering. Here we report on the ability of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alone to reduce the optical scattering of skin. We observed a threefold reduction in the scattering of skin with topical DMSO application. With an in vivo window chamber model, we observed a threefold increase in light transmittance through the preparation and enhanced visualization of subsurface microvasculature. Collectively, our data demonstrate the potential of DMSO alone to mitigate effects of scattering, which we expect will improve molecular imaging studies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226579?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomov, Ivan V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotational multiphoton endoscopy with a 1 microm fiber laser system.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-Aided Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2249-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present multiphoton microendoscopy with a rotational probe and a 1 microm fiber-based femtosecond laser. The rotational probe is based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber, a gradient index lens, a microprism, and a rotational microelectronicmechanical system (MEMS) motor. The MEMS motor has a diameter of 2.2 mm and can provide 360 degrees full-view rotation. The fiber laser provides ultrashort pulses with a central wavelength at 1.034 microm and a repetition rate of 50 MHz. Second-harmonic-generation images of rat-tail tendon and fish scale are demonstrated with the rotational probe-based multiphoton system.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649060?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toro, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, S A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zanocco, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lemp, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunther, G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubilization of lipid bilayers by myristyl sucrose ester: effect of cholesterol and phospholipid head group size.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry and physics of lipids</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chem. Phys. Lipids</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-Naphthylamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesterol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detergents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Bilayers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liposomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myristic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphatidylcholines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phospholipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary Ammonium Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The solubilization of biological membranes by detergents has been used as a major method for the isolation and purification of membrane proteins and other constituents. Considerable interest in this field has resulted from the finding that different components can be solubilized selectively. Certain membrane constituents are incorporated into small micelles, whereas others remain in the so-called detergent-resistant membrane domains that are large enough to be separated by centrifugation. The detergent-resistant fractions contain an elevated percentage of cholesterol, and thus its interaction with specific lipids and proteins may be key for membrane organization and regulation of cellular signaling events. This report focuses on the solubilization process induced by the sucrose monoester of myristic acid, beta-D-fructofuranosyl-6-O-myristyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MMS), a nonionic detergent. We studied the effect of the head group and the cholesterol content on the process. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and dioctadecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride (DODAC) vesicles were used, and the solubilization process was followed using Laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) generalized polarization (GP) measurements, carried out in the cuvette and in the 2-photon microscope. Our results indicate that: (i) localization of the MMS moieties in the lipid bilayer depends on the characteristics of the lipid polar head group and influences the solubilization process. (ii) Insertion of cholesterol molecules into the lipid bilayer protects it from solubilizaton and (iii) the microscopic mechanism of solubilization by MMS implies the decrease in size of the individual liposomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19071100?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephens, Jared</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genc, Suzanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Xiangduo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatially sculpted laser scissors for study of DNA damage and repair.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nucleic Acid Conformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">054004</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a simple and efficient method for controlled linear induction of DNA damage in live cells. By passing a pulsed laser beam through a cylindrical lens prior to expansion, an elongated elliptical beam profile is created with the ability to expose controlled linear patterns while keeping the beam and the sample stationary. The length and orientation of the beam at the sample plane were reliably controlled by an adjustable aperture and rotation of the cylindrical lens, respectively. Localized immunostaining by the DNA double strand break (DSB) markers phosphorylated H2AX (gamma H2AX) and Nbs1 in the nuclei of HeLa cells exposed to the &quot;line scissors&quot; was shown via confocal imaging. The line scissors method proved more efficient than the scanning mirror and scanning stage methods at induction of DNA DSB damage with the added benefit of having a greater potential for high throughput applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895106?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossow, Molly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William W. Mantulin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy measurements of flow demonstrated in microfluidic channels.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arteries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-Aided Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024014</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accurate blood flow measurements during surgery can improve an operation's chance of success. We developed near-infrared spatio-temporal image spectroscopy (NIR-STICS), which has the potential to make blood flow measurements that are difficult to accomplish with existing methods. Specifically, we propose the technique and we show feasibility on phantom measurements. NIR-STICS has the potential of measuring the fluid velocity in small blood vessels (less than 1 mm in diameter) and of creating a map of blood flow rates over an area of approximately 1 cm(2). NIR-STICS employs near-infrared spectroscopy to probe inside blood vessel walls and spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy to directly-without the use of a model-extract fluid velocity from the fluctuations within an image. We present computer simulations and experiments on a phantom system that demonstrate the effectiveness of NIR-STICS.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405744?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jian, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Zhaoxia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Speckle attenuation in optical coherence tomography by curvelet shrinkage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1516-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe an algorithm based on shrinkage in the curvelet domain to attenuate speckles in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The algorithm exploits the curvelet transform's sparse representation of edge discontinuities that are common in OCT images and its ability to map signals and noise into different areas in the curvelet domain. The speckle attenuation is controlled by a single parameter that determines the threshold in the curvelet domain. Applying the algorithm to OCT images shows significant improvement of image quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19448806?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiseman, Paul W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Colin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horwitz, Alan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stoichiometry of molecular complexes at adhesions in living cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytoplasm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paxillin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinculin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Feb 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2170-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe a method to detect molecular complexes and measure their stoichiometry in living cells from simultaneous fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity in two image channels, each detecting a different kind of protein. The number and brightness (N&amp;B) analysis, namely, the use of the ratio between the variance and the average intensity to obtain the brightness of molecules, is extended to the cross-variance of the intensity fluctuations in two channels. We apply the cross-variance method to determine the stoichiometry of complexes containing paxillin and vinculin or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in disassembling adhesions in mouse embryo fibroblasts expressing FAK, vinculin, and paxillin-tagged with EGFP and mCherry. We found no complexes of these proteins in the cytoplasm away from the adhesions. However, at the adhesions, large aggregates leave, forming a hole, during their disassembly. This hole shows cross-correlation between FAK and paxillin and vinculin and paxillin. From the amplitude of the correlated fluctuations we determine the composition of the aggregates leaving the adhesions. These aggregates disassemble rapidly in the cytoplasm because large complexes are found only in very close proximity to the adhesions or at their borders.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19168634?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Michelle J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H. Michael Gach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uzal, Francisco A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Qian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chighvinadze, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Targeted delivery of bleomycin to the brain using photo-chemical internalization of Clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotics, Antineoplastic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Toxins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleomycin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood-Brain Barrier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Delivery Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaplan-Meier Estimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-29</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells infiltrating into normal brain from malignant brain tumors are protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB) which prevents the delivery and limits the effects of anti-tumor agents. We have evaluated the ability of photochemical internalization (PCI) to limit the effects of an agent known to broadly open the BBB to a target region of the brain. The PCI-based relocation and activation of macromolecules into the cell cytosol has the advantage of minimal side effects since the effect is localized to the area exposed to light, allowing the access of chemotherapeutic agents only to these regions. Non tumor bearing inbred Fisher rats were treated with photosensitizer, and a nontoxic intraperitoneal dose of Clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin (ETXp) followed by light exposure. Post-contrast T(1) MRI scans were used to monitor the degree BBB disruption. F98 tumor cells were implanted into the brains of other animals that were subsequently treated 24 h later with ETXp-PCI BBB opening followed by the i.p. administration of bleomycin (BLM). PCI delivery of ETXp at low fluence levels demonstrated significant MRI enhancement. No effect on the BBB was observed if photosensitizer and light was given in the absence ETXp. The survival of animals implanted with F98 tumor cells was significantly extended following ETXp-PCI BBB opening and BLM therapy compared to controls. PCI delivered ETXp was effective in opening the BBB in a limited region of the brain. ETXp-PCI mediated BBB opening clearly increased the efficacy of BLM therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506813?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioux, Sylvain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazhar, Amaan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frangioni, John V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional surface profile intensity correction for spatially modulated imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fingers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">034045</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe a noncontact profile correction technique for quantitative, wide-field optical measurement of tissue absorption (microa) and reduced scattering (micros) coefficients, based on geometric correction of the sample's Lambertian (diffuse) reflectance intensity. Because the projection of structured light onto an object is the basis for both phase-shifting profilometry and modulated imaging, we were able to develop a single instrument capable of performing both techniques. In so doing, the surface of the three-dimensional object could be acquired and used to extract the object's optical properties. The optical properties of flat polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) phantoms with homogenous tissue-like optical properties were extracted, with and without profilometry correction, after vertical translation and tilting of the phantoms at various angles. Objects having a complex shape, including a hemispheric silicone phantom and human fingers, were acquired and similarly processed, with vascular constriction of a finger being readily detectable through changes in its optical properties. Using profilometry correction, the accuracy of extracted absorption and reduced scattering coefficients improved from two- to ten-fold for surfaces having height variations as much as 3 cm and tilt angles as high as 40 deg. These data lay the foundation for employing structured light for quantitative imaging during surgery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566337?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Izikson, Leonid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, R Rox</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment of hypertrophic and resistant port wine stains with a 755 nm laser: a case series of 20 patients.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypertrophy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Solid-State</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retrospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">427-32</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Port wine stains (PWS) are heterogeneous vascular malformations that can be treated with vascular-selective pulsed dye lasers (PDL). Hypertrophic PWS, especially in adults, are consistently less responsive to PDL. Furthermore, many PWS that respond well initially to PDL treatment may reach a response plateau, becoming unresponsive to further PDL treatments, a phenomenon termed &quot;treatment resistance.&quot; Based on the theory of selective photothermolysis, vessels in such lesions may also be specifically targeted with a 755 nm laser that has selectivity for deoxyhemoglobin as well as oxyhemoglobin and increased depth of skin penetration.

STUDY DESIGN/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective case review of 20 patients with either hypertrophic or PDL-resistant PWS treated with a 755 nm laser alone or in combination with other lasers, including PDL.

RESULTS: Hypertrophic PWS showed significant lightening after treatment with a 755 nm laser in combination with PDL. Most PDL-resistant PWS showed moderate improvement after treatment with either a 755 nm laser alone or in combination with another laser, including PDL. Some lesions showed only mild improvement or did not respond. Serious side effects were infrequent. Most commonly encountered complications included pain, edema, bullae, crusting, and rare scarring.

CONCLUSIONS: Alexandrite 755 nm laser can be useful for the treatment of hypertrophic and treatment-resistant PWS in adult and pediatric patients. Complications are infrequent and predictable. Careful attention to using a fluence at or near the threshold for clinical response with this deeply penetrating laser is essential to prevent serious sequelae.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588532?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoang, Khiet C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edris, Ahmad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrov, Artiom D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kern, Morton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashan, Chowdhury</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Jagat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of an oxygen-carrying blood substitute to improve intravascular optical coherence tomography imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta, Abdominal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Substitutes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorocarbons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Intravenous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium Chloride</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">034028</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a catheter-based imaging technology with powerful resolution capable of identifying vulnerable plaques and guiding coronary intervention. However, a significant limitation of intravascular OCT imaging is its attenuation by blood. We propose that the use of an oxygen-carrying blood substitute could potentially optimize OCT image quality. Surgical isolation of the descending thoracic aorta of six rabbits is performed, followed by intravascular OCT imaging of the abdominal aorta. Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is oxygenated using a bubble-through technique with 100% oxygen. OCT imaging is performed and compared using three different flushing modalities: PFD; saline; and blood. OCT imaging of the rabbit abdominal aorta is successful in all of the subjects. In each of the six studied subjects, flushing with PFD consistently provides dramatically better imaging of the vessel wall tissue structures. OCT image quality is highly dependent on the ability of the flushing modality to remove blood from the imaging field. From this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that endovascular flushing with an oxygen-carrying blood substitute (PFD) is optically superior to saline flushing for intravascular imaging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566321?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayers, Frederick R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wide-field spatial mapping of in vivo tattoo skin optical properties using modulated imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case-Control Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coloring Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pigmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tattooing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">442-53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modulated imaging is a new modality capable of wide-field, spatially resolved measurement of in vivo optical properties. Based on spatial light modulation, the method is inexpensive, non-contact, and allows spatial mapping of tissue absorption and reduced scattering coefficients at any wavelength between 450 and 1,100 nm. Currently, clinicians rely on qualitative visual inspection to guide parameter selection for laser-based tattoo removal. MI provides quantitative measurements of multi-colored tattooed skin which may help guide treatment and objectively assess response.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have measured the spatially varying optical properties of multi-colored tattooed skin over a 50 mm x 50 mm field of view at wavelengths ranging from 650 to 970 nm using MI. These measurements were compared to a similar field of view of non-tattooed skin from an adjacent area.

RESULTS: We have determined the differentiated optical properties in vivo of multi-colored tattooed skin versus non-tattooed skin.

CONCLUSIONS: MI provides spatially resolved quantitative information with potential for quantitative assessment of response to treatment and may provide guidance for laser tattoo removal in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588528?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Ambrose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive Monte Carlo Algorithms for General Transport Problems</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2008</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently there has been a concerted effort to develop adaptively modified
Monte Carlo algorithms that converge geometrically to solutions of the radiative
transport equation. We have concentrated on algorithms that extend to integral
equations methods first proposed for matrix equations by Halton in 1962 [Halton,
J., Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 58, 57–78 (1962)]. Geometric convergence has been rigorously
demonstrated [Kong, R., and Spanier, J., J. Comp. Phys., 227(23), 9762–
9777 (2008)] for these “first generation” (G1) algorithms but their practical utility is
limited by computational complexities resulting from the expansion. Recently, we
have developed new adaptive algorithms that overcome most of the computational
restrictions of the earlier algorithms and we have also established the geometric
convergence of these “second generation” (G2) algorithms [Kong, R. and Spanier,
J.: Geometric convergence of second generation adaptive Monte Carlo algorithms
for general transport problems based on sequential correlated sampling. In review].
In this paper we outline the main ideas involved and indicate how the resulting G2
algorithm might be optimized using information drawn from simulations of both the
RTE and the dual RTE. Simple examples will illustrate these ideas and the gains in
computational efficiency that the new methods can achieve.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unruh, Jay R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of molecular concentration and brightness from fluorescence fluctuation data with an electron multiplied CCD camera.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHO Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5385-98</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the calculation of particle brightness and concentration from fluorescence-fluctuation photon-counting statistics using an electron-multiplied charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera. This technique provides a concentration-independent measure of particle brightness in dynamic systems. The high sensitivity and highly parallel detection of EMCCD cameras allow for imaging of dynamic particle brightness, providing the capability to follow aggregation reactions in real time. A critical factor of the EMCCD camera is the presence of nonlinearity at high intensities. These nonlinearities arise due to limited capacity of the CCD well and to the analog-to-digital converter maximum range. However, we show that the specific camera we used (with a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter) has sufficient dynamic range for most microscopy applications. In addition, we explore the importance of camera timing behavior as it is affected by the vertical frame transfer speed of the camera. Although the camera has microsecond exposure time for illumination of a few pixels, the exposure time increased to milliseconds for full-field illumination. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of the technique to follow concentration changes and measure single-molecule brightness in real time in living cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805922?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pogue, Brian W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paulsen, Keith D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yodh, Arjun G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boas, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the future of diffuse optical imaging technologies for breast cancer management.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Med Phys</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mass Screening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2443-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a noninvasive optical technique that employs near-infrared (NIR) light to quantitatively characterize the optical properties of thick tissues. Although NIR methods were first applied to breast transillumination (also called diaphanography) nearly 80 years ago, quantitative DOI methods employing time- or frequency-domain photon migration technologies have only recently been used for breast imaging (i.e., since the mid-1990s). In this review, the state of the art in DOI for breast cancer is outlined and a multi-institutional Network for Translational Research in Optical Imaging (NTROI) is described, which has been formed by the National Cancer Institute to advance diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging (DOSI) for the purpose of improving breast cancer detection and clinical management. DOSI employs broadband technology both in near-infrared spectral and temporal signal domains in order to separate absorption from scattering and quantify uptake of multiple molecular probes based on absorption or fluorescence contrast. Additional dimensionality in the data is provided by integrating and co-registering the functional information of DOSI with x-ray mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide structural information or vascular flow information, respectively. Factors affecting DOSI performance, such as intrinsic and extrinsic contrast mechanisms, quantitation of biochemical components, image formation/visualization, and multimodality co-registration are under investigation in the ongoing research NTROI sites. One of the goals is to develop standardized DOSI platforms that can be used as stand-alone devices or in conjunction with MRI, mammography, or ultrasound. This broad-based, multidisciplinary effort is expected to provide new insight regarding the origins of breast disease and practical approaches for addressing several key challenges in breast cancer, including: Detecting disease in mammographically dense tissue, distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions, and understanding the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649477?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jing Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanamai, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwong, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the spatial extent of breast tumor intrinsic optical contrast using ultrasound and diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrasonography, Mammary</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">030504</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Little is known about the relationship between anatomic and functional contrast derived from intrinsic optical signals. In order to address this relationship, finite-element (FEM) forward simulations were compared to diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) reflectance measurements obtained from 10 breast tumor patients. Clinical ultrasound images were used to estimate anatomical tumor size and depth for the FEM simulations. Actual DOS-measured tumor absorption could not be matched by forward model simulations when tumor size was constrained to match ultrasound dimensions. However, agreement was achieved when the lesion was viewed as a distribution of optical properties (i.e., an extended target). This result suggests that the spatial extent of optical contrast in breast tumors may be significantly greater than anatomical dimensions reported by standard imaging modalities. Analysis indicates that invasive breast tumors with anatomical dimensions of 1 cm may still be detectable at depths of 30 mm or more (the center of the lesion to the surface of tissue) using DOS in a reflectance geometry.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18601521?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An automatic system to study sperm motility and energetics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical microdevices</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Microdevices</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Midpiece</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">573-83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An integrated robotic laser and microscope system has been developed to automatically analyze individual sperm motility and energetics. The custom-designed optical system directs near-infrared laser light into an inverted microscope to create a single-point 3-D gradient laser trap at the focal spot of the microscope objective. A two-level computer structure is described that quantifies the sperm motility (in terms of swimming speed and swimming force) and energetics (measuring mid-piece membrane potential) using real-time tracking (done by the upper-level system) and fluorescent ratio imaging (done by the lower-level system). The communication between these two systems is achieved by a gigabit network. The custom-built image processing algorithm identifies the sperm swimming trajectory in real-time using phase contrast images, and then subsequently traps the sperm by automatically moving the microscope stage to relocate the sperm to the laser trap focal plane. Once the sperm is stably trapped (determined by the algorithm), the algorithm can also gradually reduce the laser power by rotating the polarizer in the laser path to measure the trapping power at which the sperm is capable of escaping the trap. To monitor the membrane potential of the mitochondria located in a sperm's mid-piece, the sperm is treated with a ratiometrically-encoded fluorescent probe. The proposed algorithm can relocate the sperm to the center of the ratio imaging camera and the average ratio value can be measured in real-time. The three parameters, sperm escape power, sperm swimming speed and ratio values of the mid-piece membrane potential of individual sperm can be compared with respect to time. This two-level automatic system to study individual sperm motility and energetics has not only increased experimental throughput by an order of magnitude but also has allowed us to monitor sperm energetics prior to and after exposure to the laser trap. This system should have application in both the human fertility clinic and in animal husbandry.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18299996?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellman, Amy N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rau, Kaustubh R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Helen H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical response to pulsed laser microbeam-induced cell lysis and molecular delivery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biophotonics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biophotonics</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Delivery Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell lysis and molecular delivery in confluent monolayers of PtK(2) cells are achieved by the delivery of 6 ns, lambda = 532 nm laser pulses via a 40x, 0.8 NA microscope objective. With increasing distance from the point of laser focus we find regions of (a) immediate cell lysis; (b) necrotic cells that detach during the fluorescence assays; (c) permeabilized cells sufficient to facilitate the uptake of small (3 kDa) FITC-conjugated Dextran molecules in viable cells; and (d) unaffected, viable cells. The spatial extent of cell lysis, cell detachment, and molecular delivery increased with laser pulse energy. Hydrodynamic analysis from time-resolved imaging studies reveal that the maximum wall shear stress associated with the pulsed laser microbeam-induced cavitation bubble expansion governs the location and spatial extent of each of these regions independent of laser pulse energy. Specifically, cells exposed to maximum wall shear stresses tau(w, max) &gt; 190 +/- 20 kPa are immediately lysed while cells exposed to tau(w, max) &gt; 18 +/- 2 kPa are necrotic and subsequently detach. Cells exposed to tau(w, max) in the range 8-18 kPa are viable and successfully optoporated with 3 kDa Dextran molecules. Cells exposed to tau(w, max) &lt; 8 +/- 1 kPa remain viable without molecular delivery. These findings provide the first direct correlation between pulsed laser microbeam-induced shear stresses and subsequent cellular outcome.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19343632?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phung, Thuy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oble, Darryl A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjamin, Laura E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can the wound healing response of human skin be modulated after laser treatment and the effects of exposure extended? Implications on the combined use of the pulsed dye laser and a topical angiogenesis inhibitor for treatment of port wine stain birthmarks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunosuppressive Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomicrography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirolimus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220264?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Hsuan-Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinto-Su, Pedro A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Christopher E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bachman, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, G P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbritton, Nancy L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization and use of laser-based lysis for cell analysis on-chip.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J R Soc Interface</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Fractionation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytological Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytosol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimethylpolysiloxanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrophoresis, Microchip</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct 6</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5 Suppl 2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S113-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the use of a pulsed laser microbeam for cell lysis followed by electrophoretic separation of cellular analytes in a microfluidic device. The influence of pulse energy and laser focal point within the microchannel on the threshold for plasma formation was measured. The thickness of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layer through which the beam travelled was a critical determinant of the threshold energy. An effective optical path length, Leff, for the laser beam can be used to predict the threshold for optical breakdown at different microchannel locations. A key benefit of laser-based cell lysis is the very limited zone (less than 5 microm) of lysis. A second asset is the rapid cell lysis times (approx. microseconds). These features enable two analytes, fluorescein and Oregon Green, from a cell to be electrophoretically separated in the channel in which cell lysis occurred. The resolution and efficiency of the separation of the cellular analytes are similar to those of standards demonstrating the feasibility of using a pulsed laser microbeam in single-cell analysis.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583277?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Eun Joo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang-Seok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeong, Myung Yung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Moon Ki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeon, Min Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of FBG sensor interrogation based on a FDML wavelength swept laser.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Fibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16552-60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, we develop an ultra-fast fiber Bragg grating sensor system that is based on the Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) swept laser. A FDML wavelength swept laser has many advantages compared to the conventional wavelength swept laser source, such as high-speed interrogation, narrow spectral sensitivity, and high phase stability. The newly developed FDML wavelength swept laser shows a superior performance of a high scan rate of 31.3 kHz and a broad scan range of over 70 nm simultaneously. The performance of the grating sensor interrogating system using a FDML wavelength swept laser is characterized in both static and dynamic strain responses.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852764?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeon, Min Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of Fourier domain mode-locked wavelength swept laser for optical coherence tomography imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3727-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present characteristics of a wavelength swept laser with a scanning fiber Fabry-Perot filter at 1300 nm. We investigate the dependence of the scanning frequencies in the swept laser. In conventional wavelength swept lasers, the relative intensity of the laser output decreases significantly as the scanning frequency increases. The peak wavelength of the output spectrum is red-shifted due to the nonlinear frequency downshifting in the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In the Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser, we investigate transient intensity profiles and the full width at half maximum in response to the injection currents and detuning of the scanning frequency. The degradation of the scanning range of the swept laser is caused by the deviation from the scanning frequency at 45.6 kHz. In addition, transient intensity profiles show significant asymmetric behavior in response to the detuned frequencies. Finally, the axial resolution and sensitivity as a function of imaging depth are analyzed for both forward and backward scans. With the FDML laser, the detection sensitivity up to 102 dB is achieved for the backward scans. The backward scans exhibit higher axial resolution and sensitivity than the forward scan.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18542467?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tam, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durrant, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation as energy sources for mammalian sperm motility, using the combination of fluorescence imaging, laser tweezers, and real-time automated tracking and trapping.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of cellular physiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cell. Physiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adenosine Triphosphate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antimycin A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glucose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidative Phosphorylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotenone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">745-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The combination of laser tweezers, fluorescent imaging, and real-time automated tracking and trapping (RATTS) can measure sperm swimming speed and swimming force simultaneously with mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This approach is used to study the roles of two sources of ATP in sperm motility: oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the mitochondria located in the sperm midpiece and glycolysis, which occurs along the length of the sperm tail (flagellum). The relationships between (a) swimming speed and MMP and (b) swimming force and MMP are studied in dog and human sperm. The effects of glucose, oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors and glycolytic inhibitors on human sperm motility are examined. The results indicate that oxidative phosphorylation does contribute some ATP for human sperm motility, but not enough to sustain high motility. The glycolytic pathway is shown to be a primary source of energy for human sperm motility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683212?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">No, Keun-Sik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwong, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, Pai H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design and testing of a miniature broadband frequency domain photon migration instrument.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miniaturization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">050509</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A board-level broadband frequency domain photon migration (mini-FDPM) instrument has been constructed to replace a conventional network-analyzer-based FDPM instrument. The mini-FDPM instrument with four wavelengths (681, 783, 823, and 850 nm), matches conventional FDPM instrument in performance (-88 dBm noise level, 100 dB dynamic range) and bandwidth (1 GHz), and recovers the same optical properties within about 6% in absorption and 4% in reduced scattering for liquid phantoms covering a wide range of relevant optical properties. Compared to the conventional FDPM instrument, the mini-FDPM instrument is more than 5x faster (approximately 200 ms per 401 modulation frequencies) and several orders of magnitude less in size and cost. Standard fiber-optic-based probes can be used with the mini-FDPM instrument, which increases applications in a number of clinically relevant measurement scenarios. By drastically reducing size and cost, FDPM miniaturization lowers barriers to access and will help promote FDPM in clinical research problems. The mini-FDPM instrument forms the core of a modular broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy instrument that can be used for a variety of clinical problems in imaging and functional monitoring (i.e., breast/skin cancer, brain activation, and exercise physiology).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021379?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of optical properties of superficial volumes of layered tissue phantoms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previously, we reported the design of a new diffusing probe that employs a standard two-layer diffusion model to recover the optical properties of turbid samples. This particular probe had a source-detector separation of 2.5 mm and performance was validated with Monte Carlo simulations and homogeneous phantom experiments. The goal of the current study is to characterize the performance of this new method in the context of two-layer phantoms that mimic the optical properties of human skin. We analyze the accuracy of the recovered top layer optical properties and their dependences on the thickness of the top layer of two-layer phantoms. Our results demonstrate that the optical properties of the top layer can be accurately determined with a 1.6 mm source-detector separation diffusing probe when this layer thickness is as thin as 1 mm. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate that the interrogation depth can be further decreased by shortening the source-detector separation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18232377?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uzal, Francisco A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chighvinadze, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Michelle J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Qian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disruption of the blood-brain barrier following ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood-Brain Barrier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">535-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a local antineoplastic treatment with the potential for tumor cell specificity. PDT using either hematoporphyrin derivatives or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been reported to induce brain edema indicating disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have evaluated the ability of ALA-mediated PDT to open the BBB in rats. This will permit access of chemotherapeutic agents to brain tumor cells remaining in the resection cavity wall, but limit their penetration into normal brain remote from the site of illumination.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: ALA-PDT was performed on non-tumor bearing inbred Fischer rats at increasing fluence levels. Contrast T(1)-weighted high field (3 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were used to monitor the degree of BBB disruption which could be inferred from the intensity and volume of the contrast agent visualized.

RESULTS: PDT at increasing fluence levels between 9 and 26 J demonstrated an increasing contrast flow rate. A similar increased contrast volume was observed with increasing fluence rates. The BBB was found to be disrupted 2 hours following PDT and 80-100% restored 72 hours later at the lowest fluence level. No effect on the BBB was observed if 26 J of light was given in the absence of ALA.

CONCLUSION: ALA-PDT was highly effective in opening the BBB in a localized region of the brain. The degradation of the BBB was temporary in nature at fluence levels of 9 J, opening rapidly following treatment and significantly restored during the next 72 hours. No signs of tissue damage were seen on histological sections at this fluence level. However, higher fluences did demonstrate permanent tissue changes localized in the immediate vicinity of the light source.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798293?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Xiangqun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on hematocrit measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dextrans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocyte Aggregation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hematocrit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2753-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the potential to be a noninvasive method for hematocrit (HCT) measurement. This study shows the effect of erythrocyte aggregation at the level seen in healthy humans and pathological states on HCT measurement based on monitoring the slope changes in OCT depth reflectivity profile using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Our measurement indicates that the HCT estimated by SDOCT depends on the erythrocyte aggregation state and the flow rate. Measured HCT in blood samples with 0.6% and 2% dextran 500 is underestimated by 4.5%-10.5% and 17.1%-19.5% for HCT from 35%-55% at a flow rate of 4.7 mm/s. Underestimation is smaller at a high flow rate as compared to a low flow rate, indicating erythrocyte aggregation is an important factor that will affect accurate HCT measurement using SDOCT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126454?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peyton, Shelly R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Peter D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghajar, Cyrus M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seliktar, Dror</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, Andrew J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of matrix stiffness and RhoA on the phenotypic plasticity of smooth muscle cells in a 3-D biosynthetic hydrogel system.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomaterials</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomaterials</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Actins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Linking Reagents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibrinogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focal Adhesions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle Contraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocytes, Smooth Muscle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rhoA GTP-Binding Protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinculin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2597-607</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies using 2-D cultures have shown that the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence cell migration, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation; however, cellular mechanosensing in 3-D remains under-explored. To investigate this topic, a unique biomaterial system based on poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated fibrinogen was adapted to study phenotypic plasticity in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as a function of ECM mechanics in 3-D. Tuning the compressive modulus between 448 and 5804 Pa modestly regulated SMC cytoskeletal assembly in 3-D, with spread cells in stiff matrices having a slightly higher degree of F-actin bundling after prolonged culture. However, vinculin expression in all 3-D conditions was qualitatively low and was not assembled into the classic focal adhesions typically seen in 2-D cultures. Given the evidence that RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal contractility represents a critical node in mechanosensing, we molecularly upregulated contractility by inducing SMCs to express constitutively active RhoA. In these cells, F-actin bundling and total vinculin expression increased, and focal adhesion-like structures began to emerge, consistent with RhoA's mechanism of action in cells cultured on 2-D substrates. Furthermore, SMC proliferation in 3-D did not depend significantly on matrix stiffness, and was reduced by constitutive activation of RhoA irrespective of ECM mechanical properties. Conversely, the expression of contractile markers globally increased with constitutive RhoA activation and depended on 3-D matrix stiffness only in cells with heightened RhoA activity. Combined, these data suggest that the synergistic effects of ECM mechanics and RhoA activity on SMC phenotype in 3-D are distinct from those in 2-D, and highlight the importance of studying the mechanical role of cell-matrix interactions in tunable 3-D environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18342366?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barreiro, Olga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno Zamai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yáñez-Mó, María</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tejera, Emilio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Romero, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monk, Peter N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeria R. Caiolfa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Madrid, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothelial adhesion receptors are recruited to adherent leukocytes by inclusion in preformed tetraspanin nanoplatforms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of cell biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cell Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens, CD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothelium, Vascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leukocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Cell Surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Umbilical Veins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov 3</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">527-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, receptors for leukocyte integrins, are recruited to cell-cell contact sites on the apical membrane of activated endothelial cells. In this study, we show that this recruitment is independent of ligand engagement, actin cytoskeleton anchorage, and heterodimer formation. Instead, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are recruited by inclusion within specialized preformed tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, which act as endothelial adhesive platforms (EAPs). Using advanced analytical fluorescence techniques, we have characterized the diffusion properties at the single-molecule level, nanoscale organization, and specific intradomain molecular interactions of EAPs in living primary endothelial cells. This study provides compelling evidence for the existence of EAPs as physical entities at the plasma membrane, distinct from lipid rafts. Scanning electron microscopy of immunogold-labeled samples treated with a specific tetraspanin-blocking peptide identify nanoclustering of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 within EAPs as a novel mechanism for supramolecular organization that regulates the leukocyte integrin-binding capacity of both endothelial receptors during extravasation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955551?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Jinhee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son, Taeyoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Eung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhancement of optical skin clearing efficacy using a microneedle roller.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatologic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Subcutaneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microinjections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Permeability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Absorption</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">021103</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light scattering in biological tissues can be reduced by using optical clearing agents. Various physical methods in conjunction with agents have been studied to enhance the optical clearing efficacy of skin for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, we propose a new physical method to enhance the optical clearing potential of topically applied glycerol. A microneedle roller is used to easily create numerous transdermal microchannels prior to glycerol application. The optical clearing efficacy of skin is quantitatively evaluated with the use of a modulation transfer function target placed underneath ex vivo porcine skin samples. From cross-polarized images acquired at various time points after glycerol application, we find that samples treated with the microneedle roller resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in contrast compared to control samples 30 min after glycerol application. In conclusion, our data suggest that the microneedle roller can be a good physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of optical clearing agents, and hence their optical clearing potential over large regions of skin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465952?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kang, Heesung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son, Taeyoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Jinhee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Kiwoon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of laser beam profile in soft tissue due to compression, glycerol, and micro-needling.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pressure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">570-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various methods have been suggested to enhance photon density in biological tissues in an attempt to maximize the efficacy of laser therapy. In this study, the effects of tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods on the laser beam profile (LBP) were investigated by quantitatively evaluating the spatial distribution of subsurface tissue photon density.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The LBP in tissue was obtained by imaging the laser beam transmitted through ex vivo porcine skin samples. The independent and combinational effects of tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods on the LBP were evaluated by quantitatively analyzing the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), maximum intensity, and total intensity at FWHM.

RESULTS: Experimental results indicate the enhancement of the quality of Gaussian beam profile in ex vivo porcine skin. Glycerol and tissue compression resulted in an increase of maximum and total intensity and a decrease of FWHM. Tissue compression in conjunction with glycerol was determined to be the most effective method for enhancing the LBP. The topical application of glycerol in conjunction with micro-needling reduced the time period to optically clear tissue, which resulted in a further increase of subsurface tissue photon density.

CONCLUSION: Tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods might be used independently or in combination to effectively enhance the photon density delivered to target chromophores in subsurface tissue, thus improving the LBP quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798289?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karimi, Koohyar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Devcic, Zlatko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLaren, Christine E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Wen-Pin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolving attractive faces using morphing technology and a genetic algorithm: a new approach to determining ideal facial aesthetics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esthetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetics, Medical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">962-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if a genetic algorithm in combination with morphing software can be used to evolve more attractive faces; and 2) evaluate whether this approach can be used as a tool to define or identify the attributes of the ideal attractive face.

STUDY DESIGN: Basic research study incorporating focus group evaluations.

METHODS: Digital images were acquired of 250 female volunteers (18-25 y). Randomly selected images were used to produce a parent generation (P) of 30 synthetic faces using morphing software. Then, a focus group of 17 trained volunteers (18-25 y) scored each face on an attractiveness scale ranging from 1 (unattractive) to 10 (attractive). A genetic algorithm was used to select 30 new pairs from the parent generation, and these were morphed using software to produce a new first generation (F1) of faces. The F1 faces were scored by the focus group, and the process was repeated for a total of four iterations of the algorithm. The algorithm mimics natural selection by using the attractiveness score as the selection pressure; the more attractive faces are more likely to morph. All five generations (P-F4) were then scored by three focus groups: a) surgeons (n = 12), b) cos-metology students (n = 44), and c) undergraduate students (n = 44). Morphometric measurements were made of 33 specific features on each of the 150 synthetic faces, and correlated with attractiveness scores using univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS: The average facial attractiveness scores increased with each generation and were 3.66 (+0.60), 4.59 (+/-0.73), 5.50 (+/-0.62), 6.23 (+/-0.31), and 6.39 (+/-0.24) for P and F1-F4 generations, respectively. Histograms of attractiveness score distributions show a significant shift in the skew of each curve toward more attractive faces with each generation. Univariate analysis identified nasal width, eyebrow arch height, and lip thickness as being significantly correlated with attractiveness scores. Multivariate analysis identified a similar collection of morphometric measures. No correlation with more commonly accepted measures such as the length facial thirds or fifths were identified. When images are examined as a montage (by generation), clear distinct trends are identified: oval shaped faces, distinct arched eyebrows, and full lips predominate. Faces evolve to approximate the guidelines suggested by classical canons. F3 and F4 generation faces look profoundly similar. The statistical and qualitative analysis indicates that the algorithm and methodology succeeds in generating successively more attractive faces.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of genetic algorithms in combination with a morphing software and traditional focus-group derived attractiveness scores can be used to evolve attractive synthetic faces. We have demonstrated that the evolution of attractive faces can be mimicked in software. Genetic algorithms and morphing provide a robust alternative to traditional approaches rooted in comparing attractiveness scores with a series of morphometric measurements in human subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401273?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinto-Su, Pedro A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Hsuan-Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Helen H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Christopher E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbritton, Nancy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of laser microbeam cell lysis in a PDMS microfluidic channel using time-resolved imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab on a chip</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab Chip</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We use time-resolved imaging to examine the lysis dynamics of non-adherent BAF-3 cells within a microfluidic channel produced by the delivery of single highly-focused 540 ps duration laser pulses at lambda = 532 nm. Time-resolved bright-field images reveal that the delivery of the pulsed laser microbeam results in the formation of a laser-induced plasma followed by shock wave emission and cavitation bubble formation. The confinement offered by the microfluidic channel constrains substantially the cavitation bubble expansion and results in significant deformation of the PDMS channel walls. To examine the cell lysis and dispersal of the cellular contents, we acquire time-resolved fluorescence images of the process in which the cells were loaded with a fluorescent dye. These fluorescence images reveal cell lysis to occur on the nanosecond to microsecond time scale by the plasma formation and cavitation bubble dynamics. Moreover, the time-resolved fluorescence images show that while the cellular contents are dispersed by the expansion of the laser-induced cavitation bubble, the flow associated with the bubble collapse subsequently re-localizes the cellular contents to a small region. This capacity of pulsed laser microbeam irradiation to achieve rapid cell lysis in microfluidic channels with minimal dilution of the cellular contents has important implications for their use in lab-on-a-chip applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305858?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franco, Walfre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vu, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluid and thermal dynamics of cryogen sprays impinging on a human tissue phantom.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomechanical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomech Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerosols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomimetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorofluorocarbons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypothermia, Induced</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051005</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) protects the epidermis from unintended heating during cutaneous laser surgery. The present work investigated the time-dependent flow characteristics of cryogen sprays and correspondent thermal dynamics at the surface of a human tissue phantom. First, a numerical analysis was carried out to evaluate an epoxy block substrate as a human tissue phantom. Next, the velocity and diameter of cryogen droplets were measured simultaneously and correlated with surface temperature of the human tissue phantom during CSC. Finally, velocity and diameter measurements were used to compute the spray number, mass, and kinetic energy fluxes, and temperature measurements were used to compute the surface heat flux. Numerical modeling showed that the thermal response of our phantom was qualitatively similar to that of human stratum corneum and epidermis; quantitatively, thermal responses differed. A simple transformation to map the temperature response of the phantom to that of tissue was derived. Despite the relatively short spurt durations (10 ms, 30 ms, and 50 ms), cryogen delivery is mostly a steady state process with initial and final fluid transients mainly due to the valve dynamics. Thermal transients (16 ms) are longer than fluid transients (4 ms) due to the low thermal diffusivity of human tissues; steady states are comparable in duration ( approximately 10 ms, 30 ms, and 50 ms) although there is an inherent thermal delay ( approximately 12 ms). Steady state temperatures are the lowest surface temperatures experienced by the substrate, independent of spurt duration; hence, longer spurt durations result in larger exposures of the tissue surface to the same lower, steady state temperature as in shorter spurts. Temperatures in human tissue during CSC for the spray system and parameters used herein are estimated to be approximately -19 degrees C at the stratum corneum surface and &gt;0 degrees C across the epidermis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045512?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malengo, Gabriele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andolfo, Annapaola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicolai Sidenius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno Zamai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeria R. Caiolfa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photon counting histogram on membrane proteins: functional dynamics of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycosylphosphatidylinositols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Cell Surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">031215</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The oligomerization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins is thought to regulate their association with membrane microdomains, subcellular sorting, and activity. However, these mechanisms need to be comprehensively explored in living, unperturbed cells, without artificial clustering agents, and using fluorescent protein-tagged chimeras that are fully biologically active. We expressed in human embryo kidnay 293 (HEK293) cells a biologically active chimera of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), the uPAR-mEGFP-GPI. We also produced HEK293/D2D3-mEGFP-GPI cells expressing the truncated form of the receptor, lacking biological activity. We studied the dynamics and oligomerization of the two proteins, combining fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH) analyses, and using subclones with homogenously low expression levels. Overall, the mobile fractions of the two proteins, constituted by monomers and dimers, had comparable diffusion coefficients. However, the diffusion coefficient decreased in monomer-enriched fractions only for the active receptor, suggesting that uPAR monomers might be preferentially engaged in multiprotein transmembrane signaling complexes. Our approach helps in limiting the alteration of the data due to out-of-focus effects and in minimizing the overestimation of the molecular brightness. In addition to a careful design of the cellular model, it gives reliable estimates of diffusion coefficients and oligomerization of GPI-anchored proteins, in steady-state conditions, at low expression levels, and in live, unperturbed cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18601539?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganesan, Anand K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, Hsiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bodemann, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aruri, Jayavani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koshy, Shiney</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richardson, Zachary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le, Lu Q</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, Michael G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farmer, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, Michael A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome-wide siRNA-based functional genomics of pigmentation identifies novel genes and pathways that impact melanogenesis in human cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS genetics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS Genet.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome, Human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genomics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C57BL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RNA, Small Interfering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pigmentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e1000298</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanin protects the skin and eyes from the harmful effects of UV irradiation, protects neural cells from toxic insults, and is required for sound conduction in the inner ear. Aberrant regulation of melanogenesis underlies skin disorders (melasma and vitiligo), neurologic disorders (Parkinson's disease), auditory disorders (Waardenburg's syndrome), and opthalmologic disorders (age related macular degeneration). Much of the core synthetic machinery driving melanin production has been identified; however, the spectrum of gene products participating in melanogenesis in different physiological niches is poorly understood. Functional genomics based on RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) provides the opportunity to derive unbiased comprehensive collections of pharmaceutically tractable single gene targets supporting melanin production. In this study, we have combined a high-throughput, cell-based, one-well/one-gene screening platform with a genome-wide arrayed synthetic library of chemically synthesized, small interfering RNAs to identify novel biological pathways that govern melanin biogenesis in human melanocytes. Ninety-two novel genes that support pigment production were identified with a low false discovery rate. Secondary validation and preliminary mechanistic studies identified a large panel of targets that converge on tyrosinase expression and stability. Small molecule inhibition of a family of gene products in this class was sufficient to impair chronic tyrosinase expression in pigmented melanoma cells and UV-induced tyrosinase expression in primary melanocytes. Isolation of molecular machinery known to support autophagosome biosynthesis from this screen, together with in vitro and in vivo validation, exposed a close functional relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy. In summary, these studies illustrate the power of RNAi-based functional genomics to identify novel genes, pathways, and pharmacologic agents that impact a biological phenotype and operate outside of preconceived mechanistic relationships.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057677?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeon, Min Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Qiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-speed and wide bandwidth Fourier domain mode-locked wavelength swept laser with multiple SOAs.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fingers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nails</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Feb 18</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2547-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on the development of a high-speed, wide bandwidth Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser of around 1300 nm using two gain media for high-resolution and high-speed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. The wavelength swept laser is capable of FWHM scanning range of more than 135 nm at 45.6 kHz sweeping rate. The measured axial resolution of the forward scan is 6.6 microm in air and 4.7 microm in tissue. The peak power is 11.4 mW for both the forward and backward scans. The measured system sensitivity is achieved up to 100.7 dB. We also demonstrate OCT imaging using the FDML wavelength swept laser with two semiconductor optical amplifiers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18542336?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Li-Huei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J-F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human nasal cartilage ultrastructure: characteristics and comparison using scanning electron microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyaline Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfibrils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1153-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Human nasal cartilage is hyaline cartilage, although the function and loads placed on it are different depending on the location. We hypothesized that important differences exist between the nasal septal cartilage and lower lateral cartilage (LLC) ultrastructures. Such differences would be important in the field of cartilage engineering.

METHODS: Ten specimens (6 septum and 4 LLC) of cartilage from patients undergoing nasal surgery (rhinoplasty or septoplasty) were obtained and examined using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs were then analyzed and measured using photograph analysis software.

RESULTS: The collagen fibers of septal cartilage were found to be arranged in a mesh framework, with larger lacunae and thicker fibers measuring 3.18 microm (standard deviation = 0.75 microm), with a 99.9% confidence interval of 2.74 to 3.54 microm. LLC fibers, on the other hand, were arranged in less-organized sheets, with fibrous extensions, and had fewer, narrower lacunae. The fibers from the LLC averaged 2.29 microm, with a 99.9% confidence interval of 1.17 to 3.42 microm.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant ultrastructural differences exist between the cartilage of the nasal septum and LLC. These are almost certainly the result of their embryologic origins and different forces placed on the structures they support. A less-organized pattern with smaller collagen fibers is present in the LLC versus the more-organized, layered, thicker collagen fibers of the septum. These differences may prove to be critical in the future of cartilage engineering.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438266?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, Christopher B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unruh, Jay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suresh, Vinod</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindmo, Tore</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image correlation spectroscopy of multiphoton images correlates with collagen mechanical properties.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermodynamics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2361-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) holds promise as a noninvasive imaging technique for characterizing collagen structure, and thus mechanical properties, through imaging second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence in engineered and real connective tissues. Controlling polymerization pH to manipulate collagen gel microstructure, we quantified pore and fiber dimensions using both standard methods and image correlation spectroscopy (ICS) on MPM, scanning electron, and darkfield microscopy images. The latter two techniques are used to confirm microstructural measurements made from MPM images. As polymerization pH increased from 5.5 to 8.5, mean fiber diameter decreased from 3.7 +/- 0.7 microm to 1.6 +/- 0.3 microm, the average pore size decreased from 81.7 +/- 3.7 microm(2) to 7.8 +/- 0.4 microm(2), and the pore area fraction decreased from 56.8% +/- 0.8% to 18.0% +/- 1.3% (measured from SHG images), whereas the storage modulus G' and loss modulus G'', components of the shear modulus, increased approximately 33-fold and approximately 16-fold, respectively. A characteristic length scale measured using ICS, W(ICS), correlates well with the mean fiber diameter from SHG images (R(2) = 0.95). Semiflexible network theory predicts a scaling relationship of the collagen gel storage modulus (G') depending upon mesh size and fiber diameter, which are estimated from SHG images using ICS. We conclude that MPM and ICS are an effective combination to assess bulk mechanical properties of collagen hydrogels in a noninvasive, objective, and systematic fashion and may be useful for specific in vivo applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065452?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiang, Huihua Kenny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zacharias, Leandro C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurtz, Ronald M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuppermann, Baruch D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging pulsatile retinal blood flow in human eye.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulsatile Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retinal Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular Resistance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">040505</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A functional Fourier domain optical coherence tomography instrument offering spectral Doppler imaging of in vivo pulsatile human retinal blood flow was constructed. An improved phase-resolved algorithm was developed to correct bulk motion artifacts. Spectral Doppler imaging provides complementary temporal flow information to the spatially distributed flow information of the color Doppler image by providing direct visualization of the Doppler spectrum of the flow whose pattern can be further quantified with various velocity envelope curves and their corresponding flow indices. The coefficient of repeatability on resistance index measurement was assessed by analyzing 14 measurements on two vessels within two normal subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021308?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djalilian, Hamid R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tam, Majestic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging the human tympanic membrane using optical coherence tomography in vivo.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otology &amp; neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otol. Neurotol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcinosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesteatoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimerization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear, Middle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otitis Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tympanic Membrane</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1091-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a diagnostic imaging modality that combines low coherence light with interferometry to produce high-resolution cross-sectional images of living tissues. Using this technology, we have imaged in vivo the human tympanic membrane (TM) in the office clinic setting and characterized TM microstructure in normal and pathologic conditions.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The normal and diseased TMs in 10 adult subjects were examined. Each subject underwent direct microscopic examination before OCT imaging to provide visual coregistration of associated subsites including the anulus fibrosus, pars tensa, pars flaccida, and umbo. The probe from the imaging system (1,310-nm central wavelength, 15-microm coherence length, Niris; Imalux, Cleveland, OH, USA) was introduced into the ear canal to obtain lateral cross-sectional images.

RESULTS: Systematic imaging of the TM was performed with characterization of the epithelial and collagenous layers. The overall TM thickness was clearly demonstrated and quantified.

CONCLUSION: The ability to noninvasively study middle ear microstructures in vivo is essential in the treatment of diseases of the ear. OCT may provide the otologist/neurotologist with the ability to 1) image pathology such as cholesteatoma, dimeric TMs, and chronic otitis media; 2) gauge the response to pharmacological therapy; and 3) monitor postsurgical changes after tympanoplasty and other procedures. OCT may provide a means to optimize the diagnosis and management of patients with middle ear disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957904?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sur, Brandon W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Phuong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Edward L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunophototherapy using PDT combined with rapid intratumoral dendritic cell injection.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemistry and photobiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochem. Photobiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apoptosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dendritic Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Intralesional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasms, Experimental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival Rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1257-64</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The capacity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce localized cell death and tissue damage suggests that when applied to tumors it could create a local depot of tumor-associated antigens, which would be available for uptake and presentation to the immune system, potentially leading to improved tumor control. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent cells for antigen uptake, presentation, and stimulation of the immune system. However, it is unclear whether DCs would retain their viability and functional capacity for the requisite trafficking to draining lymph nodes when adoptively transferred in close temporal and anatomic proximity to the site of PDT-induced cytotoxicity. We conducted studies of combined PDT and adoptive DC therapy, &quot;immunophototherapy,&quot; in a female, Fisher 344 rat orthotopic mammary tumor model. Using 5-aminolevulinic acid as a pro-drug, we demonstrated kinetically favorable biologic conversion to the photosensitive protoporphyrin IX, appropriate trafficking of syngeneic bone marrow-derived DCs injected into PDT-treated tumors within 15 min of completion of therapy, and improved survival over either modality alone. These data indicate that DCs rapidly administered into the site of PDT retain their viability and functional status, supporting the further evaluation of immunophototherapy strategies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435703?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez-San-Juan, Julio C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramos-García, Ruben</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guizar-Iturbide, Ileana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martínez-Niconoff, Gabriel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of velocity distribution assumption on simplified laser speckle imaging equation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar 3</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3197-203</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since blood flow is tightly coupled to the health status of biological tissue, several instruments have been developed to monitor blood flow and perfusion dynamics. One such instrument is laser speckle imaging. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of two velocity distribution assumptions (Lorentzian- and Gaussian-based) to calculate speckle flow index (SFI) values. When the normalized autocorrelation function for the Lorentzian and Gaussian velocity distributions satisfy the same definition of correlation time, then the same velocity range is predicted for low speckle contrast (0 &lt; C &lt; 0.6) and predict different flow velocity range for high contrast. Our derived equations form the basis for simplified calculations of SFI values.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18542407?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Channual, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of long-term monitoring to evaluate the microvascular response to light-based therapies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of investigative dermatology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Invest. Dermatol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light Coagulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Abnormalities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">485-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17657245?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo determination of skin near-infrared optical properties using diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014016</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We develop a superficial diffusing probe with a 3 mm source-detector separation that can be used in combination with diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) methods to noninvasively determine full-spectrum optical properties of superficial in vivo skin in the wavelength range from 650 to 1000 nm. This new probe uses a highly scattering layer to diffuse photons emitted from a collimated light source and relies on a two-layer diffusion model to determine tissue absorption coefficient mu a and reduced scattering coefficient mu's. By employing the probe to measure two-layer phantoms that mimic the optical properties of skin, we demonstrate that the probe has an interrogation depth of 1 to 2 mm. We carry out SSFDPM (steady state frequency-domain photon migration) measurements using this new probe on the volar forearm and palm of 15 subjects, including five subjects of African descent, five Asians, and five Caucasians. The optical properties of in vivo skin determined using the superficial diffusing probe show considerable similarity to published optical properties of carefully prepared ex vivo epidermis+dermis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315374?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ju, Johnny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Lillian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burney, Tanya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batchinsky, Andriy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancio, Leopoldo C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Navneet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography detection of differences in regional large airway smoke inhalation induced injury in a rabbit model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bronchi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke Inhalation Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">034001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke inhalation injury causes acute airway injury that may result in airway compromise with significant morbidity and mortality. We investigate the ability of high resolution endobronchial optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain real-time images for quantitatively assessing regional differences between upper tracheal versus lower tracheal and bronchial airway injury responses to smoke inhalation in vivo using a prototype spectral domain (SLD)-OCT system we constructed, and flexible fiber optic probes. 33 New Zealand White rabbits are intubated and mechanically ventilated. The treatment groups are exposed to inhaled smoke. The OCT probe is introduced through the endotracheal tube and maintained in place for 5 to 6 h. Images of airway mucosa and submucosa are obtained at baseline and at specified intervals postexposure. Starting within less than 15 min after smoke inhalation, there is significant airway thickening in the smoke-exposed animals. This is maintained over 5 h of imaging studies. The lower tracheal airway changes, correlating closely with carboxyhemoglobin levels, are much greater than upper tracheal changes. Significant differences are seen in lower trachea and bronchi after acute smoke inhalation compared to upper trachea as measured in vivo by minimally invasive OCT. OCT is capable of quantitatively detecting regional changes in airway swelling following inhalation injury.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18601546?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, S H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klifa, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baek, H M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birgul, O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gulsen, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, S I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6713-27</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural changes in water molecules are related to physiological, anatomical and pathological properties of tissues. Near infrared (NIR) optical absorption methods are sensitive to water; however, detailed characterization of water in thick tissues is difficult to achieve because subtle spectral shifts can be obscured by multiple light scattering. In the NIR, a water absorption peak is observed around 975 nm. The precise NIR peak's shape and position are highly sensitive to water molecular disposition. We introduce a bound water index (BWI) that quantifies shifts observed in tissue water absorption spectra measured by broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). DOS quantitatively measures light absorption and scattering spectra and therefore reveals bound water spectral shifts. BWI as a water state index was validated by comparing broadband DOS to magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted MRI and conductivity in bound water tissue phantoms. Non-invasive DOS measurements of malignant and normal breast tissues performed in 18 subjects showed a significantly higher fraction of free water in malignant tissues (p &lt; 0.0001) compared to normal tissues. BWI of breast cancer tissues inversely correlated with Nottingham-Bloom-Richardson histopathology scores. These results highlight broadband DOS sensitivity to molecular disposition of water and demonstrate the potential of BWI as a non-invasive in vivo index that correlates with tissue pathology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997265?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preece, Daryl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keen, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowman, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padgett, Miles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leach, Jonathan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Independent polarisation control of multiple optical traps.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crystallization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electricity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refraction, Ocular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15897-902</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a system which uses a single spatial light modulator to control the spin angular momentum of multiple optical traps. These traps may be independently controlled both in terms of spatial location and in terms of their spin angular momentum content. The system relies on a spatial light modulator used in a &quot;split-screen&quot; configuration to generate beams of orthogonal polarisation states which are subsequently combined at a polarising beam splitter. Defining the phase difference between the beams with the spatial light modulator enables control of the polarisation state of the light. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by controlling the rotation and orientation of birefringent vaterite crystals within holographic optical tweezers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18825226?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reinscheid, Rainer K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Xiaobin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okamura, Naoe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In-depth activation of channelrhodopsin 2-sensitized excitable cells with high spatial resolution using two-photon excitation with a near-infrared laser microbeam.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ion Channel Gating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Inbred C57BL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhodopsin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3916-26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used two-photon excitation with a near-infrared (NIR) laser microbeam to investigate activation of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) in excitable cells for the first time to our knowledge. By measuring the fluorescence intensity of the calcium (Ca) indicator dye, Ca orange, at different wavelengths as a function of power of the two-photon excitation microbeam, we determined the activation potential of the NIR microbeam as a function of wavelength. The two-photon activation spectrum is found to match measurements carried out with single-photon activation. However, two-photon activation is found to increase in a nonlinear manner with the power density of the two-photon laser microbeam. This approach allowed us to activate different regions of ChR2-sensitized excitable cells with high spatial resolution. Further, in-depth activation of ChR2 in a spheroid cellular model as well as in mouse brain slices was demonstrated by the use of the two-photon NIR microbeam, which was not possible using single-photon activation. This all-optical method of identification, activation, and detection of ChR2-induced cellular activation in genetically targeted cells with high spatial and temporal resolution will provide a new method of performing minimally invasive in-depth activation of specific target areas of tissues or organisms that have been rendered photosensitive by genetic targeting of ChR2 or similar photo-excitable molecules.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621808?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kukreti, Shwayta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intrinsic near-infrared spectroscopic markers of breast tumors.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease markers</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dis. Markers</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Standards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have discovered quantitative optical biomarkers unique to cancer by developing a double-differential spectroscopic analysis method for near-infrared (NIR, 650-1000 nm) spectra acquired non-invasively from breast tumors. These biomarkers are characterized by specific NIR absorption bands. The double-differential method removes patient specific variations in molecular composition which are not related to cancer, and reveals these specific cancer biomarkers. Based on the spectral regions of absorption, we identify these biomarkers with lipids that are present in tumors either in different abundance than in the normal breast or new lipid components that are generated by tumor metabolism. Furthermore, the O-H overtone regions (980-1000 nm) show distinct variations in the tumor as compared to the normal breast. To quantify spectral variation in the absorption bands, we constructed the Specific Tumor Component (STC) index. In a pilot study of 12 cancer patients we found 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for lesion identification. The STC index, combined with other previously described tissue optical indices, further improves the diagnostic power of NIR for breast cancer detection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208946?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Khyati S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manipulation of mammalian cells using a single-fiber optical microbeam.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHO Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-Aided Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">054049</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The short working distance of microscope objectives has severely restricted the application of optical micromanipulation techniques at larger depths. We show the first use of fiber-optic tweezers toward controlled guidance of neuronal growth cones and stretching of neurons. Further, by mode locking, the fiber-optic tweezers beam was converted to fiber-optic scissors, enabling dissection of neuronal processes and thus allowing study of the subsequent response of neurons to localized injury. At high average powers, lysis of a three-dimensionally trapped cell was accomplished.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021429?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rylander, Christopher G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Milner, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baranov, Stepan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanical tissue optical clearing devices: enhancement of light penetration in ex vivo porcine skin and adipose tissue.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">688-94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The complex morphological structure of tissue and associated variations in the indices of refraction of components therein, provides a highly scattering medium for visible and near-infrared wavelengths of light. Tissue optical clearing permits delivery of light deeper into tissue, potentially improving the capabilities of various light-based therapeutic techniques, such as adipose tissue removal or reshaping.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report results of a study to evaluate effectiveness of novel mechanical tissue optical clearing devices (TOCD) using white light photography and infrared imaging radiometry (IIR). The TOCD consists of a pin array and vacuum pressure source applied directly to the skin surface. IIR images recorded light absorption and temperature increase of ex vivo porcine skin and adipose during laser irradiation (980 and 1,210 nm) before and after TOCD application.

RESULTS: White light photographic images of in vivo human skin demonstrated localized compression and altered visual appearance, indicative of water and blood movement in skin. White light photographic images also showed increased visible light transport through regions of ex vivo porcine skin compressed by TOCD pins. Rate of heating in sub-dermal adipose regions beneath TOCD pins was twofold higher following TOCD application.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of our study suggest that mechanical optical clearing may provide a means to deliver increased light fluence to dermal and adipose tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19065559?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinto-Su, Pedro A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To'a Salazar, Georgina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Christopher E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbritton, Nancy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisms of pulsed laser microbeam release of SU-8 polymer &quot;micropallets&quot; for the collection and separation of adherent cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anal. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adhesiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jun 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4675-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The release of individual polymer micropallets from glass substrates using highly focused laser pulses has been demonstrated for the efficient separation, collection, and expansion of single, adherent cells from a heterogeneous cell population. Here, we use fast-frame photography to examine the mechanism and dynamics of micropallet release produced by pulsed laser microbeam irradiation at lambda = 532 nm using pulse durations ranging between 240 ps and 6 ns. The time-resolved images show the laser microbeam irradiation to result in plasma formation at the interface between the glass coverslip and the polymer micropallet. The plasma formation results in the emission of a shock wave and the ablation of material within the focal volume. Ablation products are generated at high pressure due to the confinement offered by the polymer adhesion to the glass substrate. The ablation products expand underneath the micropallet on a time scale of several hundred nanoseconds. This expansion disrupts the polymer-glass interface and accomplishes the release of the pallet from its glass substrate on the microsecond time scale (approximately 1.5 micros). Our experimental investigation demonstrates that the threshold energy for pallet release is constant (approximately 2 microJ) over a 25-fold range of pulse duration spanning the picosecond to nanosecond domain. Taken together, these results implicate that pallet release accomplished via pulsed laser microbeam irradiation is an energy-driven plasma-mediated ablation process.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18489124?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Suo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCormic, Daniel T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tiquiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomov, Ivan V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miniaturized probe based on a microelectromechanical system mirror for multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jun 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1324-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A factor that limits the use of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) in clinical and preclinical studies is the lack of a compact and flexible probe. We report on a miniaturized MPM probe employing a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror and a double-clad photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). The use of a MEMS mirror and a DCPCF provides many advantages, such as size reduction, rapid and precise scanning, efficient delivery of short pulses, and high collection efficiency of fluorescent signals. The completed probe was 1 cm in outer diameter and 14 cm in length. The developed probe was integrated into an MPM system and used to image fluorescent beads, paper, and biological specimens.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552946?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Cheng-Jen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, Sally M H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiu, Lynn L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ting, Keen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimizing superficial thermal injury using bilateral cryogen spray cooling during laser reshaping of composite cartilage grafts.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nebulizers and Vaporizers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">477-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite cartilage grafts were excised from New Zealand rabbit ears. Flat composite grafts (of cartilage and overlying skin graft on both surfaces) were obtained from each ear and cut into a rectangle measuring 50 mm by 25 mm (x by y) with an average thickness of approximately 1.3 mm (z), skin included. Specimens were manually deformed with a jig and maintained in this new position during laser illumination. The composite cartilage grafts were illuminated on the concave surface with an Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm, 3 mm spot) at 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, 40 W, 50 W. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) was applied to both exterior (convex) and interior (concave) surfaces of the tissue to reduce thermal injury to the grafts. CSC was delivered: (1) in controlled applications (cryogen released when surface reached 40 degrees C, and (2) receiving only laser at above wattage, no CSC [representing the control group]. The specimens were maintained in a deformation for 15 minutes after illumination and serially examined for 14 days. The control group with no CSC caused injury to all specimens, ranging from minor to full thickness epidermal thermal injury. Although most levels of laser and CSC yielded a high degree of reshaping over an acute time period, after 14 days specimens exposed to 30 W, 40 W, 50 W retained shape better than those treated at 10 W and 20 W. The specimens exposed to 50 W with controlled CSC retained its new shape to the highest degree over all others, and thermal injury was minimal. In conclusion, combinations of laser and CSC parameters were effective and practical for the reshaping of composite cartilage grafts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18727025?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bae, Youngwoo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multimodal facial color imaging modality for objective analysis of skin lesions.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Color</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colorimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facial Dermatoses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pigmentation Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064007</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We introduce a multimodal facial color imaging modality that provides a conventional color image, parallel and cross-polarization color images, and a fluorescent color image. We characterize the imaging modality and describe the image analysis methods for objective evaluation of skin lesions. The parallel and cross-polarization color images are useful for the analysis of skin texture, pigmentation, and vascularity. The polarization image, which is derived from parallel and cross-polarization color images, provides morphological information of superficial skin lesions. The fluorescent color image is useful for the evaluation of skin chromophores excited by UV-A radiation. In order to demonstrate the validity of the new imaging modality in dermatology, sample images were obtained from subjects with various skin disorders and image analysis methods were applied for objective evaluation of those lesions. In conclusion, we are confident that the imaging modality and analysis methods should be useful tools to simultaneously evaluate various skin lesions in dermatology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19123654?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new proof of geometric convergence for general transport problems based on sequential correlated sampling methods.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of computational physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Comput Phys</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9762-9777</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In [J. Halton, Sequential Monte Carlo, Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc. 58 (1962), J. Halton, Sequential Monte Carlo Techniques for the Solution of Linear Systems, J. Sci. Comp. 9 (1994) 213-257] Halton introduced a strategy to be used in Monte Carlo algorithms for the efficient solution of certain matrix problems. We showed in [R. Kong, J. Spanier, Sequential correlated sampling methods for some transport problems, in: Harold Niederreiter, Jerome Spanier (Eds.), Monte-Carlo and Quasi Monte-Carlo Methods 1998: Proceedings of a Conference at the Claremont Graduate University, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000, R. Kong, J. Spanier, Error analysis of sequential Monte Carlo methods for transport problems, in: Harold Niederreiter, Jerome Spanier (Eds.), Monte-Carlo and Quasi Monte-Carlo Methods 1998: Proceedings of a Conference at the Claremont Graduate University, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000] how Halton's method based on correlated sampling can be extended to continuous transport problems and established their geometric convergence for a family of transport problems in slab geometry. In our algorithm, random walks are processed in batches, called stages, each stage producing a small correction that is added to the approximate solution developed from the previous stages. In this paper, we demonstrate that strict error reduction from stage to stage can be assured under rather general conditions and we illustrate this rapid convergence numerically for a simple family of two dimensional transport problems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19777119?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da Costa, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei, Randy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Jimmy J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J-F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nondestructive imaging of live human keloid and facial tissue using multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keloid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: To use multiphoton microscopy to image collagen fibers and matrix structure in nonfixed human keloid tissue and normal human facial skin obtained following surgery and to compare the findings to existing knowledge of normal skin and keloid morphology to determine if this technology is a suitable adjunct for conventional histology.

METHODS: Epidermis was removed to expose the fibroblast-rich dermal layer that was then imaged using a multiphoton confocal microscope (Zeiss-Meta 510; Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). An 800-nm tunable titanium/sapphire femtosecond laser (Mai-Tai; Newport Co Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, California) was used to excite the tissue; second harmonic generation between 397 and 408 nm and autofluorescent signals were collected. Images were obtained using a Plan-Neofluar x40 oil immersion objective lens and a Plan-Apochromat x63 oil immersion lens.

RESULTS: Compared with normal skin, keloids showed disorganized collagen fibers arranged in complex swirls and bundles 20 to 30 microm in diameter. Normal tissue showed collagen fibers as distinct, straight strands less than 10 microm in diameter. Differences between normal and keloid tissue were subtle but apparent.

CONCLUSIONS: The value of imaging living tissue is a significant benefit. Because keloids and hypertrophic scars result from altered collagen metabolism, the development of clinical multiphoton microscopy systems may allow examination of wound healing dynamics in vivo and potentially provides a means to monitor therapy without the need for biopsy or the risk of injury to tissue.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209122?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Yu-Chih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ringold, Tyson L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive blood flow imaging for real-time feedback during laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemorheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Blood Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: During laser therapy of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, regions of persistent perfusion may exist. Immediate retreatment of such regions may improve PWS laser therapeutic outcome. To address this need, we propose use of laser speckle imaging (LSI) to provide real-time, quantitative feedback during laser surgery. Herein, we present in vitro and in vivo data collected with a clinic-based LSI instrument.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prior to clinical implementation, we first investigated three aspects of LSI deemed important for clinical imaging: (1) instrument depth of field (DOF); (2) effects of laser irradiance on speckle flow index (SFI) values; and (3) measurement repeatability. Clinical measurements were acquired from the lesions of PWS patients immediately prior to and after laser therapy at the Beckman Laser Institute.

RESULTS: Our preclinical data suggest the following: (1) instrument DOF was approximately 1 cm; (2) quantitative flow characterization with LSI was practically unaffected at normalized irradiance values between 0.06 and 0.5; and (3) our LSI instrument was capable of highly reproducible SFI values. From our clinical measurements, we found that the relative difference between blood perfusion in PWS lesions and adjacent normal skin was highly variable. Based on SFI images, the perfusion of PWS skin is sometimes indistinguishable from that of adjacent normal skin. With laser therapy, we measured a global decrease in blood perfusion, and we frequently observed distinct regions of persistent perfusion.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the potential role of image-guided laser therapy of PWS birthmarks. LSI is a promising tool for noninvasive blood flow characterization during laser therapy due to its relative simplicity and low cost.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366081?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verjans, Johan W H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovhaug, Dagfinn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Navneet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrov, Artiom D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indrevoll, Bård</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjurgert, Emma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, Lizette B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kindberg, Grete M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solbakken, Magne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuthbertson, Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vannan, Mani A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reutelingsperger, Chris P M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofstra, Leonard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narula, Jagat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive imaging of angiotensin receptors after myocardial infarction.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JACC. Cardiovascular imaging</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin II</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binding Sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Markers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heart Failure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Losartan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Video</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocardial Infarction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myocardium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiopharmaceuticals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, Angiotensin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technetium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ventricular Remodeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X-Ray Microtomography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive imaging of angiotensin II (AT) receptor upregulation in a mouse model of post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF).

BACKGROUND: Circulating AT levels do not reflect the status of upregulation of renin-angiotensin axis in the myocardium, which plays a central role in ventricular remodeling and evolution of HF after MI. Appropriately labeled AT or AT receptor blocking agents should be able to specifically target AT receptors by molecular imaging techniques.

METHODS: AT receptor imaging was performed in 29 mice at various time points after permanent coronary artery ligation or in controls using a fluoresceinated angiotensin peptide analog (APA) and radiolabeled losartan. The APA was used in 19 animals for intravital fluorescence microscopy on a beating mouse heart. Tc-99m losartan was used for in vivo radionuclide imaging and quantitative assessment of AT receptor expression in 10 mice. After imaging, hearts were harvested for pathological characterization using confocal and 2-photon microscopy.

RESULTS: No or little APA uptake was observed in control animals or within infarct regions on days 0 and 1. Distinct uptake occurred in the infarct area at 1 to 12 weeks after MI; the uptake was at maximum at 3 weeks and reduced markedly at 12 weeks after MI. Ultrasonographic examination demonstrated left ventricular remodeling, and pathologic characterization revealed localization of the APA tracer with collagen-producing myofibroblasts. Tc-99m losartan uptake in the infarct region (0.524 +/- 0.212% injected dose/g) increased 2.4-fold as compared to uptake in the control animals (0.215 +/- 0.129%; p &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo molecular imaging of AT receptors in the remodeling myocardium. Noninvasive imaging studies aimed at AT receptor expression could play a role in identification of subjects likely to develop heart failure. In addition, such a strategy could allow for optimization of anti-angiotensin therapy in patients after MI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356449?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Guikai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Longen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khidr, Lily</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Xuning Emily</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Wankee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Young Mi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Phang-Lang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel role of the chromokinesin Kif4A in DNA damage response.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRCA2 Protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Vectors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinesin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rad51 Recombinase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombination, Genetic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013-20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromokinesins are microtubule-motor molecules that possess chromatin binding activity and are important for mitotic and meiotic regulation. The chromokinesin-member Kif4A is unique in that it localizes to nucleus during interphase of the cell cycle. Kif4 deletion by gene targeting in mouse embryonic cells was known to associate with DNA damage response. However, its precise role in DNA damage or repair pathway is not clear. Here we report that Kif4A associates with BRCA2 in a biochemical identification and that the interaction is mediated by the Kif4A C-terminal cargo-binding domain and BRCA2 C-terminal conserved region. Upon nucleus-specific laser micro-irradiation, Kif4A was rapidly recruited to sites of DNA damage. Significantly, the depletion of Kif4A from cells by shRNA impaired the ionizing-radiation induced foci (IRIF) formation of Rad51, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In contrast, the IRIF of gamma-H2AX or NBS1 was largely intact. Moreover, Kif4A knockdown rendered cells hypersensitive to ionizing radiation in a colonogenic survival assay. We further demonstrated that Kif4A deficiency led to significantly decreased homologous recombination in an I-SceI endonuclease induced in vivo recombination assay. Together, our results suggest a novel role for a chromokinesin family member in the DNA damage response by modulating the BRCA2/Rad51 pathway.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18604178?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Xiangqun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical clearing of flowing blood using dextrans with spectral domain optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dextrans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tendons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">021107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images have been used to investigate the mechanism of optical clearing in flowing blood using dextrans. The depth reflectivity profiles from SDOCT indicate that dextrans become increasingly more effective in reducing scattering in flowing blood, except for 5 mgdl(-1) of Dx500, with increasing molecular weights (MW 70,000 and 500,000) and concentrations (0.6, 2, and 5 mgdl(-1)). Among the tested dextrans, Dx500 at 2 mgdl(-1) had the most significant effect on light scattering reduction with the strongest capability to induce erythrocyte aggregation. Dx500 at 5 mgdl(-1) contributes more refractive index matching but induces a decrease in aggregation that leads to the same level as 0.6 mgdl(-1) Dx500. Previous studies identified various mechanisms of light scattering reduction in stationary blood induced by optical clearing agents. Our results suggest that erythrocyte aggregation is a more important mechanism for optical clearing in flowing blood using dextrans, providing a rational design basis for effective flowing blood optical clearing, which is essential for improving OCT imaging capability through flowing blood.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18465956?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djalilian, Hamid R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Janice E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of the cochlea in the porcine model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cochlea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1449-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To demonstrate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography in microstructural imaging of the porcine cochlea.

STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo, porcine model.

METHODS: Optical coherence tomographic images of the porcine cochlea were obtained by thinning the bone from the basal turn of the cochlea leaving the endosteum intact. The images were compared with the corresponding histological sections.

RESULTS: In the areas of thinned bone, images were obtained of the stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, scala media, scala tympani, and scala vestibuli. The bone was too thick for adequate light penetration in the areas where it was not thinned. Good histological correlation was obtained.

CONCLUSIONS: Cochlear and vestibular microanatomic structures of the pig cochlea were clearly identified with histological confirmation, suggesting the potential application of this noninvasive imaging modality for in vivo imaging of the human cochlea.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18496151?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhonping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of the larynx in the awake patient.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the feasibility of performing optical coherence tomography of the human larynx on the awake patient with a novel flexible fiberoptic delivery system.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Imaging was performed in 17 awake patients. A flexible optical coherence tomography probe was inserted through the nose and placed in near or gentle contact with laryngeal tissues under direct endoscopic visualization.

RESULTS: Images were successfully obtained from all laryngeal subsites and clearly identified laryngeal mucosal microanatomy. Several critical probe design modifications improved rotational and angular control of the distal tip while allowing linear translation of the probe and allowing more accurate apposition of the probe onto target tissues, which is critical for transnasal laryngeal imaging.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of awake transnasal laryngeal optical coherence tomography and identifies key instrumentation needed to obtain useful images.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359348?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, David C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barretto, Roberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahuja, Gurpreet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sills, Jack H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of the newborn airway.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Differential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gestational Age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngostenosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-34</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Acquired subglottic stenosis in a newborn is often associated with prolonged endotracheal intubation. This condition is generally diagnosed during operative endoscopy after airway injury has occurred. Unfortunately, endoscopy is unable to characterize the submucosal changes observed in such airway injuries. Other modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound, do not possess the necessary level of resolution to differentiate scar, neocartilage, and edema. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality that produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of living tissue (8 to 20 microm). We examined the ability of this noninvasive technique to characterize the newborn airway in a prospective clinical trial.

METHODS: Twelve newborn patients who required ventilatory support underwent OCT airway imaging. Comparative analysis of intubated and non-intubated states was performed.

RESULTS: Imaging of the supraglottis, glottis, subglottis, and trachea was performed in 12 patients, revealing unique tissue characteristics as related to turbidity, signal backscattering, and architecture. Multiple structures were identified, including the vocal folds, cricoid cartilage, tracheal rings, ducts, glands, and vessels.

CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography clearly identifies in vivo tissue layers and regional architecture while offering detailed information concerning tissue microstructures. The diagnostic potential of this technology makes OCT a promising modality in the study and surveillance of the neonatal airway.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18564528?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokes, David E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez, Jorge A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography-enhanced microlaryngoscopy: preliminary report of a noncontact optical coherence tomography system integrated with a surgical microscope.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mucous Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal Cords</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">538-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new imaging modality that uses near-infrared light to produce cross-sectional images of tissue with a resolution approaching that of light microscopy. We have previously reported use of OCT imaging of the vocal folds (VFs) during direct laryngoscopy with a probe held in contact or near-contact with the VFs. This aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel OCT system integrated with a surgical microscope to allow hands-free OCT imaging of the VFs, which could be performed simultaneously with microscopic visualization.

METHODS: We performed a prospective evaluation of a new method of acquiring OCT images of the VFs.

RESULTS: An OCT system was successfully integrated with a surgical microscope to permit noncontact OCT imaging of the VFs of 10 patients. With this novel device we were able to identify VF epithelium and lamina propria; however, the resolution was reduced compared to that achieved with the standard contact or near-contact OCT.

CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography is able to produce high-resolution images of vocal fold mucosa to a maximum depth of 1.6 mm. It may be used in the diagnosis of VF lesions, particularly early squamous cell carcinoma, in which OCT can show disruption of the basement membrane. Mounting the OCT device directly onto the operating microscope allows hands-free noncontact OCT imaging and simultaneous conventional microscopic visualization of the VFs. However, the lateral resolution of the OCT microscope system is 50 microm, in contrast to the conventional handheld probe system (10 microm). Although such images at this resolution are still useful clinically, improved resolution would enhance the system's performance, potentially enabling real-time OCT-guided microsurgery of the larynx.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18700431?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical sectioning for microfluidics: secondary flow and mixing in a meandering microchannel.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab on a chip</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lab Chip</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polystyrenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary flow plays a critical function in a microchannel, such as a micromixer, because it can enhance heat and mass transfer. However, there is no experimental method to visualize the secondary flow and the associated mixing pattern in a microchannel because of difficulties in high-resolution, non-invasive, cross-sectional imaging. Here, we simultaneously imaged and quantified the secondary flow and pattern of two-liquid mixing inside a meandering square microchannel with spectral-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography. We observed an increase in the efficiency of two-liquid mixing when air was injected to produce a bubble-train flow and identified the three-dimensional enhancement mechanism behind the complex mixing phenomena. An alternating pair of counter-rotating and toroidal vortices cooperated to enhance two-liquid mixing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094770?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, S K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, K S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, M W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organization of microscale objects using a microfabricated optical fiber.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2155-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the use of a single fiber-optic axicon device for organization of microscopic objects using longitudinal optical binding. Further, by manipulating the shape of the fiber tip, part of the emanating light was made to undergo total internal reflection in the conical tip region, enabling near-field trapping. Near-field trapping resulted in trapping and self-organization of long chains of particles along azimuthal directions (in contrast to the axial direction, observed in the case of large tip cone angle far-field trapping).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794962?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Cheng-Jen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiao, Yen-Chang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihm, Martin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot study examining the combined use of pulsed dye laser and topical Imiquimod versus laser alone for treatment of port wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Cutaneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminoquinolines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferon Inducers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retrospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">605-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to improve port wine stain (PWS) therapeutic outcome in response to laser therapy. Our specific aim was to determine whether the combined use of pulsed dye laser (PDL) therapy and topical Imiquimod versus PDL alone can improve PWS therapeutic outcome.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: This pilot study involved a retrospective review of 20 subjects, all Asian, with PWS. Subject ages ranged between 3 and 56 years. Upon enrollment, three test sites were prospectively identified on each subject for treatment assignments to the following regimens: (A) PDL+Imiquimod; (B) PDL alone; and (C) Imiquimod alone. PDL test sites received a single treatment with a 585 nm wavelength; 1.5 milliseconds pulse duration; spot size 7 mm using a light dosage of 10 J/cm2 with cryogen spray cooling. For the PDL+Imiquimod and Imiquimod alone test sites, subjects were instructed to apply Imiquimod topically to the sites once daily for 1 month after PDL exposure. Subjects were followed-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PDL exposure to evaluate each of the three test sites. The primary efficacy measurement was the quantitative assessment of blanching responses as measured by a DermoSpectrometer to calculate the hemoglobin-index of each site at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PDL exposure. Subjects were also closely monitored for any adverse effects.

RESULTS: Based on paired sample test analysis, there were clinically, and statistically significant, differences in blanching responses over time favoring PWS receiving PDL+Imiquimod as compared to either PDL or Imiquimod alone (P&lt;0.05). At 12 months, it should be noted that there was some evidence of redarkening of PWS test sites treated by PDL+Imiquimod and PDL alone, presumably due to revascularization of blood vessels. However, based on comparison of the hemoglobin-indices determined at 1 and 12 months after PDL exposure, there was less revascularization of PWS test sites treated with PDL+Imiquimod as compared to PDL alone (P&lt;0.05). Transient hyperpigmentation was noted in 10% (n = 2) and 40% (n = 8) of subjects on the PDL+Imiquimod and PDL alone test sites, respectively. On all sites, hyperpigmentation resolved spontaneously without medical intervention within 6 months. Permanent hypopigmentation or scarring was not observed on any test site.

CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this pilot study, PDL+Imiquimod resulted in superior blanching responses over time as compared to PDL alone for treatment of test sites on PWS lesions. Although the PDL+Imiquimod approach is intriguing, clinical validation in large PWS patient samples is required.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18951427?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Samarendra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Gangjun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genc, Suzanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative phase evaluation of dynamic changes on cell membrane during laser microsurgery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocyte Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">050508</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability to inject exogenous material as well as to alter subcellular structures in a minimally invasive manner using a laser microbeam has been useful for cell biologists to study the structure-function relationship in complex biological systems. We describe a quantitative phase laser microsurgery system, which takes advantage of the combination of laser microirradiation and short-coherence interference microscopy. Using this method, quantitative phase images and the dynamic changes of phase during the process of laser microsurgery of red blood cells (RBCs) can be evaluated in real time. This system would enable absolute quantitation of localized alteration/damage to transparent phase objects, such as the cell membrane or intracellular structures, being exposed to the laser microbeam. Such quantitation was not possible using conventional phase-contrast microscopy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021378?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seo, InSeok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Med Phys</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colloids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">681-93</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed an analytic solution for spatially resolved diffuse reflectance within the deltaP1 approximation to the radiative transport equation for a semi-infinite homogeneous turbid medium. We evaluate the performance of this solution by comparing its predictions with those provided by Monte Carlo simulations and the standard diffusion approximation. We demonstrate that the delta-P1 approximation provides accurate estimates for spatially resolved diffuse reflectance in both low and high scattering media. We also develop a multi-stage nonlinear optimization algorithm in which the radiative transport estimates provided by the delta-P1 approximation are used to recover the optical absorption (microa), reduced scattering (micros'), and single-scattering asymmetry coefficients (g1) of liquid and solid phantoms from experimental measurements of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance. Specifically, the delta-P1 approximation can be used to recover microa, micros', and g1 with errors within +/- 22%, +/- 18%, and +/- 17%, respectively, for both intralipid-based and siloxane-based tissue phantoms. These phantoms span the optical property range 4 &lt; (micros' /microa) &lt; 117. Using these same measurements, application of the standard diffusion approximation resulted in the recovery of microa and micros' with errors o f +/- 29% and +/- 25%, respectively. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the delta-P1 approximation provides accurate radiative transport estimates that can be used to determine accurately the optical properties of biological tissues, particularly in spectral regions where tissue may display moderate/low ratios of reduced scattering to absorption (micros'/microa).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383690?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G Colt, Henri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time swept source optical coherence tomography imaging of the human airway using a microelectromechanical system endoscope and digital signal processor.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lighting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miniaturization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">030506</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A fast-scan-rate swept laser for optical coherence tomography (OCT) is suitable to record and analyze a 3-D image volume. However, the whole OCT system speed is limited by data streaming, processing, and storage. In this case, postprocessing is a common technique. Endoscopic clinical applications prefer onsite diagnosis, which requires a real-time technique. Parallel digital signal processors were applied to stream and process data directly from a data digitizer. A real-time system with 20-kHz axial line speed, which was limited only by our swept laser scan rate, was implemented. To couple with the system speed, an endoscope based on an improved 3-D microelectromechanical motor (diameter 1.5 mm, length 9.4 mm) was developed. In vivo 3-D imaging of the human airway was demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18601523?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote plethysmographic imaging using ambient light.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exercise</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heart Rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring, Physiologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plethysmography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Video Recording</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21434-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plethysmographic signals were measured remotely (&gt; 1m) using ambient light and a simple consumer level digital camera in movie mode. Heart and respiration rates could be quantified up to several harmonics. Although the green channel featuring the strongest plethysmographic signal, corresponding to an absorption peak by (oxy-) hemoglobin, the red and blue channels also contained plethysmographic information. The results show that ambient light photo-plethysmography may be useful for medical purposes such as characterization of vascular skin lesions (e.g., port wine stains) and remote sensing of vital signs (e.g., heart and respiration rates) for triage or sports purposes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19104573?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppe, Jean-Philippe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boysen, Megan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kang, Mo K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, No-Hee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desprez, Pierre-Yves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campisi, Judith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krtolica, Ana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A role for fibroblasts in mediating the effects of tobacco-induced epithelial cell growth and invasion.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular cancer research : MCR</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Cancer Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basement Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Markers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Polarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture Media, Conditioned</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Down-Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratinocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidative Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotype</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Array Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reactive Oxygen Species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobacco</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1085-98</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco extracts contain multiple carcinogenic compounds, but little is known about the mechanisms by which tumors develop and progress upon chronic exposure to carcinogens such as those present in tobacco products. Here, we examine the effects of smokeless tobacco extracts on human oral fibroblasts. We show that smokeless tobacco extracts elevated the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen, oxidative DNA damage, and DNA double-strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner. Extended exposure to extracts induced fibroblasts to undergo a senescence-like growth arrest, with striking accompanying changes in the secretory phenotype. Using cocultures of smokeless tobacco extracts-exposed fibroblasts and immortalized but nontumorigenic keratinocytes, we further show that factors secreted by extracts-modified fibroblasts increase the proliferation and invasiveness of partially transformed epithelial cells, but not their normal counterparts. In addition, smokeless tobacco extracts-exposed fibroblasts caused partially transformed keratinocytes to lose the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, as well as involucrin, changes that are indicative of compromised epithelial function and commonly associated with malignant progression. Together, our results suggest that fibroblasts may contribute to tumorigenesis indirectly by increasing epithelial cell aggressiveness. Thus, tobacco may not only initiate mutagenic changes in epithelial cells but also promote the growth and invasion of mutant cells by creating a procarcinogenic stromal environment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18644973?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Hyunmin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taggart, David K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang, Chengxiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penner, Reginald M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial control of coherent anti-stokes emission with height-modulated gold zig-zag nanowires.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano Lett.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2373-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intrinsic coherent anti-Stokes emission is observed in lithographically patterned gold nanowires. Polarization dependent measurements reveal that the nanostructure's anti-Stokes response is polarized in the direction of the transverse surface plasmon resonance of the wire. We have used specially fabricated gold nanozigzag wires that are modulated in height between 20 and 80 nm to demonstrate tuning of the plasmon polarizability through control of wire height. Stronger anti-Stokes emission is shown to correlate with structures that support higher plasmon polarizability, underlining the primary role of the transverse plasmon resonance in the generation of anti-Stokes radiation from gold nanostructures. Our results also point out that a potential surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) assay for detecting the vibrational response of surface-tethered molecules needs to include a mechanism for separating the molecular response from the strong intrinsic anti-Stokes emission of the metallic nanosubstrate.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18662040?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanabria, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digman, Michelle A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waxham, M Neal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial diffusivity and availability of intracellular calmodulin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binding Sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calmodulin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytoplasm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intracellular Space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viscosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6002-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calmodulin (CaM) is the major pathway that transduces intracellular Ca2+ increases to the activation of a wide variety of downstream signaling enzymes. CaM and its target proteins form an integrated signaling network believed to be tuned spatially and temporally to control CaM's ability to appropriately pass signaling events downstream. Here, we report the spatial diffusivity and availability of CaM labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-CaM, at basal and elevated Ca2+,quantified by the novel fluorescent techniques of raster image scanning spectroscopy and number and brightness analysis. Our results show that in basal Ca2+ conditions cytoplasmic eGFP-CaM diffuses at a rate of 10 microm(2)/s, twofold slower than the noninteracting tracer, eGFP, indicating that a significant fraction of CaM is diffusing bound to other partners. The diffusion rate of eGFP-CaM is reduced to 7 microm(2)/s when a large (646 kDa) target protein Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II is coexpressed in the cells. In addition, the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, which can bind up to 12 CaM molecules per holoenzyme, increases the stoichiometry of binding to an average of 3 CaMs per diffusive molecule. Elevating intracellular Ca2+ did not have a major impact on the diffusion of CaM complexes. These results present us with a model whereby CaM is spatially modulated by target proteins and support the hypothesis that CaM availability is a limiting factor in the network of CaM-signaling enzymes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18820232?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bassi, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial shift of spatially modulated light projected on turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisotropy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2833-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work extends modulated imaging, a recently developed technique based on the projection of structured light on a turbid medium that is able to measure optical properties of the high-scattering medium and perform tomography. We observe that structured light obliquely projected on a turbid medium undergoes a spatial shift during propagation. We propose a method to measure the spatial phase shift of a sinusoidal fringe pattern projected in a turbid medium, and we present a model derived from the diffusion approximation to describe the light propagation. Experimental validation by measurements performed on liquid phantoms is presented.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18978863?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milanic, Matija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, Boris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral filtering for improved pulsed photothermal temperature profiling in agar tissue phantoms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connective Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064002</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a systematic experimental comparison of pulsed photothermal temperature profiling utilizing the customary spectral band of the InSb radiation detector (lambda=3.0 to 5.6 microm) and a narrowed acquisition band (4.5 to 5.6 microm). We use custom tissue phantoms composed of agar gel layers separated by thin absorbing layers. The laser-induced temperature profiles are reconstructed within the customary monochromatic approximation, using a custom minimization algorithm. In a detailed numerical simulation of the experimental procedure, we consider several acquisition spectral bands with the lower wavelength limit varied between 3.0 and 5.0 microm (imitating application of different long-pass filters). The simulated PPTR signals contain noise with amplitude and spectral characteristics consistent with our experimental system. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that spectral filtering reduces reconstruction error and broadening of temperature peaks, especially for shallower and more complex absorbing structures. For the simulated PPTR system and watery tissues, numerical results indicate an optimal lower wavelength limit of 3.8 to 4.2 microm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19123649?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zemek, Allison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature dependent change in equilibrium elastic modulus after thermally induced stress relaxation in porcine septal cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compressive Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homeostasis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Coagulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) is a promising method for the in situ treatment of structural deformities in the nasal septum, external ear and trachea. Laser heating leads to changes in cartilage mechanical properties and produces relaxation of internal stress allowing formation of a new stable shape. While some animal and preliminary human studies have demonstrated clinical feasibility of LCR, application of the method outside specialized centers requires a better understanding of the evolution of cartilage mechanical properties with temperature. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a method for reliable evaluation of mechanical changes in the porcine septal cartilage undergoing stress relaxation during laser heating and (2) model the mechanical changes in cartilage at steady state following laser heating.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular cartilage specimens harvested from porcine septum were heated uniformly by a radio-frequency (RF) electric field (500 kHz) for 8 and 12 seconds to maximum temperatures from 50 to 90 degrees C. Cylindrical samples were fashioned from the heated specimens and their equilibrium elastic modulus was measured in a step unconfined compression experiment. Functional dependencies of the elastic modulus and maximum temperature were interpolated from the measurements. Profiles of the elastic modulus produced after 8 and 12 seconds of laser irradiation (Nd:YAG, lambda = 1.34 microm, spot diameter 4.8 mm, laser power 8 W) were calculated from interpolation functions and surface temperature histories measured with a thermal camera. The calculated elastic modulus profiles were incorporated into a numerical model of uniaxial unconfined compression of laser irradiated cylindrical samples. The reaction force to a 0.1 compressive strain was calculated and compared with the reaction force obtained in analogous mechanical measurements experiment.

RESULTS: RF heating of rectangular cartilage sample produces a spatially uniform temperature field (temperature variations &lt; or = 4 degrees C) in a central region of the sample which is also large enough for reliable mechanical testing. Output power adjustment of the RF generator allows production of temperature histories that are very similar to those produced by laser heating at temperatures above 60 degrees C. This allows creation of RF cartilage samples with mechanical properties similar to laser irradiated cartilage, however with a spatially uniform temperature field. Cartilage equilibrium elastic modulus as a function of peak temperature were obtained from the mechanical testing of RF heated samples. In the temperature interval from 60 to 80 degrees C, the equilibrium modulus decreased from 0.08+/- 0.01 MPa to 0.016+/-0.007 MPa, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation of uniaxial compression of laser heated samples demonstrate good correlation with experimentally obtained reaction force.

CONCLUSIONS: The thermal history and corresponding thermally induced modification of mechanical properties of laser irradiated septal cartilage can be mimicked by heating tissue samples with RF electric current with the added advantage of a uniform temperature profile. The spatial distribution of the mechanical properties obtained in septal cartilage after laser irradiation could be computed from mechanical testing of RF heated samples and used for numerical simulation of LCR procedure. Generalization of this methodology to incorporate orthogonal mechanical properties may aid in optimizing clinical laser cartilage reshaping procedures.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366085?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jenny R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jeehyun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal depth profiling of vascular lesions: automated regularization of reconstruction algorithms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Mar 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1463-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulsed photo-thermal radiometry (PPTR) is a non-invasive, non-contact diagnostic technique used to locate cutaneous chromophores such as melanin (epidermis) and hemoglobin (vascular structures). Clinical utility of PPTR is limited because it typically requires trained user intervention to regularize the inversion solution. Herein, the feasibility of automated regularization was studied. A second objective of this study was to depart from modeling port wine stain PWS, a vascular skin lesion frequently studied with PPTR, as strictly layered structures since this may influence conclusions regarding PPTR reconstruction quality. Average blood vessel depths, diameters and densities derived from histology of 30 PWS patients were used to generate 15 randomized lesion geometries for which we simulated PPTR signals. Reconstruction accuracy for subjective regularization was compared with that for automated regularization methods. The objective regularization approach performed better. However, the average difference was much smaller than the variation between the 15 simulated profiles. Reconstruction quality depended more on the actual profile to be reconstructed than on the reconstruction algorithm or regularization method. Similar, or better, accuracy reconstructions can be achieved with an automated regularization procedure which enhances prospects for user friendly implementation of PPTR to optimize laser therapy on an individual patient basis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296773?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chae, Yongseok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holden, Paul K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlebicki, Cara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermoforming of tracheal cartilage: viability, shape change, and mechanical behavior.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Semiconductor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheal Stenosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">550-61</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trauma, emergent tracheostomy, and prolonged intubation are common causes of severe deformation and narrowing of the trachea. Laser technology may be used to reshape tracheal cartilage using minimally invasive methods. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the dependence of tracheal cartilage shape change on temperature and laser dosimetry using heated saline bath immersion and laser irradiation, respectively, (2) the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of cartilage, and (3) tissue viability as a function of laser dosimetry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex vivo rabbit trachea cartilage specimens were bent and secured around a cylinder (6 mm), and then immersed in a saline bath (45 and 72 degrees C) for 5-100 seconds. In separate experiments, tracheal specimens were irradiated with a diode laser (lambda = 1.45 microm, 220-400 J/cm(2)). Mechanical analysis was then used to determine the elastic modulus in tension after irradiation. Fluorescent viability assays combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) were employed to image and identify thermal injury regions.

RESULTS: Shape change transition zones, between 62 and 66 degrees C in the saline heating bath and above power densities of 350 J/cm(2) (peak temperatures 65+/-10 degrees C) for laser irradiation were identified. Above these zones, the elastic moduli were higher (8.2+/-4 MPa) than at lower temperatures (4.5+/-3 MPa). LSCM identified significant loss of viable chondrocytes within the laser-irradiation zones.

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a change in mechanical properties occurs with laser irradiation and further demonstrates that significant thermal damage is concurrent with clinically relevant shape change in the elastic cartilage tissues of the rabbit trachea using the present laser and dosimetry parameters.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798288?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCaughey, Ryan G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neev, Joseph</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickinson, Mark R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time and frequency resolved XeCl laser-induced mechanical transients in otic capsule bone.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomedicine and laser surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomed Laser Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear, Inner</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Excimer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal Bone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Culture Techniques</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: This study identifies the presence of photoacoustic waves during excimer laser treatment of porcine otic capsule bone.

BACKGROUND DATA: Pulsed ultraviolet lasers have been suggested for use in middle ear surgery due to their potential for fiberoptic delivery, decreased thermal trauma, and precise ablation characteristics. However, the short pulse width of excimer lasers (typically 10-150 ns) can create large thermoelastic stresses in the ablation specimen.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A XeCl (lambda = 308 nm, tau = 12 ns) excimer laser was used to ablate wafers of bone with energies of 90, 35, 13, 5, and 1.8 mJ/pulse. Custom high-frequency polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film transducers were fabricated and attached to the slices of bone. During ablation photoacoustic signals were amplified using a low-noise preamplifier and recorded on a digitizing oscilloscope.

RESULTS: Photoacoustic waves were clearly identified. Stress wave amplitude increased with laser fluence.

CONCLUSION: A laser fluence must be found that compromises between an increased ablation rate and increased stress wave amplitude. The acoustic power levels generated during ablation are below maximum exposure limits.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248159?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jae G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan, Kathy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Convertino, Victor A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rickards, Caroline A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue hemoglobin monitoring of progressive central hypovolemia in humans using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypovolemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lower Body Negative Pressure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064027</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate noninvasive near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) measurements of tissue hemoglobin contents that can track progressive reductions in central blood volume in human volunteers. Measurements of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (Q) are obtained in ten healthy human subjects during baseline supine rest and exposure to progressive reductions of central blood volume produced by application of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Simultaneous quantitative noninvasive measurements of tissue oxyhemoglobin (OHb), deoxyhemoglobin (RHb), total hemoglobin concentration (THb), and tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)) are performed throughout LBNP application using broadband DOS. As progressively increasing amounts of LBNP are applied, HR increases, and MAP, SV, and Q decrease (p&lt;0.001). OHb, S(t)O(2), and THb decrease (p&lt;0.001) in correlation with progressive increases in LBNP, while tissue RHb remained relatively constant (p=0.378). The average fractional changes from baseline values in DOS OHb (fOHb) correlate closely with independently measured changes in SV (r(2)=0.95) and Q (r(2)=0.98) during LBNP. Quantitative noninvasive broadband DOS measurements of tissue hemoglobin parameters of peripheral perfusion are capable of detecting progressive reductions in central blood volume, and appear to be sensitive markers of early hypoperfusion associated with hemorrhage as simulated by LBNP.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19123673?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xia, Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoover, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topographical variations in the polarization sensitivity of articular cartilage as determined by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and polarized light microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">054034</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To understand the influence of topographical variations in collagen fibril orientation of articular cartilage on optical phase images of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), we use polarized light microscopy (PLM) to quantify the orientation and phase retardation of the collagen architecture in cartilage at the same locations imaged by PS-OCT. The PS-OCT experiments demonstrate that articular cartilage has normal variations in polarization sensitivity at different locations over an intact bovine tibial plateau. Articular cartilage is not polarization sensitive along the vertical axis on the medial edge and central areas of the joint surface, but becomes polarization sensitive on the lateral edge of the tibia. This difference in optical phase retardation, as demonstrated by PS-OCT, is verified by PLM to be caused by differences in collagen fibril orientation at different locations of the tibial plateau. This study demonstrates that normal topographical variations in the collagen architecture of articular cartilage within a joint have a profound influence on the optical phase retardation detected by PS-OCT imaging, and therefore must be understood and mapped for specific joints before PS-OCT imaging can be used for the evaluation of the health status of individual joint surfaces.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19021414?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toda, Hirofumi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mochizuki, Hiroaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flores, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Josowitz, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaMorte, Vickie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suzuki, Emiko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gindhart, Joseph G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furukubo-Tokunaga, Katsuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomoda, Toshifumi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNC-51/ATG1 kinase regulates axonal transport by mediating motor-cargo assembly.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes &amp; development</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes Dev.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Axonal Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrier Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophila</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophila Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synaptic Vesicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3292-307</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Axonal transport mediated by microtubule-dependent motors is vital for neuronal function and viability. Selective sets of cargoes, including macromolecules and organelles, are transported long range along axons to specific destinations. Despite intensive studies focusing on the motor machinery, the regulatory mechanisms that control motor-cargo assembly are not well understood. Here we show that UNC-51/ATG1 kinase regulates the interaction between synaptic vesicles and motor complexes during transport in Drosophila. UNC-51 binds UNC-76, a kinesin heavy chain (KHC) adaptor protein. Loss of unc-51 or unc-76 leads to severe axonal transport defects in which synaptic vesicles are segregated from the motor complexes and accumulate along axons. Genetic studies show that unc-51 and unc-76 functionally interact in vivo to regulate axonal transport. UNC-51 phosphorylates UNC-76 on Ser(143), and the phosphorylated UNC-76 binds Synaptotagmin-1, a synaptic vesicle protein, suggesting that motor-cargo interactions are regulated in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In addition, defective axonal transport in unc-76 mutants is rescued by a phospho-mimetic UNC-76, but not a phospho-defective UNC-76, demonstrating the essential role of UNC-76 Ser(143) phosphorylation in axonal transport. Thus, our data provide insight into axonal transport regulation that depends on the phosphorylation of adaptor proteins.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056884?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tam, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durrant, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of laser tweezers to analyze sperm motility and mitochondrial membrane potential.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robotics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014002</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We combine laser tweezers with custom computer tracking software and robotics to analyze the motility [swimming speed, VCL (curvilinear velocity), and swimming force in terms of escape laser power (Pesc)] and energetics [mitochondrial membrane potential (MP)] of individual sperm. Domestic dog sperm are labeled with a cationic fluorescent probe, DiOC2(3), that reports the MP across the inner membrane of the mitochondria located in the sperm's midpiece. Individual sperm are tracked to calculate VCL. Pesc is measured by reducing the laser power after the sperm is trapped using laser tweezers until the sperm is capable of escaping the trap. The MP is measured every second over a 5-s interval during the tracking phase (sperm is swimming freely) and continuously during the trapping phase. The effect of the fluorescent probe on sperm motility is addressed. The sensitivity of the probe is measured by assessing the effects of a mitochondrial uncoupling agent (CCCP) on MP of free swimming sperm. The effects of prolonged exposed to the laser tweezers on VCL and MP are analyzed. The system's capabilities are demonstrated by measuring VCL, Pesc, and MP simultaneously for individual sperm. This combination of imaging tools is useful to quantitatively assess sperm quality and viability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315360?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Channual, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattanachinda, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular effects of photodynamic and pulsed dye laser therapy protocols.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Dye</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Diseases, Vascular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">644-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions is associated with variable and unpredictable efficacy. Thus, alternative treatment modalities are needed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated enhanced selective vascular destruction with benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) monoacid ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) followed immediately by PDL irradiation (PDT+PDL). Here, we evaluate PDT alone, PDL alone, and PDT+PDL protocols using an optimized in vivo rodent dorsal window chamber model.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dorsal window chamber was surgically installed on male Golden Syrian hamsters. BPD solution was administered intravenously via a jugular venous catheter. Evaluated interventions included: (1) Control (no BPD, no light); (2) Control (BPD, no light); (3) PDT alone (lambda = 576 nm; 25, 50, 75, or 96 J/cm2 radiant exposure; 15 minutes post-BPD injection); (4) PDL alone at 7 J/cm2 (585 nm, 1.5 milliseconds pulse duration, 7 mm spot); and (5) PDT (25 or 75 J/cm2)+PDL (7 J/cm2). Laser speckle imaging was used to monitor blood flow dynamics before, immediately after, and 1, 3, and 5 days post-intervention.

RESULTS: Perfusion reduction on day 1 post-intervention was achieved with PDT&gt;50 J/cm2, PDL alone, and PDT+PDL. However, by day 5 post-intervention, recovery of flow was observed with PDT alone at 50 J/cm2 (-15.1%) and PDL alone (+215%). PDT (75 J/cm2)+PDL resulted in the greatest prolonged reduction in vascular perfusion (-99.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: Our in vivo data suggest that the PDT+PDL therapeutic protocol can result in enhanced and persistent vascular shutdown compared to PDT or PDL alone. The PDT+PDL approach has potential for considerable superficial vascular destruction and should be considered as a treatment modality for cutaneous vascular lesions. Monitoring of blood flow changes for as long as possible is crucial for accurate assessment of light-based vascular interventions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18951421?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Ick-Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chae, Yong-Seok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zemek, Allison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitry E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viability of human septal cartilage after 1.45 microm diode laser irradiation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers, Semiconductor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Cartilages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">562-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chondrocyte viability following laser irradiation and reshaping has not been established for human nasal septal cartilage. Knowledge of the relationship between thermal injury and laser dosimetry is needed in order to optimize septal laser cartilage reshaping. The objective of this study was to determine the depth and width of thermal injury in human septal cartilage following laser irradiation.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Excess fresh nasal septal cartilage sections from rhinoplasty or septoplasty operations were irradiated using a 1.45 microm diode laser 1.25-3.6 W (2.8 mm spot diameter) with 1 second fixed exposure time, and then at exposure times of 1-4 seconds for a fixed power of 1.25 W. An infrared camera recorded surface temperature profiles during irradiation, and the temperature data were incorporated into a rate process model to numerically estimate thermal damage. Calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 fluorescent dyes combined with confocal laser microscopy (CLM) were used to measure thermal damage.

RESULTS: CLM demonstrated clear demarcation between dead and living cells following irradiation. The extent of non-viable chondrocyte distributions increased with power and exposure time. The maximum depths of injury were 1,012 and 1,372 microm after 3.6 W 1 second and 1.25 W 4 seconds irradiation respectively. The damage predictions made by the rate process model underestimated thermal injury when compared with CLM measurements.

CONCLUSIONS: The assay system identified regions of non-viable chondrocytes in human septal cartilage and defined how thermal injury varies with dosimetry when using a 1.45 microm diode laser.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798294?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Chao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitry E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zemek, Allison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chae, Yong-Seok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Nd:YAG laser-mediated thermal damage in rabbit nasal septal cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">451-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) involves the use of photo-thermal heating to reshape cartilage. Its clinical relevance depends on the ability to minimize thermal injury in irradiated regions. The present study seeks to understand the safety of LCR by determining shape change and resultant tissue viability as a function of laser dosimetry.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbit nasal septal cartilage were irradiated using a Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1.32 microm, 5.4 mm spot diameter) with different exposure times of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 seconds and powers of 4, 6, and 8 W. Temperature on the cartilage surface in the laser-irradiated region was collected using infrared thermography, this data was then used to predict tissue damage via a rate process model. A Live/Dead viability assay combined with fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to measure the amount of thermal damage generated in the irradiated specimens.

RESULTS: Considerable thermal injury occurred at and below the laser-reshaping parameters that produced clinically relevant shape change using the present Nd:YAG laser. Confocal microscopy identified dead cells spanning the entire cross-sectional thickness of the cartilage specimen (about 500 microm thick) at laser power density and exposure times above 4 W and 6 seconds; damage increased with time and irradiance. The damage predictions made by the rate process model compared favorably with measured data.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that significant thermal damage is concurrent with clinically relevant shape change. This contradicts previous notions that there is a privileged laser dosimetry parameter where clinically relevant shape change and tissue viability coexist.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565732?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youn, Jong-In</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison of mass removal, thermal injury, and crater morphology of cortical bone ablation using wavelengths 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Femur</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tibia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous investigations have reported evidence of wavelength dependence on cortical bone ablation. This study used mid-infrared laser wavelengths generated by a free electron laser (FEL) and mass removal measurements to further examine the ablation efficiency of a wavelength (2.79 microm) not previously reported and three wavelengths (2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm) previously demonstrated by crater morphology alone to be efficient for cortical bone removal.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The wavelengths examined were provided by an FEL emitting 4 microseconds macropulses consisting of 1-2 picoseconds duration micropulses delivered at 350 picoseconds intervals. The mass removal measurements were conducted by a microbalance, and the collateral thermal injury and crater morphology of cortical bone were examined by light microscopy following standard histologic processing.

RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the highest mass removal was achieved at lambda = 6.1 microm followed by, in order, lambda = 2.9, 6.45, and 2.79 microm. The zones of thermal injury and crater morphology created in cortical bone at the selected wavelengths were examined at the radiant exposure of 28.3 J/cm2. Ablation using lambda = 6.1 microm provided the largest crater size and the least collateral thermal injury. The greatest amount of collateral thermal injury was produced by lambda = 2.79 microm at both the sides and base of the ablation crater.

CONCLUSIONS: The mass removal of cortical bone produced by FEL ablation at selected mid-IR wavelengths was measured as a function of incident radiant exposure. The ablation efficiency was found to be dependent upon wavelength. The lambda = 2.79 microm did not offer any improvement over the other wavelengths evaluated, suggesting that a potential shift in the dynamic optical properties of water during tissue irradiance with the FEL does not present an advantage to the cutting of cortical bone. The lambda = 6.1 microm provided the highest ablation efficiency with deepest crater and the least amount of collateral thermal injury.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17457836?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katherine Bhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Condensed history Monte Carlo methods for photon transport problems.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of computational physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Comput Phys</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Aug 10</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1673-1694</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We study methods for accelerating Monte Carlo simulations that retain most of the accuracy of conventional Monte Carlo algorithms. These methods - called Condensed History (CH) methods - have been very successfully used to model the transport of ionizing radiation in turbid systems. Our primary objective is to determine whether or not such methods might apply equally well to the transport of photons in biological tissue. In an attempt to unify the derivations, we invoke results obtained first by Lewis, Goudsmit and Saunderson and later improved by Larsen and Tolar. We outline how two of the most promising of the CH models - one based on satisfying certain similarity relations and the second making use of a scattering phase function that permits only discrete directional changes - can be developed using these approaches. The main idea is to exploit the connection between the space-angle moments of the radiance and the angular moments of the scattering phase function. We compare the results obtained when the two CH models studied are used to simulate an idealized tissue transport problem. The numerical results support our findings based on the theoretical derivations and suggest that CH models should play a useful role in modeling light-tissue interactions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18548128?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirshburg, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation between collagen solubility and skin optical clearing using sugars.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbohydrates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Light scattering from collagen within skin limits light-based therapeutics while increasing the risk of epidermal thermal injury. Specific chemicals show the ability to reduce light scattering by reversibly altering the optical properties of skin. This study examines the correlation between collagen solubility and the optical clearing potential (OCP) of sugars and sugar-alcohols using in vitro rodent skin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Collagen solubility in dextrose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol was measured using near-UV spectroscopy. Light transmittance, reflectance, and rodent skin thickness were measured (giving skin reduced scattering coefficient) before and after exposure of the dermal surface to sugars and sugar-alcohols. OCP was calculated as the ratio of reduced scattering coefficients before and after exposures.

RESULTS: Dextrose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol had at least twice the collagen solubility and twice the OCP as compared to glycerol. In general, collagen solubility correlated with each agent's ability to optically clear rodent skin.

CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that sugar and sugar-alcohol interaction with collagen are a primary event in tissue optical clearing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311267?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Treatment Options for Port Wine Stain Birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENG</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769507?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burney, Tanya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Lillian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ju, Johnny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection of acute smoke-induced airway injury in a New Zealand white rabbit model using optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acute Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke Inhalation Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051701</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a micron scale high-resolution optical technology that can provide real-time in vivo images noninvasively. The ability to detect airway mucosal and submucosal injury rapidly will be valuable for a range of pulmonary applications including assessment of acute inhalation smoke and burn injury. OCT has the potential ability to monitor the progression of airway injury changes including edema, hyperemia, and swelling, which are critical clinical components of smoke-inhalation injury. New Zealand white male rabbits exposed to cold smoke from standardized unbleached burned cotton administered during ventilation were monitored for 6 h using a 1.8-mm diameter flexible fiberoptic longitudinal probe that was inserted through the endotracheal tube. The thickness of the epithelial, mucosal, and submucosal layers of the rabbit trachea to the tracheal cartilage was measured using a prototype superluminescent diode OCT system we constructed. OCT was able to detect significant smoke-injury-induced increases in the thickness of the tracheal walls of the rabbit beginning very shortly after smoke administration. Airway wall thickness increased to an average of 120% (+/-33%) of baseline values by 5 h following exposure. OCT is capable of providing real-time, noninvasive images of airway injury changes following smoke exposure. These studies suggest that OCT may have the ability to provide information on potential early indicators of impending smoke-inhalation-induced airway compromise.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17994874?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of fluence rate and temperature distributions in the rat brain; implications for photodynamic therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014003</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light and heat distributions are measured in a rat glioma model used in photodynamic therapy. A fiber delivering 632-nm light is fixed in the brain of anesthetized BDIX rats. Fluence rates are measured using calibrated isotropic probes that are positioned stereotactically. Mathematical models are then used to derive tissue optical properties, enabling calculation of fluence rate distributions for general tumor and light application geometries. The fluence rates in tumor-free brains agree well with the models based on diffusion theory and Monte Carlo simulation. In both cases, the best fit is found for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of 0.57 and 28 cm(-1), respectively. In brains with implanted BT(4)C tumors, a discrepancy between diffusion and Monte Carlo-derived two-layer models is noted. Both models suggest that tumor tissue has higher absorption and less scattering than normal brain. Temperatures are measured by inserting thermocouples directly into tumor-free brains. A model based on diffusion theory and the bioheat equation is found to be in good agreement with the experimental data and predict a thermal penetration depth of 0.60 cm in normal rat brain. The predicted parameters can be used to estimate the fluences, fluence rates, and temperatures achieved during photodynamic therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343478?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Chao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choe, Regine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durduran, Turgut</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Guoqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yodh, Arjun G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation in human breast cancer during early stages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Markers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051903</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We combine diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to noninvasively monitor early hemodynamic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient. The potential for early treatment monitoring is demonstrated. Within the first week of treatment (day 7) DOS revealed significant changes in tumor/normal contrast compared to pretreatment (day 0) tissue concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin (rctHHbT/N=69+/-21%), oxyhemoglobin (rctO2HbT/N=73+/-25%), total hemoglobin (rctTHbT/N=72+/-17%), and lipid concentration (rctLipidT/N=116+/-13%). Similarly, DCS found significant changes in tumor/normal blood flow contrast (rBFT/N=75+/-7% on day 7 with respect to day 0). Our observations suggest the combination of DCS and DOS enhances treatment monitoring compared to either technique alone. The hybrid approach also enables construction of indices reflecting tissue metabolic rate of oxygen, which may provide new insights about therapy mechanisms.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17994886?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen, Thang B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic skin cooling with an environmentally compatible alternative cryogen during laser surgery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerosols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon Dioxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorocarbons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">776-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cryogen spray cooling with tetrafluoroethane (R134a) has been used to enhance epidermal protection during dermatologic laser surgery. However, R134a has a very high global warming potential (GWP = 1300). Our objective was to evaluate the cooling effectiveness of an alternative cryogen with a much lower GWP, namely liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2), GWP = 1).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thin-film thermocouple deposited on an epoxy skin phantom was used to measure surface temperature (T(s)) variations induced by R134a or CO(2) sprays. The temperature distribution in the skin phantom was estimated using T(s) and Duhamel's method. Impact pressure and noise level of both cryogen sprays were measured with a dynamic sensor and sound meter, respectively. Consumption of both cryogens was also evaluated.

RESULTS: For R134a sprays, T(s) was kept almost constant after 15 milliseconds. For CO(2) sprays, T(s) decreased continuously during the entire spurt of 50 milliseconds. The minimum T(s) induced by the CO(2) sprays was lower than that induced by R134a when the spurt duration was longer than 35 milliseconds. Numerical simulation shows that CO(2) sprays were able to induce very similar temperature reductions in the skin phantom as compared to R134a sprays when the spurt duration and delay time were selected appropriately. R134a sprays induced an impact pressure of 3.6 kPa, as compared to 43.1 kPa for CO(2) sprays. The maximum noise level for R134a sprays was 109 dBA as compared to 135 dBA for the CO(2) sprays. The R134a consumption for a 50 milliseconds spurt is 67 mg as compared to 225 mg for a CO(2) spurt of the same duration.

CONCLUSIONS: CO(2) sprays are expected to have similar skin cooling efficacy as R134a sprays. Although the CO(2) consumption is higher than R134a, its contribution to global warming is still much less than R134a. The effects of varying spurt durations on in vivo human skin and the impact on cutaneous blood flow require further investigation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081065?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engineering of a straighter septum: numerical model of mechanical stress relaxation in laser-heated septal cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finite Element Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstructive Surgical Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viscosity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5399-402</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Successful application of laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) for the in-situ treatment of structural deformities in the nasal septum has generated increasing clinical interest, because septoplasty is among the top five most common operations performed. However, few studies have investigated stress fields existing in the nasal septal cartilage during LCR of septal deviations. The objectives of this study were to: (1) formulate a finite-element model describing stress fields in mechanically straightened septum, (2) calculate stress fields in the septum after a given pattern of laser irradiation produced thermally induced stress relaxation in selected sites, and (3) investigate the dependence of the overall stress relaxation in a straightened septum as a function of the number, location and size of laser irradiation sites.

METHODS: The cartilagenous nasal septum was modeled as 24 x 24 x 1.5 mm slab. The deviation was represented as a bulge in the center of the septum with a maximum elevation above the surface of 2 mm. A straightening deformation was represented in form of displacement boundary condition applied to the bulge. Laser irradiation applied in a rectangular pattern of several spots was assumed. The effect of thermally induced stress relaxation was modeled as a simultaneous change in the cartilage mechanical properties and reduction of strain occurring within irradiated spots according to the heating history. The finite-element method was used to calculate stress fields within the straightened septum and the force of reaction to the straightening deformation before and after laser irradiation.

RESULTS: Straightening deformation produced a highly non-homogeneous stress field with both regions of tension and compression present. Reaction force decreased with increasing number of irradiation sites and delivered laser energy. The model predicts that laser irradiation reducing reaction force by approximately 95% results in approximately 50% thermal damage to septal cartilage.

CONCLUSIONS: A numerical model of stress fields in laser-reshaped deviated septum has been developed. The model shows highly non-homogeneous stress distributions before and after laser treatment. The model predicts that sufficiently high reduction of reaction force can be obtained with a localized laser treatment.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003229?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, G N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, S J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) as a contrast agent for intraoperative MRI.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimally invasive neurosurgery : MIN</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minim Invasive Neurosurg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood-Brain Barrier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebrovascular Circulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encephalitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Intraperitoneal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections, Intravenous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metabolic Clearance Rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metalloporphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring, Intraoperative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive Value of Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of an ideal contrast agent for use in the intraoperative MRI would be tumor-specificity and intracellular localization, combined with extended tumor enhancement, but with rapid elimination from the blood. The radiation sensitizing properties of Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) have been investigated in a number of clinical trials involving patients with brain metastases. These studies clearly show that MGd is detectable in magnetic resonance images many days following administration. The aim of this experimental study was to test whether Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) could serve as an efficient intraoperative contrast agent avoiding problems that arise with surgically induced intracranial enhancement.

METHODS: F98 orthotopic brain tumors or surgical lesions were induced in Fisher rats. T1-weighted MRI studies were performed with either a single or multiple daily doses of MGd. The last contrast dose was administered either 7 or 24 hours prior to scanning in both tumor-bearing or surgically-treated animals. All scans were T1-weighted nce (TR=495 ms; TE=1 ms.) with a slice thickness of 1.0 mm. Three tubes containing 2.3, 0.23 and 0.023 mg/mL of MGd (in physiological saline) respectively, were used as standards to calibrate the scans.

RESULTS: Animals receiving either 30 or 60 mg/kg MGd i.v. developed clinical signs of impaired motor activity, and increasing lethargy and were euthanized 48 hours after MGd administration due to their poor and deteriorating condition. MGd given i.p. was tolerated up to a dose of 140 mg/kg. Despite multiple dosages and several administration modes (i.p., i.v.) no significant enhancement was observed if the scans were performed 7 or 24 hours following the last MGd dose. Clear enhancement was seen though when the scans were performed 30 min following MGd administration, indicating that the agent was being taken up by the tumor. Scans of necrotic lesions though were positive though 7 hours following MGd injection. MGd scans had no significant enhancement following surgically-induced lesions while scans with conventional contrast agents showed both meningeal and intraparenchymal enhancement.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that MGd is not sequestered in viable tumor for the necessary time interval required to allow delayed imaging in this model. The agent does seem to remain in necrotic tissue for longer time intervals. MGd therefore would not be suitable as a contrast agent in intraoperative MRI for the detection of remaining tumor tissue during surgery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18210352?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franco, Walfre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Jie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romero-Méndez, Ricardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extent of lateral epidermal protection afforded by a cryogen spray against laser irradiation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">414-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has become an integral part of dermatologic laser surgery because of its ability to remove selectively large amounts of heat from human skin in short periods of time, thereby protecting the epidermis from unintended thermal injury. The objective of the present study is to investigate the extent of lateral epidermal protection afforded by a cryogen spray during laser irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: CSC experiments on skin phantoms are conducted using a commercial nozzle (GentleLase, Candela) to characterize epidermal cooling in time and space; namely, surface temperatures and heat fluxes during a 60 milliseconds spurt and 30 milliseconds delay. Numerical methods are used to model the light distribution (755 nm), heat diffusion and thermal injury within the epidermis and dermis. A 755 nm laser (GentleLase, Candela) was used to assess in vivo the extent of lateral epidermal protection against irradiation in human skin.

RESULTS: The commercial nozzle produced an uneven deposition and spread of liquid cryogen, thereby creating zones of high and low heat extraction on the surface. Numerical and in vivo studies show that 18 mm diameter laser beams may induce skin injury at the periphery of the irradiated areas. However, a 10 mm diameter beam provides the safest therapy because only the zone of highest heat extraction is exposed to laser irradiation. Beyond 10 mm, heat extraction is no more than a third of the maximum heat extraction within this diameter.

CONCLUSIONS: Accumulation of heat within the epidermis is always greater at the laser beam periphery, away from the CSC nozzle tip, where heat extraction is lowest. Therefore, there is risk of thermal injury at the beam periphery when there is a mismatch between the skin protected by CSC and that exposed to laser irradiation. For the cooling and irradiation sequences considered herein, heat extraction provided by a 60 milliseconds spurt/30 milliseconds delay correctly matches the heating profile of a 10 mm diameter beam.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565730?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gray, Rodger M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meister, Friedrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Clive H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence diagnostics of Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa: establishing technique and validity.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scand. J. Gastroenterol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastric Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helicobacter Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helicobacter pylori</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">941-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Bacterial factors, including strain type, anatomic distribution and density, and host responses are important determinants in the pathogenesis of erosive and neoplastic changes linked to gastric Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential use of photodiagnostics in mapping H. pylori infection. The relationship between fluorescence in individual gastric pits of H. pylori(+) and H. pylori(-) subjects versus that in larger field views of the gastric mucosa and the use of fluorescence to determine H. pylori status in different gastric areas were studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antrum, corpus and fundus biopsies from 8 H. pylori(+) and 4 H. pylori(-) subjects taken during two gastroscopies were used for autofluorescence (535 nm excitation) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence (405 nm excitation) determinations.

RESULTS: In the antrum, corpus and fundus a close correlation between individual pit and full-field image (FFI) fluorescence was demonstrated for H. pylori status (R&gt;0.85; R&gt;0.75; R&gt;0.80) and both excitation wavelengths (R&gt;0.89; R&gt;0.85; R&gt;0.95), respectively. In the antrum, FFI in H. pylori(+) subjects exceeded that in H. pylori(-) subjects using 405 nm but not 535 nm excitation regardless of ALA treatment (p&lt;or=0.026). In the corpus and fundus, fluorescence using 405 nm excitation was greater in H. pylori(+) than in H. pylori(-) subjects only after ALA treatment (p&lt;0.00005, p=0.03). The ratio of 535 nm:405 nm-excited fluorescence decreased from the fundus&gt;corpus&gt;antrum for both H. pylori(+) and H. pylori(-) subjects regardless of ALA treatment (p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescence-based identification of areas of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa using 405 nm excitation combined with ALA treatment is feasible and, using a ratio of 535 nm:405 nm-excited fluorescence, it is possible to distinguish H. pylori status and the different areas of the stomach even without ALA.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17613923?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krishnamachari, Vishnu Vardhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focus-engineered coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: a numerical investigation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis, Raman</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1138-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal is calculated as a function of focal-field distributions with engineered phase jumps. We show that the focal fields in CARS microscopy can be shaped such that the signal from the bulk is suppressed in the forward detection mode. We present the field distributions that display enhanced sensitivity to vibrationally resonant object interfaces in the lateral dimension. The use of focus-engineered CARS provides a simple means to detect chemical edges against the strong background signals from the bulk.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17361301?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saltzman, Darin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waddington, Tom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Mathew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobin measurement patterns during noninvasive diffuse optical spectroscopy monitoring of hypovolemic shock and fluid replacement.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluid Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) for noninvasive optical monitoring of differentiating patterns of total tissue hemoglobin (THC), oxy- (OxyHb), and deoxyhemoglobin (DeOxyHb) concentrations during hypovolemic shock and subsequent fluid replacement with saline and whole blood. The goal of this DOS application is to determine the efficacy of resuscitation efforts at the tissue level rather than currently available indirect and invasive measurements of hemodynamic parameters. 16 New Zealand white rabbits are hemorrhaged 20% of their total blood volume. In resuscitated animals, shed blood volume is replaced with equal volume of crystalloid or whole blood (five animals each). Physiological variables (cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, hematocrit) are measured invasively, while (OxyHb) and (DeOxyHb) are measured during the interventions using broadband DOS. During the pure hypovolemic hemorrhages, the decrease in THC is mainly due to the decrease in (OxyHb), since the decrease in THC due to blood loss results in decreased tissue perfusion, with a resultant increased tissue extraction of oxygen. The hemorrhage with the whole blood resuscitation model shows significant changes in (OxyHb) during resuscitation phases due to the higher oxygen carrying capacity of whole blood, as opposed to the limited volume replacement effects and the decreased tissue oxygen content from the euvolemic anemia of the saline resuscitation. Broadband DOS noninvasive optical monitoring reveals distinct patterns of total tissue hemoglobin, oxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin during hemorrhage. Further studies are needed to confirm potential clinical utility and accuracy under more complex clinical conditions in animal models and patients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477716?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shao, Bing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozkan, Mihrimah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esener, Sadik C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-throughput sorting and analysis of human sperm with a ring-shaped laser trap.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical microdevices</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomed Microdevices</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flow Cytometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidic Analytical Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Tweezers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm motility is an important concept in fertility research. To this end, single spot laser tweezers have been used to quantitatively analyze the motility of individual sperm. However, this method is limited with throughput (single sperm per spot), lacks the ability of in-situ sorting based on motility and chemotaxis, requires high laser power (hundreds of milliWatts) and can not be used to dynamically monitor changes in sperm swimming behavior under the influence of a laser beam. Here, we report a continuous 3-D ring-shaped laser trap which could be used for multi-level and high-throughput (tens to hundred sperm per ring) sperm sorting based on their motility and chemotaxis. Under a laser power of only tens of milliWatts, human sperm with low to medium velocity are slowed down, stopped, or forced to change their trajectories to swim along the ring due to the optical gradient force in the radial direction. This is the first demonstration of parallel sperm sorting based on motility with optical trapping technology. In addition, by making the sperm swimming along the circumference of the ring, the effect of laser radiation, optical force and external obstacles on sperm energetics are investigated in a more gentle and quantitative way. The application of this method could be extended to motility and bio-tropism studies of other self-propelled cells, such as algae and bacteria.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17226100?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahuja, Gurpreet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging of the pediatric airway using optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Differential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severity of Illness Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2206-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality that uses a broadband light source to produce high-resolution cross-sectional images in living tissue (8-20 microm). A prospective study of normal, benign, and pathologic tissues in the pediatric airway was conducted to assess the utility of OCT technology in characterizing the microanatomy of the pediatric upper aerodigestive tract in vivo.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients from 1 to 17 years of age underwent surgical endoscopy and OCT for various airway disorders. OCT imaging was performed at a frame rate of 1 Hz using a 1.3-microm broadband light source to produce images 1.6 x 6 mm in vertical and horizontal dimensions. The epithelium, lamina propria, and unique tissue microstructures were visualized and then measured using digital micrometry. Direct comparison of OCT images with endoscopic photography was performed.

RESULTS: Systematic imaging of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx was performed in all 15 patients. Normal microstructures identified included papillae, ducts, glands, and vessels, whereas pathologic conditions included distinct zones of mature scar, granulation tissue, edema, ulceration, and papillomatosis. Endoscopic photographs were well correlated with OCT images.

CONCLUSIONS: OCT is capable of obtaining high-resolution microanatomy images of pediatric airway in vivo tissue. OCT clearly identifies the epithelium and lamina propria while providing detailed structural information on normal and diseased tissues. OCT is a promising emerging imaging modality for use in current pediatric patient populations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322424?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging subcellular scattering contrast by using combined optical coherence and multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Actins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytoplasm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">503-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structural origin of scattering contrast from single cells is examined by using a combined optical coherence and multiphoton microscope based on a 12 fs Ti:sapphire source and a 0.95 NA objective. High-resolution coherence-gated scattering images from single cells are coregistered and compared with two-photon-excited fluorescence images. Scattering contrast is observed from mitochondria, plasma membrane, actin filaments, and the boundary between cytoplasm and nucleus. There is little contribution to scattering from regions inside the nuclear core. These results confirm that light scattering signals from specific subcellular structures can be visualized by using coherent reflectance geometry.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392902?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Lingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improved tomographic imaging of wavelength scanning digital holographic microscopy by use of digital spectral shaping.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Feb 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">878-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The technique of wavelength scanning digital holographic microscopy (WSDHM) is improved by use of a digital spectral shaping method which is used to suppress the sidelobes of the amplitude modulation function in WSDHM for non-Gaussian-shaped source spectra. Spurious structures caused by sidelobes can be eliminated in tomographic imaging and the performance of the tomographic system greatly improved. Detailed theoretical analysis is given. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the idea.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19532314?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jong-Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heale, Jason T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeng, Weihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Xiangduo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ball, Alexander R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In situ analysis of DNA damage response and repair using laser microirradiation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods in cell biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods Cell Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caffeine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation, Ionizing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-407</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A proper response to DNA damage is critical for the maintenance of genome integrity. However, it is difficult to study the in vivo kinetics and factor requirements of the damage recognition process in mammalian cells. In order to address how the cell reacts to DNA damage, we utilized a second harmonic (532 nm) pulsed Nd:YAG laser to induce highly concentrated damage in a small area in interphase cell nuclei and cytologically analyzed both protein recruitment and modification. Our results revealed for the first time the sequential recruitment of factors involved in two major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), and the cell cycle-specific recruitment of the sister chromatid cohesion complex cohesin to the damage site. In this chapter, the strategy developed to study the DNA damage response using the 532-nm Nd:YAG laser will be summarized.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17586265?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Xiaoman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andersen, Bogi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In situ multiphoton optical tomography of hair follicles in mice.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hair Follicle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Transgenic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044003</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report multiphoton in situ optical sectioning of hair follicles in mice and a preliminary investigation of the pathological hair follicles in a transgenic mouse model. Using this imaging technology, we rapidly obtain detailed three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of individual hair follicles. No staining or mechanical sectioning is involved, since multiphoton microscopy coregisters two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) from cells and second harmonic generation (SHG) signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). These signals are ideally suited for estimating molecularly encoded hair follicular 3-D geometries, including sizes of the follicular orifices and their angles relative to the skin surface. In the normal hair follicles, spectral separation of SHG signals generated by the ECM of the hair follicle from that of intrinsic cellular fluorescence revealed intricate spatial interaction of the cellular components with the surrounding connective tissue. In the pathological hair follicles, these were clearly modified. In particular, in the transgenic mice, we observed lack of cellular fluorescence and significantly shallower angles of follicular orifices with respect to the skin surface. The combination of TPF with SHG is sensitive to structural changes in cells and extracellular matrix brought on by normal hair follicle physiology and specific gene alterations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17867807?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Qiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wigdor, Harvey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwartz, Joel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Joel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo imaging of oral mucositis in an animal model using optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clin. Cancer Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorouracil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Apr 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2449-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: To assess noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT) for early detection and evaluation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Cheek pouches of 10 Syrian golden hamsters were imaged using OCT/ODT during development of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. I.p. injections of 5-fluorouracil and mechanical irritation induced oral lesions. At 2, 4, 7, and 11 days, one hamster was sacrificed and processed for histopathology. OCT images were visually examined; ODT results were semiquantified. Imaging data were compared with histologic findings.

RESULTS: During the development of mucositis, OCT/ODT identified the following events: (a) change in epithelial thickness (beginning on day 2), (b) loss of surface keratinized layer continuity (beginning on day 4), (c) loss of epithelial (day 4 onwards) and submucosal integrity (day 7 onwards), (d) changes in axial blood flow velocity (increased on days 2 and 4; decreased on day 7), and (e) changes in blood vessel size (diameter doubled on day 2; quadrupled on day 4; unchanged on day 7). The semiquantitative imaging-based scoring system identified the severity of mucositis as defined by histopathology. The combination of imaging criteria used allowed for the detection of early, intermediate, and late mucositic changes. Imaging data gave higher scores compared with clinical scores early on, suggesting that the imaging-based diagnostic scoring was more sensitive to early mucositic change than the clinical scoring system. Once mucositis was established, imaging and clinical scores converged.

CONCLUSION: OCT/ODT identified chemotherapy-induced oral changes before their clinical manifestation, and the proposed scoring system for oral mucositis was validated for the semiquantification of mucositic change.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438104?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawakami-Wong, Hilari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Joel B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography-based scoring of oral mucositis in human subjects: a pilot study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antineoplastic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severity of Illness Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Single-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatitis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051702</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A preliminary study to assess noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) for early detection and evaluation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in five patients. In five patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer, oral mucositis was assessed clinically, and imaged using noninvasive OCT. Imaging was scored using a novel imaging-based scoring system. Conventional clinical assessment using the Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale was used as the gold standard. Patients were evaluated on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 11 after commencement of chemotherapy. OCT images were visually examined by one blinded investigator. The following events were identified using OCT: (1) change in epithelial thickness and subepithelial tissue integrity (beginning on day 2), (2) loss of surface keratinized layer continuity (beginning on day 4), (3) loss of epithelial integrity (beginning on day 4). Imaging data gave higher scores compared to clinical scores earlier in treatment, suggesting that the imaging-based diagnostic scoring was more sensitive to early mucositic change than the clinical scoring system. Once mucositis was established, imaging and clinical scores converged. Chemotherapy-induced oral changes were identified prior to their clinical manifestation using OCT, and the proposed scoring system for oral mucositis was validated for the semiquantification of mucositic change.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17994875?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kukreti, Shwayta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratton, Enrico</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intrinsic tumor biomarkers revealed by novel double-differential spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared spectra.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">020509</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We develop a double-differential spectroscopic analysis method for broadband near-infrared (NIR, 650 to 1000 nm) absorption spectra. Application of this method to spectra of tumor-containing breast tissue reveals specific cancer biomarkers. In this method, patient-specific variations in molecular composition are removed by using the normal tissue as an internal control. The effects of concentration differences of the four major tissue absorbers (oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, water, and bulk lipid) between the tumor and normal tissue are accounted for to reveal small spectral components unique to cancer. From a pilot study of 15 cancer patients, we find these spectral components to be characterized by specific NIR absorption bands. Based on the spectral regions of absorption at about 760, 930, and 980 nm, we identify these biomarkers with changes in state or addition of lipid and/or water. To quantify spectral variation in the absorption bands, we construct the specific tumor component (STC) index. The STC index identifies regions of the breast with tumors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477706?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakida, Nicole M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Christopher S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dvornikov, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser nanosurgery of single microtubules reveals location-dependent depolymerization rates.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microtubules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanomedicine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024022</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, 532-nm picosecond and 800-nm femtosecond lasers are used in combination with fluorescently labeled tubulin to further elucidate microtubule depolymerization and the effect lasers may have on the resulting depolymerization. Depolymerization rates of targeted single microtubules are dependent on location with respect to the nucleus. Microtubules located near the nucleus exhibit a significantly faster depolymerization rate when compared to microtubule depolymerization rates near the periphery of the cell. Microtubules cut with the femtosecond laser depolymerize at a slower rate than unirradiated controls (p=0.002), whereas those cut with the picosecond laser depolymerize at the same rate as unirradiated controls (p=0.704). Our results demonstrate the ability of both the picosecond and femtosecond lasers to cut individual microtubules. The differences between the two ablation results are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477737?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-assisted straightening of deformed cartilage: numerical model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finite Element Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245-55</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The potential application of laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) for correction of septal deviations has generated increasing clinical interest, because septoplasty is among the top five most common operations performed. However, few studies have investigated stress fields existing in the nasal septal cartilage during LCR of septal deviations. The objectives of this study were to: (1) formulate a finite-element model describing stress fields in mechanically straightened septal cartilage, (2) calculate stress fields in the septum after a given pattern of laser irradiation produced thermally induced stress relaxation in selected sites, and (3) investigate the dependence of the overall stress relaxation in a straightened septum as a function of the number, location, and size of laser irradiation sites.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cartilagenous nasal septum was modeled as 24 x 24 x 2-mm slab. The deviation was represented as a bulge running along the center of the septum with a maximum elevation of 2 mm above the surface. A straightening deformation was represented in form of displacement boundary condition applied to the bulge convex surface with maximum displacement amplitude at center of the septum. Laser irradiation applied in a pattern of one, two, and three lines parallel to the bulge was assumed. The effect of thermally induced stress relaxation was modeled as a simultaneous change in the cartilage mechanical properties and reduction of strain to zero occurring inside the laser heated zone. The finite-element method was used to calculate stress fields within cross-section of the straightened septum and the force of reaction to the straightening deformation before and after laser irradiation. Calculations were performed for the width and depth of thermally modified zones varying from 0.5 to 3 mm and from 0.5 to 2 mm, respectively. Irradiation of convex and concave sides of the deviation was studied.

RESULTS: The straightening deformation produced a stress field with both regions of tension and compression present. Maximum stress values were obtained on the surface where the straightening deformation was applied. Reaction force decreased with increasing width and depth of the relaxation zones and depends on location and number of these zones. The maximum reduction of reaction force obtained with three zones (3 mm wide and 2 mm deep) optimally placed in regions of stress concentration was 98%. However, using the same pattern of stress relaxation zones but with a depth of only 1 mm produces a reaction force reaction of 91%. Irradiation of convex side of the deviation reduced reaction force approximately twice as much as irradiation of the concave side.

CONCLUSIONS: The present numerical simulation of the stress field in laser-reshaped deviated septum shows highly non-homogeneous stress distributions before and after laser treatment. Using reasonable assumptions on how the mechanical behavior of cartilage changes after heating, the model allows estimation reaction force and its reduction following localized laser irradiation as a function of size and location of laser heated zones.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17345625?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellman, Amy N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rau, Kaustubh R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Helen H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bae, Stephanie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, James F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, K Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allbritton, Nancy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-induced mixing in microfluidic channels.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anal. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catalysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horseradish Peroxidase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogen Peroxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfluidics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxazines</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4484-92</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate a novel strategy for mixing solutions and initiating chemical reactions in microfluidic systems. This method utilizes highly focused nanosecond laser pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at lambda = 532 nm to generate cavitation bubbles within 100- and 200-microm-wide microfluidic channels containing the parallel laminar flow of two fluids. The bubble expansion and subsequent collapse within the channel disrupts the laminar flow of the parallel fluid streams and produces a localized region of mixed fluid. We use time-resolved imaging and fluorescence detection methods to visualize the mixing process and to estimate both the volume of mixed fluid and the time scale for the re-establishment of laminar flow. The results show that mixing is initiated by liquid jets that form upon cavitation bubble collapse and occurs approximately 20 micros following the delivery of the laser pulse. The images also reveal that mixing occurs on the millisecond time scale and that laminar flow is re-established on a 50-ms time scale. This process results in a locally mixed fluid volume in the range of 0.5-1.5 nL that is convected downstream with the main flow in the microchannel. We demonstrate the use of this mixing technique by initiating the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nonfluorescent N-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red) to yield fluorescent resorufin. This approach to generate the mixing of adjacent fluids may prove advantageous in many microfluidic applications as it requires neither tailored channel geometries nor the fabrication of specialized on-chip instrumentation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508715?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinto-Su, Pedro A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisms of laser cellular microsurgery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods in cell biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods Cell Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter reviews the optics of pulsed laser microbeams and the use of basic instrumentation to provide pulsed laser microbeam capabilities within a microscope platform. Moreover, we review the principal mechanisms by which laser microbeams produce microsurgical effects in cellular targets. We discuss the principal photothermal, photomechanical, and photochemical damage mechanisms as well as their relationship to critical laser microbeam parameters, including wavelength, pulse duration, and numerical aperture. We relate this understanding of damage mechanisms to laser microbeam applications reported in the literature.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17586256?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwong, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Method for recovering quantitative broadband diffuse optical spectra from layered media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connective Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jul 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4828-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report the recovery of broadband (650-1000 nm) diffuse optical absorption and reduced scattering spectra stratified by layer in a two-layer phantom. The broadband optical properties of the phantom featured top and bottom layers designed to simulate adipose and muscle, respectively. The absolute value and dynamic variation of chromophore concentrations in both layers (top layer thickness greater than 5 mm) were calculated with an average 10% error and 3% error, respectively. In addition to spectra, the algorithm recovers the top layer thickness up to 12 mm within 10% error. It is insensitive to initial guesses of both layers' optical properties as long as the layer thickness initial guess is within +/-2 mm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17609733?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raub, Christopher B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suresh, Vinod</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mih, Justin D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Putnam, Andrew J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive assessment of collagen gel microstructure and mechanics using multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen Type I</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Conformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2212-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiphoton microscopy of collagen hydrogels produces second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) images, which can be used to noninvasively study gel microstructure at depth ( approximately 1 mm). The microstructure is also a primary determinate of the mechanical properties of the gel; thus, we hypothesized that bulk optical properties (i.e., SHG and TPF) could be used to predict bulk mechanical properties of collagen hydrogels. We utilized polymerization temperature (4-37 degrees C) and glutaraldehyde to manipulate collagen hydrogel fiber diameter, space-filling properties, and cross-link density. Multiphoton microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveal that as polymerization temperature decreases (37-4 degrees C) fiber diameter and pore size increase, whereas hydrogel storage modulus (G', from 23 +/- 3 Pa to 0.28 +/- 0.16 Pa, respectively, mean +/- SE) and mean SHG decrease (minimal change in TPF). In contrast, glutaraldehyde significantly increases the mean TPF signal (without impacting the SHG signal) and the storage modulus (16 +/- 3.5 Pa before to 138 +/- 40 Pa after cross-linking, mean +/- SD). We conclude that SHG and TPF can characterize differential microscopic features of the collagen hydrogel that are strongly correlated with bulk mechanical properties. Thus, optical imaging may be a useful noninvasive tool to assess tissue mechanics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172303?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-invasive in vivo diffuse optical spectroscopy monitoring of cyanide poisoning in a rabbit model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological measurement</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiol Meas</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Chemical Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potassium Cyanide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicity Tests, Acute</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1057-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this study is to establish a cyanide toxicity animal model and to investigate the ability of broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) to non-invasively monitor physiological changes that occur during the development of cyanide toxicity in a rabbit model. Broadband DOS combines multi-frequency frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) with time-independent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantitatively measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering spectra between 600 nm and 1000 nm. Serum cyanide concentration and arterial and venous blood gas analysis at pre- and post-cyanide infusion were presented. To investigate the ability of DOS to non-invasively monitor physiologic changes occurring during development of CN toxicity, tissue concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin [Hb-R], oxyhemoglobin [Hb-O2], cytochrome c oxidase oxidized state [CcO_Ox] and reduced state [CcO_Re] were determined from absorption spectra acquired in 'real time' during cyanide infusions (NaCN 6 mg/60 ml normal saline) in six pathogen-free New Zealand white rabbits. During cyanide infusion, in vivo tissue oxygen saturation increased ( approximately 10%). In addition, broadband DOS was able to detect a concurrent increase in [CcO_Re] and decrease in [CcO_Ox]. Changes in tissue scattering properties in all six animals were detected during these events, confirming the need for DOS-based methods over traditional NIR spectroscopy to obtain accurate results.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17827653?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carp, Stefan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optoacoustic imaging based on the interferometric measurement of surface displacement.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allantois</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chick Embryo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chorion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface Properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present images of tissue phantoms and chicken chorio-allantoic membrane vasculature using a novel optoacoustic tomography technique based on the time-resolved interferometric measurement of laser-induced thermoelastic expansion. Our imaging system is based on a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer that provides surface displacement measurements with a temporal resolution of 4 ns and a displacement sensitivity of 0.3 nm. The images are reconstructed from surface displacement measurements made at several locations following irradiation of the sample with Q-switched Nd:YAG (lambda=532, 1064 nm) laser pulses using a delay and sum beam-forming algorithm. The images shown demonstrate the ability of our method to provide better than 200-microm lateral and 30-microm axial resolution at depths exceeding ten transport mean free paths in highly scattering in-vitro and in-vivo model systems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163817?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seo, InSeok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">You, Joon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perturbation and differential Monte Carlo methods for measurement of optical properties in a layered epithelial tissue model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birefringence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014030</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of perturbation and differential Monte Carlo (pMC/dMC) methods in conjunction with nonlinear optimization algorithms were proposed recently as a means to solve inverse photon migration problems in regionwise heterogeneous turbid media. We demonstrate the application of pMC/dMC methods for the recovery of optical properties in a two-layer extended epithelial tissue model from experimental measurements of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance. The results demonstrate that pMC/dMC methods provide a rapid and accurate approach to solve two-region inverse photon migration problems in the transport regime, that is, on spatial scales smaller than a transport mean free path and in media where optical scattering need not dominate absorption. The pMC/dMC approach is found to be effective over a broad range of absorption (50 to 400%) and scattering (70 to 130%) perturbations. The recovery of optical properties from spatially resolved diffuse reflectance measurements is examined for different sets of source-detector separation. These results provide some guidance for the design of compact fiber-based probes to determine and isolate optical properties from both epithelial and stromal layers of superficial tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343505?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahon, Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential interference by hydroxocobalamin on cooximetry hemoglobin measurements during cyanide and smoke inhalation treatments.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of emergency medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Emerg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antidotes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon Monoxide Poisoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carboxyhemoglobin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrogen Cyanide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydroxocobalamin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infusions, Intravenous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methemoglobin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smoke Inhalation Injury</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitamin B Complex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">802-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY OBJECTIVE: Concentrated aqueous solutions of hydroxocobalamin (OHCob) are administered intravenously for cyanide poisoning victims, many of whom also have concurrent smoke inhalation. Because of its intense light absorbance in visible wavelengths (absorption peak at 532 nm), we investigate potential interference effects of OHCob on total hemoglobin concentration (tHb), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), methemoglobin (MetHb), and oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2) cooximetry measurement values in blood.

METHODS: In vivo cooximetry measurements were conducted with 3 specific pathogen-free white New Zealand rabbits (3.80+/-0.21 kg) during the intravenous infusion of OHCob (625 mg during a 100-minute period). Resultant changes in tHb, Hb-O2, COHb, and MetHb values were measured and correlated with respect to estimated in vivo OHCob concentrations. In vitro measurements were conducted with rabbit blood to confirm in vivo measurements.

RESULTS: The introduction of OHCob clearly interfered with the cooximetry measurements of each of the hemoglobin component fractions in whole blood and resulted in altered measurement values from the baseline values. The presence of OHCob in blood interferes with cooximetry measurements of COHb, MetHb, and Hb-O2. The increase in measured COHb fraction with increasing concentrations of OHCob was most notable.

CONCLUSION: The presence of OHCob in blood interferes with cooximetry measurements of COHb, MetHb, and Hb-O2. These effects need to be considered during OHCob treatment of cyanide poisoning, particularly in smoke inhalation victims with potential for concurrent carbon monoxide exposure, because it may lead to potentially erroneous reported COHb levels.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210205?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy using diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar 6</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4014-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and imaging are emerging diagnostic techniques that quantitatively measure the concentration of deoxy-hemoglobin (ctHHb), oxy-hemoglobin (ctO(2)Hb), water (ctH(2)O), and lipid in cm-thick tissues. In early-stage clinical studies, diffuse optical imaging and DOS have been used to characterize breast tumor biochemical composition and monitor therapeutic response in stage II/III neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients. We investigated whether DOS measurements obtained before and 1 week into a 3-month adriamycin/cytoxan neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen can predict final, postsurgical pathological response. Baseline DOS measurements of 11 patients before therapy revealed significant increases in tumor ctHHb, ctO(2)Hb, ctH(2)O, and spectral scattering slope, and decreases in bulk lipids, relative to normal breast tissue. Tumor concentrations of ctHHb, ctO(2)Hb, and ctH(2)O dropped 27 +/- 15%, 33 +/- 7%, and 11 +/- 15%, respectively, within 1 week (6.5 +/- 1.4 days) of the first treatment for pathology-confirmed responders (n = 6), whereas nonresponders (n = 5) and normal side controls showed no significant changes in these parameters. The best single predictor of therapeutic response 1 week posttreatment was ctHHb (83% sensitivity, 100% specificity), while discrimination analysis based on combined ctHHb and ctH(2)O changes classified responders vs. nonresponders with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the pretreatment tumor-to-normal ctO(2)Hb ratio was significantly higher in responders (2.82 +/- 0.44) vs. nonresponders (1.82 +/- 0.49). These results highlight DOS sensitivity to tumor cellular metabolism and biochemical composition and demonstrate its potential for predicting and monitoring an individual's response to treatment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360469?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantification of a three-dimensional velocity vector using spectral-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doppler Effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1587-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiangle, fiber-based, spectral-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography with a phase-resolved algorithm is presented to measure three components of an arbitrary velocity vector. A beam divider that divides a probe beam to have five independent viewpoints and path length delays was designed. The divider was inserted into the sampling arm of a Doppler optical coherence tomography system between the collimator and the first galvo mirror of a two-axis galvo scanner. The divider produced five independent D k's (the average difference between the wave vectors of incoming and outgoing beams) after passing through the focusing lens while keeping two-axis scanning capability. After calibration, an unknown velocity vector field inside a microtube was quantified by solving a three-dimensional minimization problem.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17546197?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomez-Godinez, Veronica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wakida, Nicole M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dvornikov, Alexander S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recruitment of DNA damage recognition and repair pathway proteins following near-IR femtosecond laser irradiation of cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">020505</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An 800-nm 200-fs laser is used to produce DNA damage in rat kangaroo (PtK1) and human cystic fibrosis pancreatic adenoma carcinoma (CFPAC-1) cells. Immunofluorescence staining for DNA repair factors in irradiated cells displays localization of gammaH2AX, Nbs1, and Rad50 to the site of irradiation 3 to 30 min following laser exposure. It is concluded that the 200-fs near-infrared laser is an excellent source for the production and study of spatially defined regions of DNA damage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477704?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franco, Walfre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, Boris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions using multiple-intermittent cryogen spurts and two-wavelength laser pulses: numerical and animal studies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryosurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light Coagulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodentia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telangiectasis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">494-503</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Presently, cutaneous vascular lesions are treated using a single cryogen spurt and single laser pulse (SCS-SLP), which do not necessarily produce complete lesion removal in the majority of patients. In this study, the feasibility of applying multiple cryogen spurts intermittently with multiple two-wavelength laser pulses (MCS-MTWLP) was studied using numerical and animal models.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two treatment procedures were simulated: (1) SCS+532 nm SLP; and (2) MCS+532/1064 nm MTWLP. Light transport and heat diffusion in human skin were simulated with the Monte Carlo method and finite element model, respectively. Possible epidermal damage and blood vessel photocoagulation were evaluated with an Arrhenius-type kinetic model. Blood vessels in the rodent window chamber model (RWCM) were irradiated with either SLP or MTWLP. Laser-induced structural and functional changes in the vessels were documented by digital photography and laser speckle imaging (LSI).

RESULTS: The numerical results show that the MCS-MTWLP approach can provide sufficient epidermal protection while simultaneously achieving photocoagulation of larger blood vessels as compared to SCS-SLP. Animal studies show that MTWLP has significant advantages over SLP by inducing irreversible damage to larger blood vessels without adverse effects.

CONCLUSIONS: MCS-MTWLP may be a promising approach to improve therapeutic outcome for patients with cutaneous vascular lesions featuring large blood vessels.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17659588?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Jungrae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of polar decomposition for the diagnosis of oral precancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precancerous Conditions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007 May 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3038-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Mueller matrix describes all the polarizing properties of a sample and, therefore, the optical differences between noncancerous and precancerous tissue that may be present within the matrix elements. A high-speed polarimetry system that generates 16 (4x4) full Mueller matrices to characterize tissues is presented. Feature extraction is done on the Mueller matrix elements resulting in depolarization and retardance images by polar decomposition. These are used to detect and classify early oral cancers and precancerous changes in epithelium such as dysplasia. These images are compared with orthogonal polarization images and analyzed in an attempt to identity useful factors for the differentiation between cancerous lesions and their benign counterparts. Our results indicate that polarimetry has potential as a method for the in vivo early detection and diagnosis of oral premalignancy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514255?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kharkhuu, Khishigzaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utility of the F98 rat glioma model for photodynamic therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transplantation, Isogeneic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-55</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A syngeneic rat brain tumor model consisting of F98 glioma cells in Fischer rats was investigated for its utility in PDT studies. Results of in vitro studies demonstrated that the F98 cell line was sensitive to ALA-PDT, especially at low light irradiances. Histological examination revealed that F98 tumors share many fundamental characteristics with human GBMs, including rapid growth and infiltrative behavior. ALA-PDT in normal brain showed that high light fluences (26 J) delivered at relatively low powers (10 mW) are capable of causing significant edema. These findings suggest that light irradiation parameters should be chosen carefully when treating tumor-bearing animals. Rats inoculated with F98 cells preincubated in ALA showed a significant survival advantage following light exposure. Taken together, the results suggest that the F98 rat glioma model is appropriate for PDT studies of malignant gliomas.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17725541?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krishnamachari, Vishnu Vardhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andresen, Esben Ravn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keiding, Søren Rud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potma, Eric Olaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An active interferometer-stabilization scheme with linear phase control.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun 12</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5210-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report a simple and robust computer-based active interferometer stabilization scheme which does not require modulation of the interfering beams and relies on an error signal which is linearly related to the optical path difference. In this setup, a non-collinearly propagating reference laser beam stabilizes the interference output of the laser light propagating collinearly through the interferometer. This stabilization scheme enables adjustable phase control with 20 ms switching times in the range from 0.02pi radians to 6pi radians at 632.8 nm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516686?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durrant, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of sperm motility using optical tweezers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the use of optical trapping as a quantitative measure of sperm motility. The effects of laser trap duration and laser trapping power on sperm motility are described between sperm swimming force, swimmimg speed, and speed of progression (SOP) score. Sperm (SOP scores of 2-4) were trapped by a continuous-wave 1064 nm single-point gradient laser trap. Trap duration effects were quantified for 15, 10, and 5 seconds at 420 mW laser power. Laser power effects were quantified at powers of 420 mW, 350 mW, 300 mW, and 250 mW for five seconds. Swimming force, swimming speed, and SOP score relationships were examined at a trap duration and trapping power shown to minimally affect sperm motility. Swimming forces were measured by trapping sperm and subsequently decreasing laser power until the sperm escaped the trap. Swimming trajectories were calculated by custom-built software, and SOP scores were assigned by three qualified sperm scoring experts. A ubiquitous class of sperm were identified that swim with relatively high forces that are uncorrelated to swimming speed. It is concluded that sperm swimming forces measured by optical trapping provide new and valuable quantitative information to assess sperm motility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965158?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saltzman, D J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gelfand, D V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milliken, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waddington, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy measurement of hemoglobin concentration during hypovolemia in rabbits.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological measurement</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiol Meas</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypovolemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">757-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serial blood draws for the assessment of trauma patients' hemoglobin (sHgb) and hematocrit (sHct) is standard practice. A device that would allow for continuous real-time, non-invasive monitoring of hemoglobin and tissue perfusion would potentially improve recognition, monitoring and resuscitation of blood loss. We developed a device utilizing diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) technology that simultaneously measures tissue scattering and near-infrared (NIR) absorption to obtain non-invasive measurements of oxy- (Hb-O(2)), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb-R) concentrations and tissue hemoglobin concentration (THC) in an animal model of hypovolemic shock induced by successive blood withdrawals. Intubated New Zealand White rabbits (N = 16) were hemorrhaged via a femoral arterial line every 20 min until a 20% blood loss (10-15 cc kg(-1)) was achieved to attain hypovolemia. A broadband DOS probe placed on the inner thigh was used to measure muscle concentrations of Hb-O(2) and Hb-R, during blood withdrawal. THC and tissue hemoglobin saturation (S(T)O(2)) were calculated from DOS [Hb-O(2)] and [Hb-R]. Broadband DOS-measured values were compared against traditional invasive measurements: systemic sHgb, arterial oxygen saturation (S(a)O(2)) and venous oxygen saturation (S(v)O(2)) drawn from arterial and central venous blood. DOS and traditional invasive measurements versus blood loss were closely correlated (r(2) = 0.96) showing a decline with removal of blood. S(T)O(2) and [Hb-O(2)] followed similar trends with hemorrhage, while [Hb-R] remained relatively constant. These measurements may be limited to some extent by the inability to distinguish between hemoglobin and myoglobin contributions to DOS signals in tissue at this time. Broadband DOS provides a potential platform for reliable non-invasive measurements of tissue oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and may accurately reflect the degree of systemic hypovolemia and compromised tissue perfusion.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772673?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaiser, Meghann L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karam, Amir M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepehr, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Hau Sin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokes, David E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage regeneration in the rabbit nasal septum.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Shape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1730-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Rhinoplasty frequently includes harvesting of nasal septal cartilage. The objective of this prospective basic investigation is to determine whether cartilage can regenerate after submucosal resection (SMR) of the nasal septum in the rabbit. Neocartilage formation has not heretofore been described in this model.

METHODS: By lateral rhinotomy, SMR was performed on 17 rabbits followed by reapproximation of the perichondrium. After 7 months, septi were fixed, sectioned, and examined histologically. Findings were photographed and data tabulated according to location and extent.

RESULTS: Sites of matrix-secreting isogenous chondrocyte islands were identified between the perichondrial flaps of every animal, principally in the anterior inferior septum. The width of the islands averaged 190 microm, and the mean neocartilage height was found to be 840 microm. The newly formed cartilage consisted of chondrocytes within chondrons and was comparable in shape and structure to native septal cartilage.

CONCLUSIONS: After SMR, rabbit cartilage tissue can regenerate and form matrix within the potential space created by surgery. The surrounding stem cell-rich perichondrium may be the site of origin for these chondrocytes. These findings suggest that after SMR of the human nasal septum, it may be possible for new cartilage tissue to develop provided the mucosa is well approximated. This biologic effect may be enhanced by insertion of cytokine-rich tissue scaffolds that exploit the native ability of septal perichondrium to regenerate and repair cartilage tissue.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003728?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirshburg, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen solubility correlates with skin optical clearing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatologic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solubility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics as Topic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">040501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical optics and photomedicine applications are challenged by the turbidity of most biological tissue systems. Nonreactive, biocompatible chemical agents can induce a reversible reduction in optical scattering of collagenous tissues such as human skin. Herein we show that a chemical agent's tissue optical clearing potential is directly related to its collagen solubility, providing a rational design basis for effective, percutaneous formulations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965124?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence tomography using a 12-fs broadband source.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systems Integration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">020502</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 12-fs broadband (100-nm) source is used to combine multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a single platform. An ultrafast Ti:sapphire laser simultaneously provides short pulses necessary for efficient MPM excitation and the broad bandwidth required for high-resolution OCT. Using 0.3-microm microspheres and a 63x, 0.95 numerical aperture objective, we demonstrate that MPM and OCT channels are coregistered with lateral resolution of approximately 0.5 microm and axial resolution of approximately 1.5 microm. Preliminary studies of a 3-D organotypic epithelial tissue model show that multiphoton images of fluorescence and second harmonic signals are derived from cellular and extracellular matrix structures, respectively, while OCT images are generated from scattering interfaces due to tissue variations in refractive index. The combined MPM/OCT microscope is capable of providing simultaneous functional and structural information from cells and extracellular matrix and is potentially a powerful tool for studying biological processes in thick tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16674173?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer-based tracking of single sperm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Video</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattern Recognition, Automated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">054009</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes a robust single sperm tracking algorithm (SSTA) that can be used in laser optical trapping and sperm motility studies. The algorithm creates a region of interest (ROI) centered about a sperm selected by the user. SSTA contrast enhances the ROI image and implements a modified four-class thresholding method to extract the tracked sperm as it transitions in and out of focus. The nearest neighbor method is complemented with a speed-check feature to aid tracking in the presence of additional sperm or other particles. SSTA has a collision-detection feature for real or perceived collision or near-miss cases between two sperm. Subsequent postcollision analysis employs three criteria to distinguish the tracked sperm in the image. The efficacy of SSTA is validated through examples and comparisons to commercially available computer-aided sperm tracking systems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092158?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of characteristics of degenerative joint disease using optical coherence tomography and polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birefringence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Femur</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joint Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osteoarthritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tibia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">852-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have demonstrated that optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be used to delineate alterations in the microstructure of cartilage, and have suggested that changes in the polarization state of light as detected by OCT could provide information on the birefringence properties of articular cartilage as influenced by disease. In this study we have used both OCT and polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) technologies to evaluate normal and abnormal bovine articular cartilage according to established structural, organizational, and birefringent characteristics of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in order to determine if this technology can be used to differentiate various stages of DJD as a minimally invasive imaging tool.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh bovine femoral-tibial joints were obtained from an abattoir, and 45 cartilage specimens were harvested from 8 tibial plateaus. Whole ex vivo specimens of normal and degenerative articular cartilage were imaged by both OCT and PS-OCT, then fixed and processed for histological evaluation. OCT/PS-OCT images and corresponding histology sections of each specimen were scored according to a modified Mankin structural grading scale and compared.

RESULTS: OCT and PS-OCT imaging allowed structural evaluation of intact articular cartilage along a 6 mm surface length to a depth of 2 mm with a transverse resolution of 12 microm and an axial resolution of 10 microm. The OCT and PS-OCT images demonstrated characteristic alterations in the structure of articular cartilage with a high correlation to histological evaluation (kappa = 0.776). The OCT images were able to demonstrate early to advanced structural changes of articular cartilage while the optical phase retardation images obtained by PS-OCT imaging were able to discriminate areas where disorganization of the cartilage matrix was present, however, these characteristics are much different than those reported where OCT images alone were used to characterize tissue birefringence. No evidence of differences in OCT or PS-OCT images were detected between specimens of similar structural characteristics where proteoglycan was judged present or absent by safranin-O Fast Green staining.

CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of OCT and PS-OCT technologies to obtain images from a single system is able to demonstrate and discriminate between characteristics of very early stages of surface irregularities not previously reported for OCT imaging, to deep clefts and collagen matrix disorganization for tissue at depths of up to 2 mm with good correlation to histology. PS-OCT and accumulated optical phase retardation images of articular cartilage as constructed from alterations in Stokes vector parameters appear to give a valuable but different assessment of alterations in tissue birefringence and organization than have been reported for OCT images obtained with the use of polarized or non-polarized light sources. This is the first time that alterations in the polarization state of light reflected from within the tissue have been demonstrated to be consistent with changes observed in the orientation and organization of the collagen matrix in advanced stages of DJD. The degree of phase transformation of light reflected from within the tissue as determined by PS-OCT imaging does not appear to be altered by the presence or absence of proteoglycan.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16998913?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shao, Bing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esener, Sadik C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamically adjustable annular laser trapping based on axicons.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Separation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Sep 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6421-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To study the chemotactic response of sperm to an egg and to characterize sperm motility, an annular laser trap based on axicons is designed, simulated with the ray-tracing tool, and implemented. The diameter of the trapping ring can be adjusted dynamically for a range of over 400 microm by simply translating one axicon along the optical axis. Trapping experiments with microspheres and dog sperm demonstrate the feasibility of the system, and the power requirement agrees with theoretical expectation. This new type of laser trapping could provide a prototype of a parallel, objective, and quantitative tool for animal fertility and biotropism study.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912778?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, Shuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tempea, Gabriel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of pulse duration on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation in nonlinear optical microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">020501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed a multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system using a 12-fs Ti:sapphire laser with adjustable dispersion precompensation in order to examine the impact of pulse duration on nonlinear optical signals. The efficiencies of two-photon-excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) were studied for various pulse durations, measured at the sample, ranging from approximately 400 fs to sub-20 fs. Both TPEF and SHG increased proportionally to the inverse of the pulse duration for the entire tested range. Because of improved signal-to-noise ratio, sub-20-fs pulses were used to enhance MPM imaging depth by approximately 160%, compared to 120-fs pulses, in human skin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16674172?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy on the invasiveness of human glioma cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Invasiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">939-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High-grade gliomas are characterized by rapid proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasive growth. Eradication or inhibition of infiltrating glioma cells poses a significant clinical challenge that is unlikely to be solved using conventional treatment regimens consisting of ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the invasiveness of human glioma cells migrating from implanted multicell human tumor spheroids.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor spheroids, derived from the human glioma cell line ACBT, were implanted into a gel matrix of collagen type I. Twenty-four hours following implantation there was a significant invasion into the surrounding gel by individual tumor cells to an average distance of 400 microm. The cultures were incubated in ALA for 4 hours and then exposed to 635 nm laser light in a titration of fluence level, fluence rate, and drug concentration.

RESULTS: ALA-PDT at a light fluence of 6 J/cm(2) was sufficient to inhibit gloma cell migration distance by 80-90% compared to control cultures, but did not prevent spheroid growth nor was it cytotoxic to the migrating cells. The viability of the migrating cells both in control and PDT-treated cultures receiving 6 J/cm(2) was high, 85 and 65%, respectively. ALA-PDT at fluences of 25 J/cm(2) was clearly cytotoxic for both the infiltrating cells as well as the spheroids. Low fluence rates were more effective at inhibiting tumor cell infiltration than higher ones for a given total fluence.

CONCLUSION: Measurement of cell survival, and results from cultures with blocked cell proliferation, indicated a direct migratory inhibition effect on the invading cells rather than cytotoxicity as the most likely mechanism for the inhibition of invasiveness observed following ALA-mediated PDT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163479?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, H Garrett R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mih, Justin D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Steven C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelial-derived TGF-beta2 modulates basal and wound-healing subepithelial matrix homeostasis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homeostasis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulmonary Circulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transforming Growth Factor beta2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L1277-85</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The epithelium influences the mesenchyme during dynamic processes such as embryogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Since transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) modulates these processes, we hypothesized that epithelial-derived TGF-beta also plays a critical role in maintaining the extracellular matrix at basal conditions. We utilized an in vitro model of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit in the human airways to determine the role of epithelial-derived TGF-beta in modulating the extracellular matrix under basal and wound-healing conditions. When differentiated at an air-liquid interface, the human bronchial epithelium produces active TGF-beta2 at a concentration of 50-70 pg/ml, whereas TGF-beta1 is undetectable. TGF-beta2 increases two- to threefold following scrape injury in a dose-dependent fashion and significantly enhances both alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in the underlying collagen-embedded fibroblasts and secretion of tenascin-C into the matrix. Multiphoton microscopy demonstrates substantially enhanced second harmonic generation from fibrillar collagen in the matrix. Pretreatment of the matrix with either sirolimus (2.5 nM) or paclitaxel (10 nM) abolishes the increases in both TGF-beta2 and second harmonic generation in response to epithelial injury. In the absence of the epithelium, exogenous active TGF-beta2 (0-400 pg/ml) produces a biphasic response in the second harmonic signal with a minimum occurring at the epithelial-derived basal level. We conclude that epithelial-derived TGF-beta2 is secreted in response to injury, significantly alters the bulk optical properties of the extracellular matrix, and its tight regulation may be required for normal collagen homeostasis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891397?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Arnold D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating optical properties in layered tissues by use of the Born approximation of the radiative transport equation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Apr 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1088-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We use the Born approximation of the radiative transport equation to recover simultaneously the absorption and scattering coefficients in a single layer of a two-layer tissue sample from reflectance data. This method reduces the estimation of both optical properties to a single linear, least-squares problem. It is valid over length scales smaller than a transport mean free path and hence is useful for epithelial tissue layers. We demonstrate the accuracy of this method by using spatially resolved reflectance data computed with Monte Carlo simulations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625912?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine Mikhail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Sugku</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhonping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jordan, Bryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yershov, Andrey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walton, Ronald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of rabbit tracheal inflammation using optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chest</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chest</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pneumococcal Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pneumonia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulmonary Edema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streptococcus pneumoniae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">863-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving technology that is capable of delivering real-time, high-resolution images of tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using OCT for detecting airway pathology in a septic animal model.

METHODS: The tracheas of New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated endobronchially with various concentrations of live Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. After the development of pneumonia/sepsis, the animals were killed. OCT tracheal images and corresponding histologic specimens from these experimental animals were compared to control rabbit tracheas for morphologic features and quantitative tracheal mucosal thickness measurements.

RESULTS: The results revealed significant airway mucosal thickening in the experimental group that was consistent with tracheal edema. Morphologic changes, including epithelial denuding and mucosal sloughing, were evident in regions of the experimental tracheas.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that OCT is a potentially valuable imaging modality that is capable of evaluating superficial airway pathology with high-resolution in vivo images. Numerous applications of OCT can be envisioned in the realm of pulmonary medicine and thoracic surgery that may substantially increase the precision and accuracy of current bronchoscopic diagnostic and surgical techniques.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16963687?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waite, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, Katie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheny, Erin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kreuter, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhonping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography of malignancy in hamster cheek pouches.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomedicine and laser surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomed Laser Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">402-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Hamster cheek pouches (HCP) with various degrees of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced dysplasia and malignancies were imaged with OCT/ODT in vivo and in vitro to assess the potential for three-dimensional high-resolution optical localization of airway malignancy.

BACKGROUND DATA: Optical coherence tomography (OCT)/optical doppler tomography (ODT) provide potential capability for real-time in vivo high-resolution (2-20 microm) cross-sectional imaging of tissues and spatially resolved blood flow in microvasculature for pathology diagnostics.

METHODS: DMBA was applied to the right side of the cheek pouch (HCP), and mineral oil (control) to the left side three times weekly for 10-18 weeks in Syrian Golden Hamsters using a standard protocol for malignancy induction. HCP were imaged in vivo with OCT/ODT as well as in vitro post-excision, using a prototype 1310-nm broadband superluminescent diode-based OCT/ODT device constructed in our laboratory. Three-dimensional images were constructed, and compared to standard and three-dimensional histology hematoxylin and eosin staining.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: OCT imaging offered exceptional resolution of the HCP to depths of 1-2 mm and confirmed ability to detect dysplasia and malignancy. Three-dimensional OCT images were readily constructed, allowing visualization of extent and localization of tumor margins. ODT demonstrated increased vascularity in the area of neoplasia. OCT/ODT is a promising new technology for oral airway diagnostics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875451?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GRIN lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography with fast dynamic focus tracking.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Apr 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3238-46</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this manuscript, a GRIN (gradient index) lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with dynamic focus tracking is presented. Current endoscopic OCT systems have a fixed focal plane or working distance. In contrast, the focus of this endoscopic OCT probe can dynamically be adjusted at a high speed (500 mm/s) without changing reference arm length to obtain high quality OCT images for contact or non-contact tissue applications, or for areas of difficult access for probes. The dynamic focusing range of the probe can be from 0 to 7.5 mm without moving the probe itself. The imaging depth is 2.8 mm and the lateral scanning range is up to 2.7 mm or 4.5 mm (determined by the diameter of different GRIN lens rods). Three dimensional imaging can be performed using this system over an area of tissue corresponding to the GRIN lens surface. The experimental results demonstrate that this GRIN lens rod based OCT system can perform a high quality non-contact in vivo imaging. This rigid OCT probe is solid and can be adapted to safely access internal organs, to perform front or side view imaging with an imaging speed of 8 frames per second, with all moving parts proximal to the GRIN lens, and has great potential for use in extremely compact OCT endoscopes for in vivo imaging in both biological research and clinical applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516465?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spencer, Joel A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andersen, Bogi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging corneal pathology in a transgenic mouse model using nonlinear microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Markers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cornea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corneal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Transgenic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear Dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">014013</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A transgenic mouse model with a Clim [co-factor of LIM (a combination of first letters of Lin-11 (C. elegans), ISL1 (rat), and Mec-3 (C. elegans) gene names) domain proteins] gene partially blocked in the epithelial compartment of its tissues is used to establish the sensitivity of intrinsic reflectance nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) to stromal and cellular perturbations in the cornea. Our results indicate dysplasia in the squamous epithelium, irregular collagen arrays in the stroma, and a compromised posterior endothelium in the corneas of these mice. As suggested by biochemical data, the collagen alterations are likely due to collagen III synthesis and deposition during healing and remodeling of transgenic mice corneal stromas. All of the topographic features seen in NLOM images of normal and aberrant corneas are confirmed by coregistration with histological sections. In this work, we also use ratiometric redox fluorometry based on two-photon excited cellular fluorescence from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)(P)H and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to study mitochondrial energy metabolism. Employing this method, we detect higher metabolic activity in the endothelial layer of cornea compared to an epithelial layer located further away from the metabolites. The combination of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) with second harmonic generation (SHG) signals allows imaging to aid in understanding the relationship between alternation of specific genes and structural changes in cells and extracellular matrix.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16526890?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franco, Walfre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improvement of port wine stain laser therapy by skin preheating prior to cryogen spray cooling: a numerical simulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although cryogen spray cooling (CSC) in conjunction with laser therapy has become the clinical standard for treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, the current approach does not produce complete lesion blanching in the vast majority of patients. The objectives of this study are to: (1) experimentally determine the dynamic CSC heat flux when a skin phantom is preheated, and (2) numerically study the feasibility of using skin preheating prior to CSC to improve PWS laser therapeutic outcome.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A fast-response thin-foil thermocouple was used to measure the surface temperature and thus heat flux of an epoxy skin phantom during CSC. Using the heat flux as a boundary condition, PWS laser therapy was simulated with finite element heat diffusion and Monte Carlo light distribution models. Epidermal and PWS blood vessel thermal damage were calculated with an Arrhenius-type kinetic model.

RESULTS: Experimental results show that the skin phantom surface can be cooled to a similar minimum temperature regardless of the initial temperature. Numerical simulation indicates that upon laser irradiation, the epidermal temperature increase is virtually unaffected by preheating, while higher PWS blood vessel temperatures can be achieved. Based on the damage criterion we assumed, the depth and maximum diameter of PWS vessels that can be destroyed irreversibly with skin preheating are greater than those without.

CONCLUSIONS: Skin preheating prior to CSC can maintain epidermal cooling while increasing PWS blood vessel temperature before laser irradiation. Numerical models have been developed to show that patients may benefit from the skin preheating approach, depending on PWS vessel diameter and depth.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16493663?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo absorption, scattering, and physiologic properties of 58 malignant breast tumors determined by broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">044005</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) may be a beneficial diagnostic method for women with mammographically dense breast tissue. In order to evaluate the utility of DOI, we are developing broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) to characterize the functional origins of optical signals in breast cancer patients. Broadband DOS combines multifrequency intensity-modulated and continuous-wave near-infrared light to quantify tissue absorption and scattering spectra from 650 to 1000 nm. Values of intrinsic physiological properties (oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, water, lipid, and scatter power) derived from absorption and scattering spectra provide detailed information on breast physiology. We present the results of clinical studies of 58 stage II/III malignant breast tumors using a noninvasive, handheld, broadband DOS probe. On average, eight positions were scanned over tumor and contralateral normal breast for each subject. Intrinsic physiological properties were statistically significantly different for malignant vs. normal tissues for all subjects, without patient age or tumor size/type stratification. Breast tissues containing malignant tumors displayed reduced lipid content ( approximately 20%) and increased water, deoxy-, and oxy-hemoglobin (&gt;50% each) compared to normal breast tissues. Functional perturbations by the tumor were significantly larger than functional variations in normal tissues. A tissue optical index (TOI) derived from intrinsic physiological properties yielded an average two-fold contrast difference between malignant tumors and intrinsic tissue properties. Our results demonstrate that intrinsic optical signals can be influenced by functional perturbations characteristic of malignant transformation; cellular metabolism, extracellular matrix composition, and angiogenesis. Our findings further underscore the importance of broadband measurements and patient age stratification in breast cancer DOI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965162?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shibuya, Terry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, Roger L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, Mai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J-F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography of the human oral cavity and oropharynx.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of otolaryngology--head &amp; neck surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oropharynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharyngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1074-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving imaging modality that combines interferometry with low-coherence light to produce high-resolution tissue imaging. Cross-sectional in vivo images were obtained using an OCT device consisting of a Michelson interferometer, 1.3-microm broadband light source, and a handheld fiberoptic imaging probe. Image pixel resolution approached 10 microm. The mucosa of the oral cavity and oropharynx were examined in 41 patients during operative endoscopy. Optical coherence tomographic imaging was combined with endoscopic photography for gross and histologic image correlation. Optical coherence tomographic images of the oral cavity and oropharynx provided microanatomical information on the epithelium, basement membrane (BM), and supporting lamina propria (LP) of the mucosa. Normal microstructures identified in these tissues included an overlying keratin layer, papillae, ducts, glands, and blood vessels. Regions of pathologic features studied included mature scar, granulation tissue, mucous cysts, leukoplakia, and invasive cancer. Optical coherence tomographic imaging showed distinct zones of normal, altered, and ablated tissue microstructures for each pathologic process studied. Abnormal findings were directly compared with regions of normal tissue or conventional histopathologic features when tissue for analysis was available. This study provides a composite series of in vivo OCT images of the oral cavity and oropharynx in a variety of normal regions and pathologic states as well as outline future applications of OCT technology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043254?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shibuya, Terry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, Roger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography of the nasal mucosa.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American journal of rhinology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Rhinol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Decongestants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turbinates</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that uses light to produce in vivo high-resolution cross-sectional images (7 microm) of tissues to depths of up to 3 mm. OCT is analogous to ultrasound, but relies on interferometry and low-coherence optical sources to produce images of tissue structure at the histological level.

METHODS: In this study, OCT was used to image the mucosa overlying structures in the nasal cavity to obtain information regarding normative in vivo tissue microstructure. An OCT system using a Michaelson interferometer and a 1.3-microm broadband light source was incorporated into a fiber-optic imaging device that was inserted into the nasal cavity. Cross-sectional tomographic images of the anterior and posterior nasal septum, turbinates, and vestibule were acquired in 44 patients in either the office or the operating room during surgical endoscopy.

RESULTS: OCT images of the nasal mucosa identified the distinct boundaries between the epithelium, lamina propria, and underlying bone/cartilaginous tissue. Within the lamina propria, features consistent with glands, ducts, and blood vessels were clearly identified. In patients who underwent decongestant therapy, before and after images showed distinct morphological changes in the mucosa. The thickness of the epithelium was tabulated, as well.

CONCLUSION: This study establishes the potential of using OCT to produce high-resolution images of the nasal mucosa. As an in vivo tissue microstructural imaging modality, OCT may be valuable in studying the impact of allergic and infectious disease on the nasal mucosa and monitoring its response to pharmacologic therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16686378?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Zifu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Jagesh V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleveland, Don W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo quantitative studies of dynamic intracellular processes using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intracellular Fluid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potoroidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has been a significant challenge to quantitatively study the dynamic intracellular processes in live cells. These studies are essential for a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating the signaling pathways and the transitions between cell cycle stages. Our studies of Cdc20, an important mitotic checkpoint protein, throughout the cell cycle demonstrate that fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is a powerful tool for in vivo quantitative studies of dynamic intracellular processes. In this study, Cdc20 is found to be present primarily in a large complex (&gt;1 Mda) during interphase with a diffusion constant of 1.8+/-0.1 microm2/s and a concentration of 76+/-24 nM, consistent with its association with the APC/C. During mitosis, however, a proportion of Cdc20 dissociates from APC/C at a rate of 12 pM/s into a soluble pool with a diffusion constant of 19.5+/-5.0 microm2/s, whose size is most consistent with free Cdc20. This free pool accumulates to 50% of total Cdc20 (approximately 40 nM) during chronic activation of the mitotic checkpoint but disappears during mitotic exit at a rate of 31 pM/s. The observed changes in the biochemical assembly states of Cdc20 closely correlate to the known temporal pattern of the activity of APC/CCdc20 in mitosis. Photon counting histograms reveal that both complexes contain only a single molecule of Cdc20. The underlying mechanisms of the activities of APC/CCdc20 throughout the cell cycle are discussed in light of our experimental observations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16603490?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spetalen, Signe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Qian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carper, Stephen W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sioud, Mouldy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of light fluence rate on the effects of photodynamic therapy in an orthotopic rat glioma model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neurosurgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurosurg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Necrosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-17</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECT: Failure of treatment for high-grade gliomas is usually due to local recurrence at the site of resection, indicating that a more aggressive local therapy could be beneficial. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a local treatment involving the administration of a tumor-localizing photosensitizing drug, in this case aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The effect depends on the total light energy delivered to the target tissue, but may also be influenced by the rate of light delivery.

METHODS: In vitro experiments showed that the sensitivity to ALA PDT of BT4C multicellular tumor spheroids depended on the rate of light delivery (fluence rate). The BT4C tumors were established intracranially in BD-IX rats. Microfluorometry of frozen tissue sections showed that photosensitization is produced with better than 200:1 tumor/normal tissue selectivity after ALA injection. Four hours after intraperitoneal ALA injection (125 mg/kg), 26 J of 632 nm light was delivered interstitially over 15 (high fluence rate) or 90 (low fluence rate) minutes. Histological examination of animals treated 14 days after tumor induction demonstrated extensive tumor necrosis after low-fluence-rate PDT, but hardly any necrosis after high-fluence-rate treatment. Neutrophil infiltration in tumor tissue was increased by PDT, but was similar for both treatment regimens. Low-fluence-rate PDT administered 9 days after tumor induction resulted in statistically significant prolongation of survival for treated rats compared with nontreated control animals.

CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with ALA PDT induced pronounced necrosis in tumors only if the light was delivered at a low rate. The treatment prolonged the survival for tumor-bearing animals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16509154?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frieboes, Hermann B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Xiaoming</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gatenby, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristini, Vittorio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An integrated computational/experimental model of tumor invasion.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancer research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancer Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Growth Processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Metastasis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Feb 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1597-604</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intracellular and extracellular dynamics that govern tumor growth and invasiveness in vivo remain poorly understood. Cell genotype and phenotype, and nutrient, oxygen, and growth factor concentrations are key variables. In previous work, using a reaction-diffusion mathematical model based on variables that directly describe tumor cell cycle and biology, we formulated the hypothesis that tumor morphology is determined by the competition between heterogeneous cell proliferation caused by spatial diffusion gradients, e.g., of cell nutrients, driving shape instability and invasive tumor morphologies, and stabilizing mechanical forces, e.g., cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion. To test this hypothesis, we here obtain variable-based statistics for input to the mathematical model from in vitro human and rat glioblastoma cultures. A linear stability analysis of the model predicts that glioma spheroid morphology is marginally stable. In agreement with this prediction, for a range of variable values, unbounded growth of the tumor mass and invasion of the environment are observed in vitro. The mechanism of invasion is recursive subspheroid component development at the tumor viable rim and separation from the parent spheroid. Results of computer simulations of the mathematical model closely resemble the morphologies and spatial arrangement of tumor cells from the in vitro model. We propose that tumor morphogenesis in vivo may be a function of marginally stable environmental conditions caused by spatial variations in cell nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors, and that controlling these conditions by decreasing spatial gradients could benefit treatment outcomes, whereas current treatment, and especially antiangiogenic therapy, may trigger spatial heterogeneity (e.g., local hypoxia), thus causing invasive instability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452218?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez-San-Juan, Julio C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart Nelson, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear response range characterization and in vivo application of laser speckle imaging of blood flow dynamics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Cardiovascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">041129</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive blood flow imaging can provide critical information on the state of biological tissue and the efficacy of approaches to treat disease. With laser speckle imaging (LSI), relative changes in blood flow are typically reported, with the assumption that the measured values are on a linear scale. A linear relationship between the measured and actual flow rate values has been suggested. The actual flow rate range, over which this linear relationship is valid, is unknown. Herein we report the linear response range and velocity dynamic range (VDR) of our LSI instrument at two relevant camera integration times. For integration times of 1 and 10 ms, the best case VDR was 80 and 60 dB, respectively, and the worst case VDR was 20 and 50 dB. The best case VDR values were similar to those reported in the literature for optical Doppler tomography. We also demonstrate the potential of LSI for monitoring blood flow dynamics in the rodent dorsal skinfold chamber model. These findings imply that LSI can provide accurate wide-field maps of microvascular blood flow rate dynamics and highlight heterogeneities in flow response to the application of exogenous agents.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965157?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karam, Amir M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Chao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Milner, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term viability and mechanical behavior following laser cartilage reshaping.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhinoplasty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Survival</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term in vivo effect of laser dosimetry on rabbit septal cartilage integrity, viability, and mechanical behavior.

METHODS: Nasal septal cartilage specimens (control and irradiated pairs) were harvested from 18 rabbits. Specimens were mechanically deformed and irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser across a broad dosimetry range (4-8 W and 6-16 seconds). Treated specimens and controls were autologously implanted into a subperichondrial auricular pocket. Specimens were harvested an average +/- SD of 208 +/- 35 days later. Tissue integrity, histology, chondrocyte viability, and mechanical property evaluations were performed. Tissue damage results were compared with Monte Carlo simulation models.

RESULTS: All laser-irradiated specimens demonstrated variable tissue resorption and calcification, which increased with increased dosimetry. Elastic moduli of the specimens were significantly either lower or higher than controls (all P&lt;.05). Viability assays illustrated a total loss of viable chondrocytes within the laser-irradiated zones in all treated specimens. Histologic examination confirmed these findings. Experimental results were consistent with damage profiles determined using numerical simulations.

CONCLUSION: The loss of structural integrity and chondrocyte viability observed across a broad dosimetry range underscores the importance of spatially selective heating methods prior to initiating application in human subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549737?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Tia K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez-San-Juan, Julio C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvascular blood flow dynamics associated with photodynamic therapy, pulsed dye laser irradiation and combined regimens.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Blood Flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">532-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous in vitro studies demonstrated the potential utility of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) photodynamic therapy (PDT) for vascular destruction. Moreover, the effects of PDT were enhanced when this intervention was followed immediately by pulsed dye laser (PDL) irradiation (PDT/PDL). We further evaluate vascular effects of PDT alone, PDL alone and PDT/PDL in an in vivo rodent dorsal skinfold model.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dorsal skinfold window chamber was installed surgically on female Sprague-Dawley rats. One milligram per kilogram of BPD solution was administered intravenously via a jugular venous catheter. Evaluated interventions were: control (no BPD, no light), PDT alone (576 nm, 16 minutes exposure time, 15 minutes post-BPD injection, 10 mm spot), PDL alone at 7 J/cm2 (585 nm, 1.5 ms pulse duration, 7 mm spot), PDL alone at 10 J/cm2, PDT/PDL (PDL at 7 J/cm2), and PDT/PDL (PDL at 10 J/cm2). To assess changes in microvascular blood flow, laser speckle imaging was performed before, immediately after, and 18 hours post-intervention.

RESULTS: Epidermal irradiation was accomplished without blistering, scabbing or ulceration. A reduction in perfusion was achieved in all intervention groups. PDT/PDL at 7 J/cm2 resulted in the greatest reduction in vascular perfusion (56%).

CONCLUSIONS: BPD PDT can achieve safe and selective vascular flow reduction. PDT/PDL can enhance diminution of microvascular blood flow. Our results suggest that PDT and PDT/PDL should be evaluated as alternative therapeutic options for treatment of hypervascular skin lesions including port wine stain birthmarks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615132?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youn, Jong-In</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweet, Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mid-IR laser ablation of articular and fibro-cartilage: a wavelength dependence study of thermal injury and crater morphology.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Femur</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibrocartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knee Joint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menisci, Tibial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patella</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tibia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">218-28</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate areas of collateral thermal injury and crater morphology for evidence of wavelength-dependent effects on the ablation of articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage (meniscus) using selected mid-IR wavelengths produced by a free electron laser.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two types of cartilage, articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage were used in the study. The wavelengths (lambda) evaluated were 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm generated by a free electron laser (FEL) using a 4 microseconds macropulse configuration. The zone of thermal injury and crater morphology produced by laser ablation were examined by light microscopy following standard histologic processing.

RESULTS: The zone of thermal injury and crater morphology created in cartilage by the FEL at selected mid-IR wavelengths were examined as a function of incident radiant exposure. Ablation using lambda = 6.1 microm provided the largest crater size for both articular and fibro-cartilage at all radiant exposures. For the zones of collateral thermal injury in articular cartilage, lambda = 6.1 microm produced the least thermal injury at the radiant exposure of 7.6 J/cm2. When the radiant exposure is increased to 20.4 J/cm2, both lambda = 6.1 and 6.45 microm produced less thermal injury than the ablation using lambda = 2.79 and 2.9 microm. The greatest amount of collateral thermal injury was produced by lambda = 2.79 microm for both tissue types.

CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that crater depth and collateral thermal injury produced in articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage are wavelength-dependent with 6.1 microm providing the largest craters at all radiant exposures. The least amount of thermal injury was created in articular cartilage using lambda = 6.1 microm at the radiant exposure of 7.6 J/cm2. Both 6.1 and 6.45 microm wavelengths demonstrated similar amount of thermal injury at 20 J/cm2 that was less than lambda = 2.79 and 2.9 microm at similar fluences. These observations are explained based on the absorption by water and protein in the tissue types studied. It is further observed that the use of crater dimensions may not provide a reliable estimate for the amount of tissue removal provided by an ablation procedure.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453331?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spetalen, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carper, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hole, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tillung, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimally invasive photodynamic therapy (PDT) for ablation of experimental rat glioma.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimally invasive neurosurgery : MIN</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minim Invasive Neurosurg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred Strains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: The feasibility of using ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) tumor ablation as a minimally invasive treatment alternative for malignant brain tumors was evaluated in a rodent model. Treatment efficacy and side effects were evaluated with MRI, histopathology and survival rates.

METHODS: BT (4)C orthotopic brain tumors were induced in BD-IX rats. At various time intervals following tumor induction the animals were given 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and 4 hours later optical fibers were inserted directly into the tumor without mechanical debulking or cranial decompression. A 3-day course of steroid treatment was initiated immediately prior to PDT.

RESULTS: All untreated animals inevitably died within one month after tumor implantation (28.5 +/- 2.5 days). Complete tumor eradication was achieved in only 1/17 rats, but a significant increase in survival was obtained in the group of animals receiving 125 mg/kg ALA and 26 Joules of light fluence. Histopathology revealed large areas of central tumor necrosis, although clusters of viable tumor cells were often found at the tumor periphery. Pronounced edema in the necrotic tumor center as well as in the surrounding brain, and along white matter tracts was evident in all the brains studied from PDT-treated animal.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that ALA-mediated PDT may become a promising alternative therapy for the minimally invasive treatment of brain tumors. A judicious choice of PDT regimens that minimizes inflammatory responses through the use multiple fractionated long-term treatment protocols would likely be required.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16921452?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weber, Jessie R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulated imaging in layered media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppl</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6674-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present forward modeling and measurement of spatially modulated illumination in layered turbid tissue systems. This technique is used to provide quantitative, depth-resolved functional physiologic information with applications in layered tissues including cortex, retina and skin.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17959483?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristini, Vittorio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Magalhães, Nzola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multicell tumor spheroids in photodynamic therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperthermia, Induced</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">555-64</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multicell spheroids (MCSs) represent a simple in vitro system ideally suited for studying the effects of a wide variety of investigational treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first section of this review study, an overview of the current literature on MCS in PDT will be presented. Knowledge of basic PDT parameters has been gained from numerous MCS studies, in particular, the mechanisms of sensitizer photobleaching have been elucidated. MCSs have also proven useful for the study of complex PDT treatment regimens including multiple treatments and combined therapies involving PDT and ionizing radiation or hyperthermia. The purpose of the second part of this review is to present results from recent studies in our laboratory aimed at developing MCS models suitable for investigating tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis-processes characteristic of high-grade gliomas.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: To that end, progress has recently been made to develop a more accurate in vivo brain tumor model consisting of biopsy-derived human tumor spheroids implanted into the brains of immunodeficient rats. Finally, recent work suggests that computer simulations may prove useful to describe the growth of MCS and predict the effects of investigational therapies including PDT. Such in silico models have made a number of counterintuitive predictions that have been verified in vitro and, as such, could guide the development of improved therapeutics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16788918?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Jangwoen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Abaddi, Naglaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duke, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of methemoglobin formation and reduction with broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Appl. Physiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methemoglobin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methemoglobinemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methylene Blue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxidation-Reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium Nitrite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">615-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present noninvasive, quantitative in vivo measurements of methemoglobin formation and reduction in a rabbit model using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Broadband DOS combines multifrequency frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) with time-independent near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to quantitatively measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering spectra between 600 nm and 1,000 nm. Tissue concentrations (denoted by brackets) of methemoglobin ([MetHb]), deoxyhemoglobin ([Hb-R]), and oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) were determined from absorption spectra acquired in &quot;real time&quot; during nitrite infusions in nine pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits. As little as 30 nM [MetHb] changes were detected for levels of [MetHb] that ranged from 0.80 to 5.72 microM, representing 2.2 to 14.9% of the total hemoglobin content (%MetHb). These values agreed well with on-site ex vivo cooximetry data (r2= 0.902, P &lt; 0.0001, n = 4). The reduction of MetHb to functional hemoglobins was also carried out with intravenous injections of methylene blue (MB). As little as 10 nM changes in [MB] were detectable at levels of up to 150 nM in tissue. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of broadband DOS to noninvasively quantify real-time changes in [MetHb] and four additional chromophore concentrations ([Hb-R], [HbO2], [H2O], and [MB]) despite significant overlapping spectral features. These techniques are expected to be useful in evaluating dynamics of drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in blood chemistry, human, and preclinical animal models.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16223982?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torkian, Behrooz A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jahng, Alexander W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive measurement of ablation crater size and thermal injury after CO2 laser in the vocal cord with optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal Cords</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To characterize tissue destruction after CO(2) laser-ablation of the vocal cords with the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: OCT was used to image fresh porcine vocal cords after laser ablation. OCT and histology estimates of the ablation crater dimensions and the depth of thermal injury were obtained.

RESULTS: The vocal cord substructures up to 2.29 mm in depth at 10 microm resolution, and the thermal disruption after laser ablation were identified by OCT. OCT and histology estimates of the lesion dimensions showed no significant differences. Crater depth is directly proportional to laser power, whereas crater width and the zone of thermal injury appear to be unrelated to laser power.

CONCLUSIONS: OCT may be used to accurately characterize the native states and the laser-induced thermal injury of laryngeal mucosa, within the inherent limitation in its depth of penetration. OCT may be a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool in an otolaryngology practice.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399186?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hutchison, River</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kohli, Anu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharp, Tristan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orwin, Elizabeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haskell, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Office-based optical coherence tomographic imaging of human vocal cords.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miniaturization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal Cords</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving noninvasive imaging modality and has been used to image the larynx during surgical endoscopy. The design of an OCT sampling device capable of capturing images of the human larynx during a typical office based laryngoscopy examination is discussed. Both patient's and physician's movements were addressed. In vivo OCT imaging of the human larynx is demonstrated. Though the long focal length limits the lateral resolution of the image, the basement membrane can still be readily distinguished. Office-based OCT has the potential to guide surgical biopsies, direct therapy, and monitor disease. This is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822047?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokes, David E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, Mai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, Roger L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shibuya, Terry Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of laryngeal cancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basement Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Differential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Staging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1107-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution optical imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images of living tissues using light in a manner similar to ultrasound. This prospective study evaluated the ability of OCT to identify the characteristics of laryngeal cancer and measure changes in the basement membrane, tissue microstructure, and the transition zone at the edge of tumors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-three patients underwent OCT examination during surgical endoscopy of the head and neck. Twenty-two patients with laryngeal cancer or a history of laryngeal cancer were imaged with a fiberoptic OCT system. Tumor and adjacent transition zones were imaged along with uninvolved subsites. OCT images were correlated with histopathology.

RESULTS: Twenty-six OCT examinations were performed in 22 patients. Basement membrane disruption was seen in 18 subjects, all of whom had histology showing classic features of cancer. A transition zone to uninvolved epithelium at the tumor periphery was also often observed. In six studies, benign or premalignant processes were histologically confirmed. In three thin, superficial lesions, an intact basement membrane was observed. The basement membrane could not be identified in three other bulky exophytic, premalignant lesions, primarily because of increased superficial signal backscattering observed in pathologic tissues.

CONCLUSIONS: OCT clearly identifies basement membrane violation from laryngeal cancer and can identify transition zones at the cancer margin. In bulky exophytic lesions, OCT signal may not penetrate deeply enough to show the basement membrane, but for many suspicious lesions that require exclusion of cancer, OCT shows potential for assisting in diagnostic assessment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16826043?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodynamic therapy and detection of high-grade gliomas.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical Trials as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">453-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first reported use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of high-grade gliomas occurred in 1981. In the intervening years there have been relatively few clinical trials to investigate the efficacy of this therapeutic modality for the treatment of gliomas. This is due, in part, to the rarity of the disease, and the ever growing list of novel therapies that PDT must compete against. These factors make accrual of patients for clinical trials a difficult proposition. During the mid-1990s, a number of reviews were published that effectively summarized the status of PDT for the management of high-grade gliomas. The intent of the present work is to provide an update of recent developments (1996-2004) in PDT and photodynamic detection (PDD) of gliomas, in particular, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma (AA).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566735?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spetalen, Signe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carper, Stephen W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ziegler, Sarah A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodynamic therapy of newly implanted glioma cells in the rat brain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Administration Schedule</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">540-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A syngeneic rat brain tumor model is used to investigate the effects of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on small clusters of tumor cells sequestered in normal brain.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biodistribution studies on tumor-bearing animals were undertaken in order to determine the occurrence of photosensitizer in tumor cells invading normal brain. ALA-PDT toxicity in normal brain and gross tumor were evaluated from histopathology. Effects of PDT on isolated glioma cells in normal brain were investigated by treating animals 48 hours after tumor cell implantation.

RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy of frozen tissue sections showed that photosensitizer content was limited and variable in tumor tissue invading normal brain. ALA-PDT with high light doses resulted in significant damage to both gross tumor and normal brain, however, the treatment failed to prolong survival of animals with newly implanted glioma cells. In contrast, animals inoculated with tumor cells pre-incubated in vitro with ALA showed a significant survival advantage in response to PDT.

CONCLUSION: The results show that ALA-PDT could not prevent tumors from forming if treatment was performed shortly after tumor initiation. This was likely due to inadequate levels of ALA/PpIX in the glioma cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16392143?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rau, Kaustubh R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinto-Su, Pedro A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellman, Amy N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulsed laser microbeam-induced cell lysis: time-resolved imaging and analysis of hydrodynamic effects.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Fractionation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Jul 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-29</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time-resolved imaging was used to examine the use of pulsed laser microbeam irradiation to produce cell lysis. Lysis was accomplished through the delivery of 6 ns, lambda=532 nm laser pulses via a 40x, 0.8 NA objective to a location 10 microm above confluent monolayers of PtK2 cells. The process dynamics were examined at cell surface densities of 600 and 1000 cells/mm2 and pulse energies corresponding to 0.7x, 1x, 2x, and 3x the threshold for plasma formation. The cell lysis process was imaged at times of 0.5 ns to 50 micros after laser pulse delivery and revealed the processes of plasma formation, pressure wave propagation, and cavitation bubble dynamics. Cavitation bubble expansion was the primary agent of cell lysis with the zone of lysed cells fully established within 600 ns of laser pulse delivery. The spatial extent of cell lysis increased with pulse energy but decreased with cell surface density. Hydrodynamic analysis indicated that cells subject to transient shear stresses in excess of a critical value were lysed while cells exposed to lower shear stresses remained adherent and viable. This critical shear stress is independent of laser pulse energy and varied from approximately 60-85 kPa for cell monolayers cultured at a density of 600 cells/mm2 to approximately 180-220 kPa for a surface density of 1000 cells/mm2. The implications for single cell lysis and microsurgery are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16617076?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Linda Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time automated tracking and trapping system for sperm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy research and technique</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsc. Res. Tech.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Phase-Contrast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sperm Motility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spermatozoa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">894-902</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed a microscope system for real-time single sperm tracking with an automated laser tweezers escape power assay. Phase contrast images of swimming sperm are digitized to the computer at video rate. The custom algorithm creates a region of interest centered about a sperm in response to a mouse click and performs all subsequent tasks autonomously. Microscope stage movement responds to feedback from video analysis of swimming sperm to center the sperm with respect to the field of view. For escape power assays, sperm are automatically relocated to the laser trap focus where they are held for a user-defined duration at fixed power, or held as laser power is gradually reduced. The sperm's position is automatically monitored to measure the laser power at which the sperm escapes the trap. Sperm are tracked for extended durations before and after laser trap experiments. Motility measurements including the curvilinear velocity and the absolute position of the sperm relative to the cell chamber are calculated and written to the hard drive at video rate. Experimental throughput is increased over 30 times compared to off-line data analysis. The efficacy of the &quot;track and trap&quot; algorithm is validated through examples and comparisons with the manually collected data.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16892192?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sørensen, Dag R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell-Petersen, Even</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Qian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spetalen, Signe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repetitive photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumors.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoporphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-79</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The probability of achieving local control with current single-shot, intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatments of intracerebral gliomas seems improbable due to the length of time required to deliver adequate light fluences to depths of 1-2 cm in the resection margin. Additionally, due to the short doubling time of many malignant gliomas, the kill rate per cell doubling indicates that it seems unlikely that a single treatment would be sufficient to prevent tumor recurrence. Multiple repetitive treatments would therefore seem required. In this publication we primarily review our work examining the effects of repetitive PDT on malignant brain tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro therapy response of human and rat glioma spheroids to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT in repetitive form was investigated. The results indicated that PDT repeated at relatively long intervals (weeks) was more effective at inhibiting spheroid growth than either daily fractionated PDT or single-treatment regimes. The in vivo response to repetitive treatment was evaluated in a rodent glioma model where BT4C cell line tumors were established in the brains of inbred BD-IX rats. Microfluorometry of frozen tissue sections showed that PpIX is produced with a 10-20:1 tumor to normal tissue selectivity ratio 4 hr after ALA injection. Preliminary evidence of increased efficacy of repetitive PDT and low fluence rate treatment is presented.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566723?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shao, Bing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esener, Sadik C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nascimento, Jaclyn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozkan, Mihrimah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Size tunable three-dimensional annular laser trap based on axicons.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Nov 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3375-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A three-dimensional (3D) ring-shaped laser trap has been built using axicons. The diameter of this laser trap ranges from 70 to 140 mum and is adjusted by simply changing the position of one axicon in the optical path. Parallel 3D trapping of 5 mum silica microspheres and 3D confinement of cells along the ring are demonstrated. In this system the special optical properties of axicons are used to create a continuous annular trap with high power efficiency and a constant numerical aperture. This new approach, without any mechanical scanning, offers significant potential for applications in cell motility analysis and biotropism studies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072428?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress relaxation in porcine septal cartilage during electromechanical reshaping: mechanical and electrical responses.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of biomedical engineering</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann Biomed Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Impedance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Mechanical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455-64</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) of facial cartilage has recently been developed as an alternative to classic surgical techniques to alter cartilage shape. This study focuses on determining the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for shape change (stress relaxation) in mechanically deformed facial cartilage specimens exposed to constant electric fields. Flat porcine nasal septal cartilage specimens were deformed by an aluminum jig into semicylindrical shapes while a constant electric voltage was applied to the concave and convex surfaces of the specimen. Mechanical stress, electric current and resistance were measured during voltage application. Specimen shape retention was measured as retained bend angle. Total electric charge transferred in the electric circuit was calculated from the electric current measurement. Electrical resistance, transferred charge and the bend angle increase with increase in voltage application time until bend angle reaches maximum value determined by the jig geometry. Then, the bend angle decreases and electrical parameters nearly saturate. The time dependent behavior of electric current was analyzed using the Cottrell equation. The observed changes in electric current suggest that during the initial 1-2 min of EMR nonlinear diffusion determines electro-chemical reaction rates, which are then followed by a linear diffusion dominated process. Close correlation between alteration of cartilage mechanical state and change in its electrical properties suggest that an electro-chemical reaction is the dominant mechanism behind EMR.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16450186?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez-San-Juan, Julio C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jia, Wangcun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal responses of ex vivo human skin during multiple cryogen spurts and 1,450 nm laser pulses.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerosols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic surgery, concern has been expressed that CSC may induce cryo-injury. The objective of this study is to measure temperature variations at the epidermal-dermal junction in ex vivo human skin during three clinically relevant multiple cryogen spurt-laser pulse sequences (MCS-LPS).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The epidermis of ex vivo human skin was separated from the dermis and a thin-foil thermocouple (13 microm thickness) was inserted between the two layers. Thermocouple depth and epidermal thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Skin specimens were preheated to 30 degrees C before the MCS-LPS were initiated. Three MCS-LPS patterns, with total cryogen spray times of 38, 30, and 25 milliseconds respectively, were applied to the specimens in combination with laser fluences of 10 and 14 J/cm(2), while the thermocouple recorded the temperature changes at the epidermal-dermal junction.

RESULTS: The thermocouple effectively recorded fast temperature changes during three MCS-LPS patterns. The lowest temperatures measured corresponded to the sequences with longer pre-cooling cryogen spurts. No sub-zero temperatures were measured for any of the MCS-LPS patterns under study.

CONCLUSIONS: The three clinically relevant MCS-LPS patterns evaluated in this study do not cause sub-zero temperatures in ex vivo human skin at the epidermal-dermal junction and, therefore, are unlikely to cause significant cryogen induced epidermal injury.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16493678?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to determine the directional polarization sensitivity of articular cartilage and meniscus.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisotropy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menisci, Tibial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refractometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Nov-Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">064001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The directional polarization sensitivity of articular cartilage and meniscus is investigated by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) by varying the angle of incident illumination. Experimental results show that when the incident light is perpendicular to the tissue surface, normal articular cartilage demonstrates little polarization sensitivity, while meniscus demonstrates strong polarization sensitivity. Differences in optical phase retardation produced by articular cartilage and meniscus are observed when the incident angle of the scanning light beam is adjusted between 0 and 90 deg relative to the tissue surface. Directional polarization sensitivity of articular cartilage and meniscus as obtained by PS-OCT imaging using variations in the angle of incident illumination can be used to assess the orientation and organization of the collagen matrix of these tissues. The polarization sensitivity as evidenced by the Stokes vector and optical phase retardation images can be explained by the orientation of the angle of illumination relative to the unique structural organization of the collagen fibrils and fibers of articular cartilage and meniscus.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212524?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karamzadeh, Amir M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Hau Sin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahuja, Gurpreet S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chao, Michael C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of submucosal lesions using optical coherence tomography in the rabbit subglottis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of otolaryngology--head &amp; neck surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cicatrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intubation, Intratracheal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Edema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-504</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of optical coherence tomography in differentiating between several simulated subglottic lesions, using an ex vivo rabbit laryngotracheal model.

DESIGN: Laryngotracheal complexes were harvested from euthanized rabbits and divided into the following 4 groups: (1) control, (2) submucosal collagen injection (simulating scar formation), (3) dehydration and rehydration (simulating edema), and (4) repeated intubation trauma. The subglottic region was imaged using optical coherence tomography. Images were later correlated with conventional histologic findings.

RESULTS: The epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, perichondrium, and cartilage (cricoid and tracheal) were clearly imaged. In group 2, an increase in the thickness of the lamina propria was observed, in addition to a characteristic optical pattern of the injected collagen. Dehydration (in group 3) produced a visible reduction in the thickness of the lamina propria, while rehydration of the same specimen with distilled water revealed a significant increase in submucosal swelling. Repeated intubation (in group 4) resulted in tissue edema that was seen as wavy heterogeneous thickening of the lamina propria. Edema produced by repeated intubation or distilled water immersion was easily differentiated from native and collagen-injected tissues.

CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography successfully identifies the microstructure layers of the subglottis and can differentiate between edema and increased collagen deposition in the rabbit model.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967882?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs, Jessica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolverton, Dulcy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hylton, Nola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined diffuse optical spectroscopy and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Ductal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadolinium DTPA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subtraction Technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051503</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring tumor response to therapy can enable assessment of treatment efficacy, maximizing patient outcome and survival. We employ a noninvasive, handheld laser breast scanner (LBS) based on broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) in conjunction with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) to assess tumor response to presurgical neoadjuvant chemotherapy. DOS and cMRI scans are performed after the first and fourth cycles of a doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide regimen in a patient with invasive ductal carcinoma. DOS measurements are used to quantify bulk tissue optical and physiological parameters, which are mapped to T2- and T1-weighted cMRI images. Initial DOS measurements show high tumor/normal contrast in total hemoglobin concentration (THC, 56+/-7 versus 27+/-4 microM) and water fraction (81.4+/-1% versus 24+/-3%) colocalized with regions of strongly enhancing T2-weighted and cMRI signals. After the fourth cycle of chemotherapy, we observe decreases in peak MRI contrast-enhancement values (37.6%) and apparent lesion volume (21.9 versus 13.7 cm3), which corresponds to physiological changes measured by DOS, including a 20 to 25% reduction in the spatial extent of the tumor and a 38.7% drop in mean total hemoglobin content (THC, 41.6 versus 23.4 microM). These data provide in vivo validation of the accuracy of broadband DOS and the sensitivity of optical methods to changes in tumor physiology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292947?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelshehid, Corollos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahlering, Michael T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chou, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Hyung Keun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basillote, Jay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Isaac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eichel, Louis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDougall, Elspeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clayman, Ralph V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of flexible ureteroscopes: deflection, irrigant flow and optical characteristics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of urology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Urol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artifacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrostatic Pressure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kidney Calculi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pliability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology Assessment, Biomedical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therapeutic Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ureteral Calculi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ureteroscopes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: We measured and compared the deflection, irrigation flow rates, distortion, resolution and light transmission of new generation flexible ureteroscopes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple characteristics of 5 flexible ureteroscopes (ACMI DUR-8 Elite, Olympus URF-P3, Storz 11278AU1 [Flex-X], Wolf 7330.072 and Wolf 7325.172) commonly available in the market were measured and compared. Measured data included active deflection, irrigation flow rates and optical characteristics. Each ureteroscope was evaluated with an empty working channel and with various accessories. Optical characteristics, specifically resolution and distortion, were measured using test targets (Edmund Optics, Barrington, New Jersey). Light transmission was also measured from the ureteroscope tip at 50% and 100% intensity. All 5 flexible ureteroscopes were tested in a laboratory setting using a Storz OR 1 system to capture the images.

RESULTS: For all 5 ureteroscopes the angle of deflection was most impaired by a 365 microm laser fiber probe and least impaired by a 2.2Fr nitinol basket. Among all 5 ureteroscopes irrigation flow rate was most impaired with a 3.0Fr basket and least impaired with 200 microm laser fiber. The Wolf 7325.172 had the highest observed resolution of 25.39 lines per mm and the Wolf 7330.072 had the lowest distortion at 11.9%. The Karl Storz Flex-X and the ACMI DUR-8 Elite had the highest light output at 374 and 364 mV, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The various flexible ureteroscopes differ with regard to flow rates as well as degree of deflection with either an empty or an occupied working channel. The Wolf flexible ureteroscope with a slightly larger working channel and a fused quartz bundle provided for superior flow and better optical performance. However, the greatest amount of tip deflection and highest light output were found in the ACMI and Karl Storz flexible ureteroscopes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879808?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Hon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Min-Ying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baick, Choong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nalcioglu, Orhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coregistration of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy for characterizing breast cancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology in cancer research &amp; treatment</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technol. Cancer Res. Treat.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Mass Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Invasiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-58</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A hand-held scanning probe based on broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) was used in combination with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) to quantitatively characterize locally-advanced breast cancers in six patients. Measurements were performed sequentially using external fiducial markers for co-registration. Tumor patterns were categorized according to MRI morphological data, and 3D DCE-MRI slices were converted into a volumetric matrix with isotropic voxels to generate views that coincided with the DOS scanning plane. Tumor volume and depth at each DOS measurement site were determined, and a tissue optical index (TOI) that reflects both angiogenic and stromal characteristics was derived from broadband DOS data. In all six cases, optical scans showed significant TOI contrast corresponding to MRI morphological information. Sharp TOI peaks were recovered for well-circumscribed masses. A reduction in TOI was found inside a tumor with a necrotic center. A broadened peak was observed for a diffuse tumor pattern, and an inflammatory septal case provided two TOI peaks that correlated qualitatively with MRI enhancement. These results provide qualitative confirmation of the common signal origin and complementary information content that can be achieved by combining optical and MR imaging for breast cancer detection and clinical management.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173825?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McFarlane, Samantha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motosue, Alison</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, Misbah H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez-San-Juan, Julio C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Description and analysis of treatments for port-wine stain birthmarks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy, Needle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esthetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facial Dermatoses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severity of Illness Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287-94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks are congenital, low-flow vascular malformations of the skin. Lasers are the modality of choice for the treatment of PWS birthmarks, and for most patients the pulsed-dye laser in conjunction with epidermal cooling offers the greatest efficacy and safety. Other light devices, including the 532-nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, intense pulsed light, 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser, and combined 1064/532-nm system, may be useful during a treatment course for resistant PWS. Laser treatment results in blanching of most lesions, although complete resolution may not occur and some resistant PWS birthmarks respond minimally, if at all. Factors limiting laser treatment include variable vascular geometry, inadequate damage of some vessels, and lesional posttreatment recurrence as a result of neovascularization. Alternative or adjunct treatment options that address these limitations should be explored, including noninvasive real-time imaging to optimize the selection of treatment settings, photodynamic therapy, and perioperative use of antiangiogenic compounds.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172335?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Chang-Seok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Moon Ki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeong, Myung-Yung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of an optimized conversion matrix for device independent skin color image analysis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Color</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costs and Cost Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A cross-polarized diffuse reflectance (CDR) color imaging system was developed for quantitative evaluation of port wine stain (PWS) response to laser therapy. To obtain calibrated Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) color space images from RGB (red, green, and blue) images, it was necessary to derive an optimized conversion matrix specific to our imaging system.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chromameter (CR-200, Minolta) and CDR imaging system were used to acquire CIELAB (CIE L*, a*, and b*) tristimulus values and RGB image values, respectively. A cost function was defined using these sample data sets and then a minimization algorithm was applied to obtain an optimized conversion matrix for our imaging system and illumination conditions. CIELAB color space values (L*, a*, and b*) obtained with the chromameter and CDR color images were compared to assess the accuracy of the derived matrix.

RESULTS: In measurements using in vitro standard color patch or in vivo human skin samples, use of the optimized conversion matrix resulted in a good correlation with standard chromameter values for PWS human skin sites.

CONCLUSIONS: The cost function minimization algorithm resulted in an optimized conversion matrix for our CDR imaging system. Use of the optimized matrix improved the utility of CDR color image analysis as a simple non-contact measurement technique to monitor quantitatively PWS response to laser therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16134121?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsu, Laura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ishak, Teresa S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iskandar, Sarah M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chess, Samuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of chemical agent optical clearing potential using in vitro human skin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic Chemicals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Optical clearing is a method that temporarily reduces the optical scattering of biological tissues.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the optical clearing potential (OCP) of various chemical agents, we examined the change in reduced scattering coefficients of in vitro human skin after application directly to the dermal side.

RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: We found that the mean agent OCP did not correlate with refractive index or osmolality. Lipophilic hyperosmotic agents had a mean OCP less than unity, indicating increased optical scattering.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15666319?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viator, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of human skin optical properties from spectrophotometric measurements based on optimization by genetic algorithms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Case-Control Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stochastic Processes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024030</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present an initial study on applying genetic algorithms (GA) to retrieve human skin optical properties using visual reflectance spectroscopy (VRS). A three-layered skin model consisting of 13 parameters is first used to simulate skin and, through an analytical model based on optical diffusion theory, we study their independent effects on the reflectance spectra. Based on a preliminary analysis, nine skin parameters are chosen to be fitted by GA. The fitting procedure is applied first on simulated reflectance spectra with added white noise, and then on measured spectra from normal and port wine stain (PWS) human skin. A normalized residue of less than 0.005 is achieved for simulated spectra. In the case of measured spectra from human skin, the normalized residue is less than 0.01. Comparisons between applying GA and manual iteration (MI) fitting show that GA performed much better than the MI fitting method and can easily distinguish melanin concentrations for different skin types. Furthermore, the GA approach can lead to a reasonable understanding of the blood volume fraction and other skin properties, provided that the applicability of the diffusion approximation is satisfied.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910103?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shin, Yongjin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of optimal view angles for quantitative facial image analysis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Face</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manikins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Posture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">024002</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In quantitative evaluation of facial skin chromophore content using color imaging, several factors such as view angle and facial curvature affect the accuracy of measured values. To determine the influence of view angle and facial curvature on the accuracy of quantitative image analysis, we acquire cross-polarized diffuse reflectance color images of a white-patched mannequin head model and human subjects while varying the angular position of the head with respect to the image acquisition system. With the mannequin head model, the coefficient of variance (CV) is determined to specify an optimal view angle resulting in a relatively uniform light distribution on the region of interest (ROI). Our results indicate that view angle and facial curvature influence the accuracy of the recorded color information and quantitative image analysis. Moreover, there exists an optimal view angle that minimizes the artifacts in color determination resulting from facial curvature. In a specific ROI, the CV is less in smaller regions than in larger regions, and in relatively flat regions. In clinical application, our results suggest that view angle affects the quantitative assessment of port wine stain (PWS) skin erythema, emphasizing the importance of using the optimal view angle to minimize artifacts caused by nonuniform light distribution on the ROI. From these results, we propose that optimal view angles can be identified using the mannequin head model to image specific regions of interest on the face of human subjects.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910076?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Sukgu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Abbadi, Naglaa H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mina-Araghi, Reza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colt, Henri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of tracheal imaging by optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiration</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exocrine Glands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">537-41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new technology capable of generating high resolution cross-sectional images of complex tissue in real time. Analogous to ultrasound, OCT measures backscattered light intensity using coherence interferometery to construct topographical images of complex tissue. Since OCT uses infrared light rather than acoustic waves, its spatial resolution is exceptionally high (2-10 microm). Recent advances in data acquisition, analysis, and processing enable real-time imaging, and make OCT a potentially valuable tool for pulmonary airway diagnostic applications, including assisting directed airway biopsies.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates feasibility of OCT for delineating proximal airway microstructures in various animal as well as human tracheas.

METHODS: Excised trachea samples from New Zealand white rabbits, Duroc pigs, and human trachea were imaged using a compact, 1,300-nm broad-band superluminescent-diode-based prototype fiber OCT device we constructed. The resulting structural OCT images were compared to conventional hematoxilin and eosin (HE) stained histological sections from the same samples.

RESULTS: OCT was able to delineate microstructures such as the epithelium, mucosa, cartilage, and glands in all samples. Conclusion: These findings suggest that integration of OCT with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could enhance pulmonary diagnostic medicine and detection of pathologic tissue changes in various respiratory diseases.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210894?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xie, Tuqiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Fibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jul 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1803-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe method is presented. The experimental results demonstrate this multimode optical fiber-bundle-based OCT system can achieve a lateral resolution of 12 microm and an axial resolution of 10 microm with a superluminescent diode source. This novel OCT imaging approach eliminates any moving parts in the probe and has a primary advantage for use in extremely compact and safe OCT endoscopes for imaging internal organs and great potential to be combined with confocal endoscopic microscopy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092351?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youn, Jong-In</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Free electron laser ablation of articular and fibro-cartilage at 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm: mass removal studies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menisci, Tibial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The wavelength and tissue-composition dependence of cartilage ablation was examined using selected mid-infrared laser wavelengths.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mass removal produced by pulsed laser ablation of articular and fibro-cartilage (meniscus) were measured. The wavelengths examined were 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm and provided by a free electron laser (FEL) emitting 4 microsecond macropulses consisting of 1-2 picoseconds duration micropulses delivered at 350 picosecond intervals. The measurement of tissue mass removal was conducted using a microbalance during laser ablation.

RESULTS: These studies demonstrated that for articular cartilage the highest mass removal was achieved at lambda = 6.1 microm followed by, in order, lambda = 2.79, 2.9, and 6.45 microm. In comparison, the maximum mass removal for fibro-cartilage was achieved using lambda = 6.1 microm radiation with no statistically significant differences in mass removal provided by the other wavelengths. In evaluation of the comparative influence of each wavelength on tissue type, there was no difference in ablation efficiency between articular and fibro-cartilage at lambda = 6.1 microm. However, the ablation efficiency of articular cartilage was higher than that of fibro-cartilage at both lambda = 2.79 and 2.9 microm. By contrast, lambda = 6.45 microm radiation ablated fibro-cartilage more efficiently than articular cartilage at radiant exposures greater than 12 J/cm2.

CONCLUSIONS: The mass removal of articular and fibro-cartilage produced by FEL ablation at selected mid-IR wavelengths was measured as a function of incident radiant exposure. The ablation efficiency was found to depend on both wavelength and tissue type. The 6.1 microm wavelength was found to provide the highest ablation efficiency for both articular and fibro-cartilage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704094?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">You, J S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, C K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frequency domain photon migration in the delta- P1 approximation: analysis of ballistic, transport, and diffuse regimes.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connective Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">021903</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The standard diffusion approximation (SDA) to the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) is commonly used to describe radiative transport for biomedical applications of frequency-domain diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the SDA is unable to provide accurate radiative transport predictions on spatial scales comparable to the transport mean free path and for media in which optical scattering is not dominant over absorption. Here, we develop and demonstrate the use of the delta- P1 approximation to provide improved radiative transport estimates in the frequency domain via the addition of a Dirac delta function to both radiance and phase function approximations. Specifically, we consider photon density wave propagation resulting from the illumination of an infinite turbid medium with an embedded, intensity-modulated, spherical light source. We examine the accuracy of the standard diffusion and delta- P1 approximations relative to Monte Carlo simulations that provide exact solutions to the BTE. This comparison establishes the superior accuracy of the delta- P1 approximation relative to the SDA that is most notable at distances less than 3 transport mean free paths from the source. In addition, we demonstrate that the differences in photon density wave propagation in a highly forward scattering medium (g1=0.95) vs an isotropically scattering medium (g1=0) provides a basis to define three spatial regimes where the light field is dominated by (a) unscattered/ballistic light, (b) minimally scattered light, and (c) diffusely scattered light. We examine the impact of optical properties, source modulation frequency, and numerical aperture of detection on the spatial extent and location of these regimes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2 Pt 1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16196600?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pandhoh, Nidhi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Truong, Mai Thy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, Sergio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chao, Kenneth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hou, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardiner, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of chondrocyte proliferation following laser irradiation, thermal injury, and mechanical trauma.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chondrocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-96</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity, and there are a lack of reliable techniques and methods to stimulate growth of new tissue to treat degenerative diseases and trauma. This study focused on identifying chondrocyte cell proliferation in ex vivo cartilage tissue following heating Nd:YAG laser using whole-mount analysis and flow cytometry, and compared findings with results produced by contact, and water bath heating methods, mechanical injury, and the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex vivo rabbit nasal septal cartilages were either irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1.32 microm, 2-16 seconds, 6 W/cm(2)), heated by immersion in a warm saline bath, heated by direct contact with a metal rod, or mechanically damaged by scoring with a scalpel or crushing. After treatment, specimens were incubated for 7 or 14 days in growth media containing 10 microM bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Additional specimens were cultured with both BrdU and TGF-beta. Both whole-mount BrdU-double-antibody detection techniques and flow cytometry were used to determine the presence of DNA replication as a marker of proliferation.

RESULT: An annular region of regenerating chondrocytes was identified surrounding the laser irradiation zone in whole-mount tissue specimens, and the diameter of this region increased with irradiation time. Using whole-mount analysis, no evidence of chondrocyte DNA replication was observed in tissues heated using non-laser methods, grown in TGF-beta, or mechanically traumatized. In contrast, flow cytometry identified the presence of BrdU-positive cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle (synthesis of DNA) for all protocols, indicating chondrocyte proliferation. The percentage of cells that are in S-phase increased with irradiation time.

CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence that laser irradiation, along with other thermal and mechanical treatments, causes a proliferative response in chondrocytes, and this is observed ex vivo in the absence of cellular and humoral repair mechanisms. The advantage of using optical methods to generate heat in cartilage is that microspot injuries could be created in tissue and scanned across surfaces in clinical applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15900561?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compton, Montana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Amanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehta, Rita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging in breast cancer: diffuse optics in breast cancer: detecting tumors in pre-menopausal women and monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast cancer research : BCR</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Cancer Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical Trials as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patient Care Planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point-of-Care Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premenopause</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-85</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are non-invasive diagnostic techniques that employ near-infrared (NIR) light to quantitatively characterize the optical properties of centimeter-thick, multiple-scattering tissues. Although NIR was first applied to breast diaphanography more than 70 years ago, quantitative optical methods employing time- or frequency-domain 'photon migration' technologies have only recently been used for breast imaging. Because their performance is not limited by mammographic density, optical methods can provide new insight regarding tissue functional changes associated with the appearance, progression, and treatment of breast cancer, particularly for younger women and high-risk subjects who may not benefit from conventional imaging methods. This paper reviews the principles of diffuse optics and describes the development of broadband DOS for quantitatively measuring the optical and physiological properties of thick tissues. Clinical results are shown highlighting the sensitivity of diffuse optics to malignant breast tumors in 12 pre-menopausal subjects ranging in age from 30 to 39 years and a patient undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. Significant contrast was observed between normal and tumor regions of tissue for deoxy-hemoglobin (p = 0.005), oxy-hemoglobin (p = 0.002), water (p = 0.014), and lipids (p = 0.0003). Tissue hemoglobin saturation was not found to be a reliable parameter for distinguishing between tumor and normal tissues. Optical data were converted into a tissue optical index that decreased 50% within 1 week in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggest a potential role for diffuse optics as a bedside monitoring tool that could aid the development of new strategies for individualized patient care.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16457705?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo blood flow imaging by a swept laser source based Fourier domain optical Doppler tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7449-57</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A swept source based Fourier domain optical Doppler tomography (FDODT) system was developed. The technique is based on a phase-resolved method where phase information was retrieved from the reconstructed complex fringe signals. The aliasing effects and artifacts caused by lateral scanning and sample movement were removed with a signal processing technique. The standard deviation of the phase shift of the system was reduced from 49 to 1.8 degrees with the signal processing method employed. Structural, Doppler and Doppler variance images of fluid flow through glass channels were quantified, and blood flow through vessels of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was demonstrated in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498770?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Ryan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, James M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahmood, Usama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Jianping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shibuya, Terry Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crumley, Roger L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, Mai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography of the human larynx: normative and benign pathology in 82 patients.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Differential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head and Neck Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraoperative Period</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larynx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1904-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that combines low-coherence light with interferometry to produce cross-sectional images of tissue with resolution about 10 mum. Patients undergoing surgical head and neck endoscopy were examined using a fiberoptic OCT imaging probe to study and characterize microstructural anatomy and features of the larynx and benign laryngeal pathology in vivo.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: OCT imaging of the larynx was performed in 82 of 115 patients who underwent surgical endoscopy for various head and neck pathologies. The OCT device employs a 1.3 microm broadband light source (FWHM, 80 nm). The frame rate is 1 Hz. Imaging was performed using a handheld probe placed in near contact with the target site. The maximum axial and lateral dimensions for the region of interest imaged were 2.5 mm x 6 mm, with resolutions of 10 microm. Simultaneously, conventional endoscopic images were obtained to provide anatomic correlation with OCT images and histology. Optical micrometry was performed to measure the epithelium thickness.

RESULTS: Systematic OCT imaging of laryngeal structures and subsites provided information on the thickness of the epithelium, integrity of the basement membrane, and structure of the lamina propria. Microstructural features identified included glands, ducts, blood vessels, fluid collection/edema, and the transitions between pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous epithelium. The mean epithelial thickness of laryngeal subsites was calculated: true vocal cord (129 microm), false vocal cords (124 microm), aryepiglottic fold (177 microm), subglottis (98 microm), and epiglottis (185 microm). True vocal cord pathology imaged included Reinke's edema, papillomatosis, polyps, mucous cysts, and granulation tissue. Subglottic imaging identified boundaries between epithelium, lamina propria, and cartilage. The OCT images compared favorably with conventional histopathology.

CONCLUSION: OCT has the unique ability to image laryngeal tissue microstructure and can detail microanatomic changes in benign, premalignant, and malignant laryngeal pathologies. OCT holds the potential to guide surgical biopsies, direct therapy, and monitor disease, particularly when office-based systems are developed. This is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319597?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jong-Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurumizaka, Hitoshi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, A Malcolm R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Independent and sequential recruitment of NHEJ and HR factors to DNA damage sites in mammalian cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of cell biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cell Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens, Nuclear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair Enzymes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice, Knockout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphorylation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombination, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Suppressor Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Aug 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Damage recognition by repair/checkpoint factors is the critical first step of the DNA damage response. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) activate checkpoint signaling and are repaired by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. However, in vivo kinetics of the individual factor responses and the mechanism of pathway choice are not well understood. We report cell cycle and time course analyses of checkpoint activation by ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and damage site recruitment of the repair factors in response to laser-induced DSBs. We found that MRN acts as a DNA damage marker, continuously localizing at unrepaired damage sites. Damage recognition by NHEJ factors precedes that of HR factors. HR factor recruitment is not influenced by NHEJ factor assembly and occurs throughout interphase. Damage site retention of NHEJ factors is transient, whereas HR factors persist at unrepaired lesions, revealing unique roles of the two pathways in mammalian cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061690?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimel, Sol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotfi, Justin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viator, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of laser wavelength and pulse duration on gas bubble formation in blood filled glass capillaries.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Chemical Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment and Supplies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Coagulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methemoglobin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypervascular skin lesions (HVSL) are treated with medical lasers characterized by a variety of parameters such as wavelength lambda, pulse duration t(p), and radiant exposure E that can be adjusted for different pathology and blood vessel size. Treatment parameters have been optimized assuming constant optical properties of blood during laser photocoagulation. However, recent studies suggest that this assumption may not always be true. Our objective was to quantify thermally induced changes in blood that occur during irradiation using standard laser parameters.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Glass capillary tubes (diameter D = 100, 200, and 337 microm) filled with fresh or hemolyzed rabbit blood were irradiated once at lambda = 585, 595, or 600 nm, t(p) = 1.5 milliseconds; and also at lambda = 585 nm, t(p) = 0.45 milliseconds. E was increased until blood ablation caused formation of permanent gas bubbles. In a corroborative study, human blood was heated at 50 degrees C and absorbance spectra were measured as a function of time.

RESULTS: Threshold radiant exposure, E(thresh), for gas bubble formation was found not to depend on lambda, which might be surprising in view of the 10-fold lower absorption coefficient at 600 nm as compared to 585 nm. The spectroscopic study revealed heat-induced changes in blood constituent composition of hemoglobins (Hb) from initially 100% oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) to deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and, ultimately, methemoglobin (metHb) as the major constituent. Model calculations of E(thresh)(lambda,D) based on changing constituent blood composition during heating with milliseconds lasers were found to correlate with experimental results.

CONCLUSIONS: For laser treatment of HVSL it appears that lambda is of secondary importance and that the choice of t(p) is a more important factor.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791670?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet-based robotic laser scissors and tweezers microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy research and technique</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsc. Res. Tech.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have engineered a robotic laser ablation and tweezers microscope that can be operated via the internet using most internet accessible devices, including laptops, desktop computers, and personal data assistants (PDAs). The system affords individual investigators the ability to conduct micromanipulation experiments (cell surgery or trapping) from remote locations (i.e., between the US and Australia). This system greatly expands the availability of complex and expensive research technologies via investigator-networking over the internet. It serves as a model for other &quot;internet-friendly&quot; technologies leading to large scale networking and data-sharing between investigators, groups, and institutions on a global scale. The system offers three unique features: (1) the freedom to operate the system from any internet-capable computer, (2) the ability to image, ablate, and/or trap cells and their organelles by &quot;remote-control,&quot; and (3) the security and convenience of controlling the system in the laboratory on the user's own personal computer and not on the host machine. Four &quot;proof of principle&quot; experiments were conducted: (1) precise control of microscope movement and live cell visualization, (2) subcellular microsurgery on the microtubule organizing center of live cells viewed under phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, (3) precise targeting of multiple sites within single red blood cells, and (4) optical trapping of 10 microm diameter polystyrene microspheres.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16228982?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahn, Yeh-Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigation of laminar dispersion with optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Oct 3</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8164-71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laminar dispersion in a serpentine microchannel with a Y-shape inlet was investigated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT). Dimensionless analysis was performed to understand the complex convective diffusion phenomena. It was shown that OCT/ODT is not only a visualization method but also a methodology to characterize important physics: streamwise velocity, secondary streamline, sedimentation time scale, shear dispersion. To demonstrate the capability of OCT/ODT, transient mixing was observed and three-dimensional imaging was performed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498845?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verkruysse, Wim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Rong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucassen, Gerald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svaasand, Lars O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A library based fitting method for visual reflectance spectroscopy of human skin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jan 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The diffuse reflectance spectrum of human skin in the visible region (400-800 nm) contains information on the concentrations of chromophores such as melanin and haemoglobin. This information may be extracted by fitting the reflectance spectrum with an optical diffusion based analytical expression applied to a layered skin model. With the use of the analytical expression, it is assumed that light transport is dominated by scattering. For port wine stain (PWS) and highly pigmented human skin, however, this assumption may not be valid resulting in a potentially large error in visual reflectance spectroscopy (VRS). Monte Carlo based techniques can overcome this problem but are currently too computationally intensive to be combined with previously used fitting procedures. The fitting procedure presented herein is based on a library search which enables the use of accurate reflectance spectra based on forward Monte Carlo simulations or diffusion theory. This allows for accurate VRS to characterize chromophore concentrations in PWS and highly pigmented human skin. The method is demonstrated using both simulated and measured reflectance spectra. An additional advantage of the method is that the fitting procedure is very fast.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715422?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karamzadeh, Amir M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, John C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, Sergio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Milner, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term in vivo stability of rabbit nasal septal cartilage following laser cartilage reshaping: a pilot investigation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy, Needle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Safety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flow Cytometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effect of laser cartilage reshaping on rabbit nasal septal cartilage viability and mechanical integrity in an in vivo model.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo animal investigation. Rabbit septal cartilage specimens were laser (Nd:YAG, lambda = 1.32 mum, spot size 5.4-mm diameter, 10 W, 10 seconds, 50 Hz PPR) reshaped and subsequently reimplanted into an interscapular subcutaneous pocket. Specimens were harvested at 8 and 12 months and evaluated using photography, flow cytometry, and histology.

RESULTS: Grossly, specimens showed alteration in the physical integrity with varying degrees of tissue resorption. The non-irradiated control specimens demonstrated significantly increased stiffness. Histologically, there was marked depletion of the extracellular matrix and an overall reduction in tissue mass in laser irradiated tissues. However, flow cytometry data identified viable chondrocytes in laser-irradiated specimens that were identical to those observed in controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Study results demonstrate that the rabbit nasal septal cartilage model can be effectively used to study laser reshaping, however alternative recipient sites with perichondrial lining, such as the pinna, may provide a more realistic physiologic environment for reshaped graft tissue. The dosimetry used in this pilot study likely led to significant thermal injury. Study results underscore the importance of elucidating the optimal laser dosimetry required to initiate permanent shape change while minimizing thermal damage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704163?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomov, Ivan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Hyungsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wise, Frank</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low-noise broadband light generation from optical fibers for use in high-resolution optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Fibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1492-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broadband light generation from a single-mode optical fiber was developed for high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). No noise amplification was observed for light broadened by self-phase modulation. The investigation showed that the intensity noise of light broadened by self-phase modulation in a single-mode optical fiber was much lower than that of continuum light from a microstructure fiber (MSF). The spectral width of a femtosecond input laser pulse was successfully broadened by a factor of 11, and a coherence length of 3.7 microm was achieved with this source. The application of light broadened by a single-mode optical fiber and MSF was compared for use in OCT imaging. The results showed that a single-mode fiber with a small core diameter is a useful way to generate low-noise, broadband light for high-resolution OCT imaging.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16134843?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yuli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bachman, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Guann-Pyng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low-voltage polymer-based scanning cantilever for in vivo optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miniaturization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tongue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel hand-held optical coherence tomography (OCT) probes with polymer cantilevers have been developed for clinical oral and skin imaging. An electroactive ionic polymer-metal composite cantilever was used to generate 3-mm transverse scanning movement of an optical fiber with applied 2-V linear alternating voltage at 1 Hz. Low driving voltage ensures safety. Two different optical designs achieve both forward and sidewise scanning and make it possible to image everywhere within the human oral cavity. In vivo OCT imaging of the human tongue is demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15648635?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nassif, Nader A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, William B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Boer, Johannes F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurement of morphologic changes induced by trauma with the use of coherence tomography in porcine vocal cords.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns, Chemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydroxybenzoic Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Titanium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocal Cords</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">845-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) (a noncontact, high-resolution imaging technique that generates detailed cross-sectional images of tissue structure) to image and document acute response to trauma in the larynx.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine larynges were dissected to expose the vocal cords. Vocal cords were imaged with 1310 nanometer (nm) light source with a bandwidth of 75 nm at 1 frame/second (s). Vocal cord injuries were simulated by applying topical phenolic acid, injecting titanium dioxide into the submucosa, and carbon dioxide laser irradiation.

RESULTS: The epithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria were clearly delineated, and the effect of each intervention could be monitored as lesions progressed. The OCT image corresponded closely with histology.

CONCLUSION: OCT is a powerful imaging tool with the potential for use in real time and has potential for multiple clinical applications in the larynx.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16360501?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frederic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modulated imaging: quantitative analysis and tomography of turbid media in the spatial-frequency domain.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1354-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiments performed on turbid phantoms demonstrate that spatially modulated illumination facilitates quantitative wide-field optical property mapping and tomographic imaging in turbid media.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15981531?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Katherine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive imaging of oral premalignancy and malignancy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precancerous Conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051601</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early detection of cancer and its precursors remains the best way to ensure patient survival and quality of life. Our specific aim is to test a multimodality approach to noninvasive diagnostics of oral premalignancy and malignancy. In the hamster cheek pouch model (120 hamsters), in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT) map epithelial, subepithelial, and vascular change throughout carcinogenesis. In vivo multiwavelength multiphoton (MPM) and second-harmonic generated (SHG) fluorescence techniques provided parallel data on surface and subsurface tissue structure, specifically collagen presence and structure, cellular presence, and vasculature. Images are diagnosed by two blinded, prestandardized investigators using a scale from 0 to 6 for all modalities. After sacrifice, histopathology is evaluated on a scale of 0 to 6. Imaging data are reproducibly obtained with good accuracy. Carcinogenesis-related structural and vascular changes are clearly visible to tissue depths of 2 mm. Sensitivity (OCT/ODT alone, 71 to 88%; OCT+MPMSHG, 79 to 91%) and specificity (OCT alone, 62 to 83%; OCT+MPMSHG, 67 to 90%) compare well with conventional techniques. Our conclusions are that OCT/ODT and MPM/SHG are promising noninvasive in vivo diagnostic modalities for oral dysplasia and malignancy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292949?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Woerkom, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waffarn, Feizal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive monitoring of red blood cell transfusion in very low birthweight infants using diffuse optical spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anemia, Neonatal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythrocyte Transfusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Very Low Birth Weight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oximetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051401</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion guidelines are designed to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation by increasing blood oxygen-carrying capacity. However, since tissue oxygenation is not measured, RBC transfusion guidelines are mostly subjective. Clinical evidence of oxygen transport/consumption mismatches in infants is often unclear and confounded by multiple factors. Invasive hemoglobin measurements can contribute further to anemia if performed too frequently. Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a noninvasive quantitative method to measure the tissue oxy, deoxy, and total hemoglobin concentrations (ctO2Hb, ctHb, ctTHb), as well as mixed arterial-venous tissue hemoglobin saturation (stO2). Our objective is to determine if DOS can assess changes in tissue oxygenation in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants undergoing RBC transfusions. DOS measurements of ctO2Hb and ctHb are performed on 10 VLBW infants before and within 24 h after RBC transfusion. Seven nontransfused infants are studied to evaluate hemodynamic variations independent of RBC transfusion. Tissue near-infrared absorption and scattering values are measured using a four-wavelength (690, 750, 810, and 830 nm) frequency-domain tissue oximeter (OxiplexTS, ISS, Champaign, Illinois). In transfused subjects, DOS demonstrates significant increases in ctO2Hb (48+/-13 versus 74+/-20 microM, p&lt;0.002), ctTHb (87+/-17 versus 107+/-24 microM, p=0.004), and stO2 (54+/-8 versus 68+/-6%, p&lt;0.004) post-transfusion. DOS measurements correlate with mean hemoglobin increases for all infants (r=0.83, p&lt;0.0001). No significant DOS changes occurred in the nontransfused group. Calculations of the differential path length for these transfused subjects show high variability (approximately 20%). DOS may serve as a noninvasive bedside tool to assess tissue oxygenation in infants and provide a functionally based transfusion trigger.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292938?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer-Wilson, Marie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Sickle, David C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benton, Hilary P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoumi, Aikaterini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear optical microscopy of articular cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osteoarthr. Cartil.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage, Articular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteoglycans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specimen Handling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">345-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) to image ex vivo healthy and degenerative bovine articular cartilage.

METHOD: Fresh bovine femoral-tibial joints were obtained from an abattoir. Articular cartilage specimens were harvested from the tibial plateau. Normal and degenerative specimens were imaged by NLOM and subsequently fixed and processed for histological examination.

RESULTS: NLOM provided high resolution images of articular cartilage at varying depths with high sensitivity to tissue morphology and high specificity to tissue components without fixing, sectioning or staining. Spectroscopic segmentation of nonlinear optical signals isolated the collagen matrix from the chondron (chondrocyte and non-collagen pericellular matrix). Images from the superficial zone were consistent with the presence of a matrix composed of both elastin-like and collagen fibers distributed in a depth-dependent morphological arrangement, whereas only collagen was demonstrated in the middle and deep zones. Alterations of collagen matrix associated with advanced degenerative joint disease (fibrocartilage) were observed with NLOM. Individual chondrocytes were imaged and demonstrated intracellular fluorescence consistent with the presence of products of intracellular biochemical processes.

CONCLUSION: Thin images of living articular cartilage using NLOM may be obtained with (sub-)cellular resolution at varying depths without fixing, sectioning or staining. Extracellular matrical collagen and chondron may be imaged separately in native tissue using spectrally distinct, endogenous, nonlinear optical signals. NLOM was sensitive to macromolecular composition and pathologic changes in articular cartilage matrix. Advances in instrumentation may lead to the application of NLOM to study articular cartilage in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780648?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical scanning and breast cancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic radiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acad Radiol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Markers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Volume</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">923-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087089?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiu, Lynn L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torkian, Behrooz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karamzadeh, Amir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photodynamic therapy on keloid fibroblasts in tissue-engineered keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coculture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keloid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keratinocytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Engineering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-44</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Keloids are disfiguring, proliferative scars that are a pathologic response to cutaneous injury. An organotypic tissue culture system (the Raft model 1-10) was used to investigate the feasibility of using photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunctive therapy to treat keloids following surgical excision. The Raft co-culture system mimics skin by layering keratinocytes on top of fibroblasts embedded in a collagen matrix. PDT uses drugs that produce singlet oxygen in situ when irradiated by light, and may lead to a number of effects in living tissues varying from the modulation of growth to apoptosis. PDT is already used to treat several benign and malignant diseases in organs such as the skin, retina, and esophagus.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal adult, neonatal, and keloid fibroblasts and keratinocytes were isolated from skin obtained from patients undergoing elective procedures and used to construct the Rafts. Mature Rafts (after 4 days) were incubated with 5-amino levulinic acid (5-ALA), a photosensitizer, for 3 hours and were laser-irradiated (635 nm) for total energy delivery of 5 J/cm2, 10 J/cm2, or 20 J/cm2. Rafts were examined 24 hours and 14 days later. Cell viability was determined using confocal imaging combined with live-dead fluorescent dyes. Multi-photon microscope (MPM) imaged collagen structure and density. As Rafts contract over time, surface area was measured using optical micrometry daily.

RESULTS: At 10 and 20 J/cm2, near-total cell death was observed in all constructs, while at 5 J/cm2 cell viability was comparable to controls. Cell viability in keloid and neonatal Rafts was greater than that observed in normal adult Rafts. Treated Rafts contracted less over the 14-day period compared to controls. Contraction and collagen density were greatest in keloid and neonatal Rafts.

CONCLUSIONS: A PDT dosimetry range was established, which reduces tissue contraction and collagen density while minimizing injury to fibroblasts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16127672?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseng, Sheng-Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative spectroscopy of superficial turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3165-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report a novel diffuse optical spectroscopy probe design for determining optical properties of superficial volumes of turbid samples. The fiber-based probe employs a highly scattering layer placed in contact with the sample of interest. This layer diffuses photons from a collimated light source before they enter the sample and provides a basis for describing light transported in superficial media by the diffusion approximation. We compare the performance of this modified two-layer diffusion model with Monte Carlo simulations. A set of experiments that demonstrate the feasibility of this method in turbid tissue phantoms is also presented. Optical properties deduced by this approach are in good agreement with those derived by use of a benchmark method for determining optical properties. The average interrogation depth of the probe design investigated here is estimated to be less than 1 mm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16350274?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Removal of a mirror image and enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio in Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography using an electro-optic phase modulator.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artifacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electronics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jan 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel swept-laser-based Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography system using an electro-optic phase modulator was demonstrated. The imaging range was doubled by cancellation of the mirror image. The elimination of low-frequency noises resulting from dc and autocorrelation terms increased the sensitivity by 20 dB.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15675695?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitry E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, Sergio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shape retention in porcine and rabbit nasal septal cartilage using saline bath immersion and Nd:YAG laser irradiation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperthermia, Induced</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immersion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sodium Chloride</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The process of altering the shape of cartilage using heat has been referred to as thermoforming, and presents certain clinical benefits in reconstructive surgical procedures within the head and neck. Thermoforming allows cartilage in the upper airway and face to be reshaped without the use of classic surgical maneuvers such as carving, morselizing, or suturing. The goal of this study was to determine the dependence of cartilage shape change on both temperature and laser dosimetry using two thermoforming methods: saline bath immersion and laser irradiation.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex-vivo rabbit and porcine nasal septal cartilages were mechanically deformed and reshaped using the two thermoforming methods. With saline bath immersion using rabbit cartilage, each specimen was deformed by securing it to a small copper tube (outer diameter 8 mm) using dental bands. For porcine cartilage immersed in a saline bath, each sample was mechanically deformed between two pieces of wire mesh attached to a semicircular acrylic block. With both porcine and rabbit cartilage, the specimen and apparatus were then immersed in a hot saline bath for time intervals varying from 20 and 320 seconds and at constant temperatures between 62 and 74 degrees C. In laser reshaping, the cartilage specimens were mechanically deformed on a jig and consecutively irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1.32 microm) in several spots for 6-16 seconds and irradiances of 10.2-40.7 W/cm2 per spot. After either saline bath heating or irradiation, cartilage specimens were immersed in room temperature saline for 15 minutes, then upon removal from the jig the length between the ends of each specimen was measured in order to calculate the resulting bend angle.

RESULTS: The transition zone for cartilage reshaping was defined as where a significant increase in bend angle was observed between consecutive times of immersion/irradiation at the same temperature/irradiance. For the saline bath experiments, the transition zone was observed between 59-68 degrees C and 62-68 degrees C for porcine and rabbit cartilage, respectively. Similar transition zones occurred with laser irradiation below irradiances of 20.4 W/cm2 for both porcine and rabbit cartilage. In addition, the dosimetry pairs in the transition zones produce peak temperatures below the thresholds determined from the saline bath immersion studies.

CONCLUSIONS: The critical transition temperature region was determined by the sharp increase in bend angle at consecutive times of immersion at the same temperature. This range was determined to be 59-68 degrees C and 62-68 degrees C for porcine and rabbit cartilage, respectively. Similar transition zones for dosimetry occurred below 20.4 W/cm2 during cartilage irradiation in both species.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16127702?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoumi, Aikaterini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Datta, Shrimati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Cristen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manthripragada, Gopi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osborne, Timothy F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaMorte, Vickie J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial distribution and function of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1a and 2 homo- and heterodimers by in vivo two-photon imaging and spectroscopy fluorescence resonance energy transfer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular and cellular biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol. Cell. Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimerization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes, Reporter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luciferases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Promoter Regions, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Structure, Tertiary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptors, LDL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sequence Deletion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUMO-1 Protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcriptional Activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Suppressor Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2946-56</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are a subfamily of basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper proteins that regulate lipid metabolism. We show novel evidence of the in vivo occurrence and subnuclear spatial localization of both exogenously expressed SREBP-1a and -2 homodimers and heterodimers obtained by two-photon imaging and spectroscopy fluorescence resonance energy transfer. SREBP-1a homodimers localize diffusely in the nucleus, whereas SREBP-2 homodimers and the SREBP-1a/SREBP-2 heterodimer localize predominantly to nuclear speckles or foci, with some cells showing a diffuse pattern. We also used tethered SREBP dimers to demonstrate that both homo- and heterodimeric SREBPs activate transcription in vivo. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the punctate foci containing SREBP-2 are electron-dense nuclear bodies, similar or identical to structures containing the promyelocyte (PML) protein. Immunofluorescence studies suggest that a dynamic interplay exists between PML, as well as another component of the PML-containing nuclear body, SUMO-1, and SREBP-2 within these nuclear structures. These findings provide new insight into the overall process of transcriptional activation mediated by the SREBP family.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15798184?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Cheng-Jen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topical application of photofrin for photodynamic diagnosis of oral neoplasms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plastic and reconstructive surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plast. Reconstr. Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dihematoporphyrin Ether</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperplasia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoporphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1877-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with oral cancer can be improved by early diagnosis. Exact demarcation of tumor margins could contribute to optimum results in surgical excision and reconstruction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate Photofrin (Quadra Logic Technologics, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) with protoporphyrin IX fluorescence as a new diagnostic procedure: photodynamic diagnosis for the detection of hyperplastic and malignant changes in oral tissue.

METHODS: Twenty patients with oral neoplasms received 2.5 mg/ml Photofrin solution topically. After a period of 3 hours, the patients underwent fluorescence illumination (lambdaex = 370 to 450 nm). Guided by their visible fluorescence, lesions were biopsied at four suspicious sites for each patient. All specimens were analyzed and measured by a pathologist. A quantitative analysis of the fluorescence contrast between the neoplastic and healthy tissue was performed using the red, green, and blue mode and the gray scale mode. Statistical analysis was performed by means of the analysis of variance test for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS: The sensitivity of the neoplastic tissue evaluated using the red, green, and blue and the gray scale modes combined was 92.45 percent in the macroscopic study and 93.75 percent in the microscopic study. The specificity of the neoplastic tissue evaluated using the red, green, and blue and gray scale modes combined was 95.65 percent in the macroscopic study and 97.50 percent in the microscopic study. Five patients (25 percent) displayed hyperkeratosis, nine (45 percent) displayed squamous hyperplasia, and six (30 percent) displayed squamous cell carcinoma. It is likely that Photofrin induced the visible red fluorescence. Some fluorescence could be detected in the surrounding healthy tissue. The intensity of the light was much lower than that from the lesions. The difference between healthy tissue and the lesions as a group was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Light-induced fluorescence detection using topical Photofrin provides a sensitive, noninvasive technique for the early identification of malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity. Further study by the authors will evaluate fluorescence-guided photodynamic therapy for oral cancers in early stages.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923832?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meshkinpour, Azin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasri, Peyman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pope, Karl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubovitsky, Julia G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risteli, Juha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with a radiofrequency device: a study of collagen effects.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy, Needle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catheter Ablation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cicatrix, Hypertrophic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Safety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunohistochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keloid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reference Values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Severity of Illness Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of the ThermaCool TC radiofrequency system for treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars and evaluate treatment associated collagen changes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six subjects with hypertrophic and four with keloid scars were treated with the ThermaCool device: one-third of the scar received no treatment (control), one-third received one treatment and one-third received two treatments (4-week interval). Scars were graded before and then 12 and 24 weeks after treatment on symptoms, pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height. Biopsies were taken from four subjects with hypertrophic scars and evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin (H &amp; E) staining, multiphoton microscopy, and pro-collagen I and III immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: No adverse treatment effects occurred. Clinical and H &amp; E evaluation revealed no significant differences between control and treatment sites. Differences in collagen morphology were detected in some subjects. Increased collagen production (type III &gt; type I) was observed, appeared to peak between 6 and 10 weeks post-treatment and had not returned to baseline even after 12 weeks.

CONCLUSION: Use of the thermage radiofrequency device on hypertrophic scars resulted in collagen fibril morphology and production changes. ThermaCool alone did not achieve clinical hypertrophic scar or keloid improvement. The collagen effects of this device should be evaluated further in order to optimize its therapeutic potential for all indications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365887?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saltzman, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sasse, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milliken, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colt, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two-dimensional and 3-dimensional optical coherence tomographic imaging of the airway, lung, and pleura.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bronchoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pleural Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiratory Tract Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thoracoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheal Diseases</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">615-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Methods for obtaining real-time in vivo histologic resolution by means of noninvasive endoscopic optical imaging would be a major advance for thoracic surgical diagnostics and treatment. Optical coherence tomography is a rapidly evolving technology based on near-infrared interferometry that might provide these capabilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of real-time 2- and 3-dimensional optical coherence tomographic imaging of airway, pleural, and subpleural lung tissues in normal, inflammatory, and malignant animal models and patients with known or suspected airway malignancy.

METHODS: Freshly excised lungs and pleural tissue obtained from rabbits with inhalation lung injury and induced empyema, metastatic sarcomas, and pleural sarcomas and from patients with airway disease were imaged by using 2- and 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography with a prototype superluminescent diode optical coherence tomographic system constructed in our laboratory. Lungs and pleural tissue were subsequently processed for standard hematoxylin and eosin histology for comparison with optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS: Optical coherence tomographic imaging achieved an ex vivo resolution of 10 microm and an in vivo resolution of about 30 microm with a depth penetration of 1 to 2 mm with 2- and 3- dimensional reconstruction capabilities. Tumors as small as 500 microm were detectable with optical coherence tomography. The acquired images closely matched histologic images, demonstrating details at the level of mucosal layers, glands, alveoli, and respiratory bronchioles.

CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography with near-infrared interferometric methods enables near real-time in vivo near-histologic resolution optical imaging. With further advances, optical coherence tomography has the potential for real-time accurate and early pleural and subpleural diagnostics by using small-diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probes for a wide range of thoracic surgical applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746746?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Hyungsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, Yi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Yu-Chih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wise, Frank W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography with a fiber laser source at 1 microm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Enhancement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 May 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1171-3</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report a compact, high-power, fiber-based source for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) near 1 microm. The practical source is based on a short-pulse, ytterbium-doped fiber laser and on generation of a continuum spectrum in a photonic crystal fiber. The broadband emission has an average power of 140 mW and offers an axial resolution of 2.1 microm in air (&lt;1.6 microm in biological tissue). The generation of a broad bandwidth is robust and efficient. We demonstrate ultrahigh-resolution, time-domain OCT imaging of in vitro and in vivo biological tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15945143?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yingxiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usami, Shunichi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsien, Roger Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chien, Shu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothelial Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibronectins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanotransduction, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microfilaments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microspheres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microtubules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Probes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Umbilical Veins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Apr 21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">434</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1040-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mechanical environment crucially influences many cell functions. However, it remains largely mysterious how mechanical stimuli are transmitted into biochemical signals. Src is known to regulate the integrin-cytoskeleton interaction, which is essential for the transduction of mechanical stimuli. Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), here we develop a genetically encoded Src reporter that enables the imaging and quantification of spatio-temporal activation of Src in live cells. We introduced a local mechanical stimulation to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by applying laser-tweezer traction on fibronectin-coated beads adhering to the cells. Using the Src reporter, we observed a rapid distal Src activation and a slower directional wave propagation of Src activation along the plasma membrane. This wave propagated away from the stimulation site with a speed (mean +/- s.e.m.) of 18.1 +/- 1.7 nm s(-1). This force-induced directional and long-range activation of Src was abolished by the disruption of actin filaments or microtubules. Our reporter has thus made it possible to monitor mechanotransduction in live cells with spatio-temporal characterization. We find that the transmission of mechanically induced Src activation is a dynamic process that directs signals via the cytoskeleton to spatial destinations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7036</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846350?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, Misbah H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chess, Samuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can topically applied optical clearing agents increase the epidermal damage threshold and enhance therapeutic efficacy?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tattooing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15334610?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Byungjo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of port wine stain skin erythema and melanin content using cross-polarized diffuse reflectance imaging.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erythema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Objective methods to assess quantitatively port wine stain (PWS) blanching in response to laser therapy are needed to improve laser therapeutic outcome. Previous studies have attempted to assess objectively PWS color based on point measurement devices. To date, these approaches have typically been limited by a number of factors such as small test area and need for contact. To address these issues, a cross-polarized diffuse reflectance imaging system and color image analysis method has been developed to evaluate quantitatively erythema and melanin content in PWS skin.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-polarized diffuse reflectance system has been constructed to acquire high resolution digital images while minimizing artifacts such as glare, shadowing, and nonuniform illumination effects that can compromise image fidelity. Furthermore, an image analysis algorithm has also been developed to analyze normal and PWS skin in terms of CIEL*a*b* color space parameters. Using the algorithm, images of color space intensity, L*, and saturation, a*, indices have been calculated to extract quantitative metrics of melanin and erythema, respectively.

RESULTS: Compared to the cross-polarized diffuse reflectance image, the a* index image enhanced the contrast in regions of high and low erythema and seems to have quasi correlation with the L* index image. In the presented PWS patient example, the relative a* index difference (Deltaa*) image showed less erythema in PWS skin after laser treatment when compared to pre-treatment values.

CONCLUSIONS: Our cross-polarized imaging system and color image analysis method is a simple, noncontact technique that can indirectly provide quantitative measurement of erythema and melanin content in PWS skin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004831?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, Boris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computational model to evaluate port wine stain depth profiling using pulsed photothermal radiometry.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-307</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report on development of an optical-thermal model to evaluate the use of pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) for depth profiling of port wine stain (PWS) skin. In the model, digitized histology sections of a PWS biopsy were used as the input skin geometry. Laser induced temperature profiles were reconstructed from simulated PPTR signals by applying an iterative, non-negatively constrained conjugate gradient algorithm. Accuracy of the following PWS skin characteristics extracted from the reconstructed profiles was determined: (1) average epidermal thickness (z(epi)), (2) maximum epidermal temperature rise (DeltaT(epi,max)), (3) depth of PWS upper boundary (z(PWS)), and (4) depth of maximum PWS temperature rise (z(PWS,max)). Comparison of the actual and reconstructed profiles from PPTR data revealed a good match for all four PWS skin characteristics. Results of this study indicate that PPTR is a viable approach for depth profiling of PWS skin.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065895?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, E L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, J V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, L H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, M W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlled ablation of microtubules using a picosecond laser.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luminescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microtubules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4203-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of focused high-intensity light sources for ablative perturbation has been an important technique for cell biological and developmental studies. In targeting subcellular structures many studies have to deal with the inability to target, with certainty, an organelle or large macromolecular complex. Here we demonstrate the ability to selectively target microtubule-based structures with a laser microbeam through the use of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) variants of green fluorescent protein fusions of tubule. Potorous tridactylus (PTK2) cell lines were generated that stably express EYFP and ECFP tagged to the alpha-subunit of tubulin. Using microtubule fluorescence as a guide, cells were irradiated with picosecond laser pulses at discrete microtubule sites in the cytoplasm and the mitotic spindle. Correlative thin-section transmission electron micrographs of cells fixed one second after irradiation demonstrated that the nature of the ultrastructural damage appeared to be different between the EYFP and the ECFP constructs suggesting different photon interaction mechanisms. We conclude that focal disruption of single cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules can be precisely controlled by combining laser microbeam irradiation with different fluorescent fusion constructs. The possible photon interaction mechanisms are discussed in detail.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454403?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Lei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisotropy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birefringence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tendons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Sep 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can provide depth-resolved Stokes parameter measurements of light reflected from turbid media. A new algorithm that takes into account changes in the optical axis is introduced to provide depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation images by use of fiber-based PS-OCT. Quaternion, a convenient mathematical tool, is used to represent an optical element and simplify the algorithm. Experimental results with beef tendon and rabbit tendon and muscle show that this technique has promising potential for imaging the birefringent structure of multiple-layer samples with varying optical axes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15455768?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srinivas, Shyam M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Boer, Johannes F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Hyle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keikhanzadeh, Kourosh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Huai-en L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong Qyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of burn depth by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trauma Severity Indices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An assessment of burn depth is a key step in guiding the treatment of patients who have sustained thermal injuries. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) might eventually provide the physician with a quantitative estimate of actual burn depth. Burns of various depths were induced by contacting rat skin with a brass rod preheated to 75 degrees C for 5, 15, or 30 s. Thermal injury denatured the collagen in the skin, and PS-OCT imaged the resulting reduction of birefringence through the depth-resolved changes in the polarization state of light propagated and reflected from the sample. Stokes vectors were calculated for each point in the PS-OCT images and the reduction in the rate of phase retardation between two orthogonal polarizations of light (deg/microm) was found to show a consistent trend with burn exposure time. PS-OCT is a noninvasive technique with potential to give the physician the information needed to formulate an optimal treatment plan for burn patients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715075?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Jagesh V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botvinick, Elliot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonday, Zahid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furnari, Frank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleveland, Don W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamics of centromere and kinetochore proteins; implications for checkpoint signaling and silencing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current biology : CB</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr. Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA, Complementary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Antibody Technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genes, cdc</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Vectors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetochores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marsupialia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitotic Spindle Apparatus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphoproteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitin Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repressor Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retroviridae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jun 8</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">942-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: The mitotic checkpoint prevents the onset of anaphase before all chromosomes are attached to spindle microtubules. The checkpoint is thought to act by the catalytic generation at unattached kinetochores of a diffusible &quot;wait signal&quot; that prevents anaphase. Mad2 and Cdc20, two candidate proteins for components of a diffusible wait signal, have previously been shown to be recruited to and rapidly released from unattached kinetochores.

RESULTS: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrated that Mad1, Bub1, and a portion of Mad2, all essential mitotic-checkpoint components, are stably bound elements of unattached kinetochores (as are structural centromere components such as Centromere protein C [CENP-C]). After microtubule attachment, Mad1 and Mad2 are released from kinetochores and relocalize to spindle poles, whereas Bub1 remains at kinetochores.

CONCLUSIONS: A long residence time at kinetochores identifies Bub1, Mad1, and a portion of Mad2 as part of a catalytic platform that recruits, activates, and releases a diffusible wait signal that is partly composed of the rapidly exchanging portion of Mad2. The release of Mad1 and Mad2, but not Bub1, from kinetochores upon attachment separates the elements of this &quot;catalytic platform&quot; and thereby silences generation of the anaphase inhibitor despite continued rapid cycling of Mad2 at spindle poles.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15182667?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhanced cytotoxic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy by concurrent hyperthermia in glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apoptosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperthermia, Induced</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Situ Nick-End Labeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-99</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During photodynamic therapy (PDT) both normal and pathological brain tissue, in close proximity to the light source, can experience significant temperature increases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-tumor effects of concurrent 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT and hyperthermia (HT) in human and rat glioma spheroids. Human or rat glioma spheroids were subjected to PDT, HT, or a combination of the two treatments. Therapies were given concurrently to simulate the conditions that will occur during patient PDT. Predictions of diffusion theory suggest that brain tissue immediately adjacent to a spherical light applicator may experience temperature increases approaching 8 degrees C for laser input powers of 2 W. In the in vitro model employed here, HT had no effect on spheroid survival at temperatures below 49 degrees C, while sub-threshold fluence PDT results in only modest decrease in survival. HT (40-46 degrees C) and PDT interact in a synergistic manner if the two treatments are given concurrently. The degree of synergism increases with increasing temperature and light fluence. Apoptosis is the primary mode of cell death following both low-fluence rate PDT and combined HT + PDT.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662970?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mina-Araghi, Reza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility study of normal and septic tracheal imaging using optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacterial Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tracheal Diseases</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technology that may be adapted for use with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, potentially allowing it to play an important role in pulmonary diagnostics. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of OCT to image tracheal pathology.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tracheas were harvested from normal and septic New Zealand White rabbits and imaged using OCT. Two delivery devices were employed. One was a moving stage with an objective lens and collimator, the other a linear scanning flexible fiberoptic catheter using a GRIN lens and prism for endoscopic OCT. After OCT images were obtained from normal and septic tracheas, the excised tissues were prepared for standard histologic examination. Areas imaged by OCT were compared with corresponding histology slides.

RESULTS: OCT images demonstrated in detail tracheal sub-surface structures such as the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and cartilage. The appearance of structures imaged by OCT corresponded very well with histologic pictures obtained by light microscopy. The OCT images from septic tracheas showed marked swelling of the mucosal and submucosal layers. Such pathology was equally imaged by either the moving stage or fiberoptic catheter for endoscopic OCT.

CONCLUSIONS: OCT images of the trachea can distinguish many sub-surface structural features usually requiring biopsy and light microscopy for visualization. Marked differences between normal and septic trachea were apparent in OCT images. In the future, OCT may be a valuable tool for evaluating tracheal pathology in situ with high image resolution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15334615?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Zifu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Jagesh V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy investigation of a GFP mutant-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein and its tubulin fusion in living cells with two-photon excitation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intracellular Membranes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luminescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macropodidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tubulin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-403</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates the feasibility of using the enhanced cyan mutant of green fluorescent protein (ECFP) as a probe for two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Molecular dynamics and other properties of ECFP and an ECFP-tubulin fusion protein were investigated in living Potorous tridactylis (PTK2) cells. ECFP has high molecular brightness in the nucleus (eta=3.3 kcpsm) and in the cytoplasm (3.2 kcpsm) under our experimental conditions. The diffusion constants of ECFP were determined to be 20+/-7 microm(2)/s in the nucleus and 21+/-8 microm(2)/s in the cytoplasm. ECFP has stable molecular characteristics with negligible photobleaching and photodynamic effects in our measurements. At the highest concentration of monomer ECFP (425 nM) the amount of dimer ECFP was estimated to be negligible ( approximately 1.8 nM), consistent with our data analysis using a single species model. ECFP-tubulin has a diffusion constant of 6 microm(2)/s in the living cells. In addition, we demonstrate that analysis of the molecular brightness can provide a new avenue for studying the polymerization state of tubulin. We suggest that the tubulin in the vicinity of the nucleus exists primarily as a heterodimer subunit while those in the area away from the nucleus (d&gt;5 microm) are mostly oligomers. We conclude that ECFP is a useful genetic fluorescent probe for FCS studies of various cellular processes when in fusion to other biomolecules of interest.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065907?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Nov 29</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6033-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A swept source based polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) system was developed that can acquire the Stokes vectors, polarization diversity intensity and birefringence images in biological tissue by reconstruction of both the amplitude and phase terms of the interference signal. The Stokes vectors of the reflected and backscattered light from the sample were determined by processing the analytical complex fringe signals from two perpendicular polarizationdetection channels. Conventional time domain OCT (TDOCT) and spectrometer based FDOCT systems are limited by the fact that the input polarization states are wavelength dependent. The swept source based FDOCT system overcomes this limitation and allows accurate setting of the input polarization states. From the Stokes vectors for two different input polarization states, the polarization diversity intensity and birefringence images were obtained.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19488244?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoumi, Aikaterini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, Xiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kassab, Ghassan S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging coronary artery microstructure using second-harmonic and two-photon fluorescence microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical journal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophys. J.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aorta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coronary Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endothelium, Vascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2778-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The microstructural basis for the mechanical properties of blood vessels has not been directly determined because of the lack of a nondestructive method that yields a three-dimensional view of these vascular wall constituents. Here, we demonstrate that multiphoton microscopy can be used to visualize the microstructural basis of blood vessel mechanical properties, by combining mechanical testing (distension) of excised porcine coronary arteries with simultaneous two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy. Our results show that second-harmonic generation signals derived from collagen can be spectrally isolated from elastin and smooth muscle cell two-photon fluorescence. Two-photon fluorescence signals can be further characterized by emission maxima at 495 nm and 520 nm, corresponding to elastin and cellular contributions, respectively. Two-dimensional reconstructions of spectrally fused images permit high-resolution visualization of collagen and elastin fibrils and smooth muscle cells from intima to adventitia. These structural features are confirmed by coregistration of multiphoton microscopy images with conventional histology. Significant changes in mean fibril thickness and overall wall dimension were observed when comparing no load (zero transmural pressure) and zero-stress conditions to 30 and 180 mmHg distension pressures. Overall, these data suggest that multiphoton microscopy is a highly sensitive and promising technique for studying the morphometric properties of the microstructure of the blood vessel wall.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454469?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yonghua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yamaguchi, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nassif, Nader</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Boer, Johannes F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging the internal structure of the rat cochlea using optical coherence tomography at 0.827 microm and 1.3 microm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy, Cross-Sectional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cochlea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">334-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use high-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain cross-sectional images of the rat cochlea.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The cochleae of Sprague- Dawley rats were imaged within 2 to 4 hours after death. Specimens were prepared by removing the bulla to expose the mesotympanum; some images were obtained in intact temporal bones removed from the cranium. The central element of an OCT imaging device is a Michelson interferometer combined with a low-coherence light source. This study used 2 OCT systems with different light sources: 1) a semiconductor optical amplifier operating and 2) a superluminescent diode with peak emissions wavelengths of 1.3 microm and 827 nm, respectively. Images (1.87 x 2.00 mm or 1.87 x 1.00 mm, 10 x 10 microm pixel resolution) were acquired at a frame rate of 1 Hz. Cross-sectional images at 100-microm increments were obtained from a medial-to-lateral direction.

RESULTS: The scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani, modiolus, spiral ligament, and several turns of the cochlea were identified.

CONCLUSION: These images reflect the ability of OCT to provide images of the internal cochlea structure with micron scale resolution and at near-real time frame rates.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15054375?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kao, Bunsho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging wound healing using optical coherence tomography and multiphoton microscopy in an in vitro skin-equivalent tissue model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248-53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser thermal injury and subsequent wound healing in organotypic, skin-equivalent tissue models were monitored using optical coherence tomography (OCT), multiphoton microscopy (MPM), and histopathology. The in vitro skin-equivalent raft tissue model was composed of dermis with type I collagen and fibroblast cells and epidermis of differentiated keratinocytes. Noninvasive optical imaging techniques were used for time-dependent, serial measurements of matrix destruction and reconstruction and compared with histopathology. The region of laser thermal injury was clearly delineated in OCT images by low signal intensity. High resolution MPM imaging using second-harmonic generation revealed alterations in collagen microstructure organization with subsequent matrix reconstruction. Fibroblast cell migration in response to injury was monitored by MPM using two-photon excited fluorescence. This study illustrates the complementary features of linear and nonlinear light-tissue interaction in intrinsic signal optical imaging and their use for noninvasive, serial monitoring of wound healing processes in biological tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065887?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Peter H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukai, David S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo endoscopic optical coherence tomography by use of a rotational microelectromechanical system probe.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy, Cross-Sectional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esophagus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micromanipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transducers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1236-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel endoscopic optical coherence tomography probe was designed and constructed with a 1.9-mm microelectromechanical system (MEMS) motor. The new MEMS endoscopic probe design eliminates the need to couple the rotational energy from the proximal to the distal end of the probe. Furthermore, the endoscopic probe's sheath and fiber have the advantages of having a much smaller diameter and being more flexible than traditional endoscopes since no reinforcement is needed to couple the rotational torque. At the distal end, a prism mounted on a micromotor deflects the light rays to create a transverse circular-scanning pathway. Because our MEMS scanner does not require the coupling of a rotational single-mode fiber, a high scanning speed is possible while eliminating unstable optical signals caused by nonuniform coupling.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209258?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Abbadi, Naglaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo multiphoton fluorescence imaging: a novel approach to oral malignancy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-103</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Current techniques for oral diagnosis require surgical biopsy of lesions, and may fail to detect early malignant change. Non-invasive, sensitive tools providing early detection of oral cancer and a better understanding of malignant change are needed. These studies evaluated in vivo multiphoton excited fluorescence (MPM) techniques to (1) map epithelial and subepithelial changes through out oral carcinogenesis and (2) serve as an effective diagnostic modality.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the hamster model (n = 70), epithelial and subepithelial change was imaged in vivo throughout carcinogenesis. MPM- and histopathology-based diagnoses on a scale of 0 (healthy)-6 (squamous cell carcinoma [s.c.c.]) were scored by two pre-standardized investigators.

RESULTS: Collagen matrix and fibers, cellular infiltrates, blood vessels, and microtumors were clearly visible. MPM agreed with the histopathology for 88.6% of diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS: In vivo MPM images provide (1) high resolution information on specific components of the carcinogenesis process (2) an excellent basis for oral diagnostics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15334611?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woong-Gyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beydoun, Hamza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of oral malignancy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-75</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oral cancer results in 10,000 U.S. deaths annually. Improved highly sensitive diagnostics allowing early detection of oral cancer would benefit patient survival and quality of life. Objective was to investigate in vivo non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques for imaging and diagnosing neoplasia-related epithelial, sub-epithelial changes throughout carcinogenesis.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the standard hamster cheek pouch model for oral carcinogenesis (n = 36), in vivo OCT was used to image epithelial and sub-epithelial change. OCT- and histopathology-based diagnoses on a scale of 0 (healthy) to 6 (squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) were performed at all stages throughout carcinogenesis by two blinded investigators.

RESULTS: Epithelial, sub-epithelial structures were clearly discernible using OCT. OCT diagnosis agreed with the histopathological gold standard in 80% of readings.

CONCLUSION: In vivo OCT demonstrates excellent potential as a diagnostic tool in the oral cavity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493024?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kang, Nicole M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser speckle imaging for monitoring blood flow dynamics in the in vivo rodent dorsal skin fold model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvascular research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microvasc. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Flow Velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemorheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microcirculation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Cardiovascular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodentia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313124?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torkian, Behrooz A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engel, Rodney</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling aberrant wound healing using tissue-engineered skin constructs and multiphoton microscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of facial plastic surgery : official publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Facial Plast Surg</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cicatrix, Hypertrophic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keloid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wound Healing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Keloids and hypertrophic scars result from aberrant wound healing and remain a potential complication of any surgical procedure or trauma. Investigation of aberrant wound healing has been limited to the study of growth factors, collagen precursors, and DNA synthesis in simple in vitro systems, which necessitate removal or destruction of cells or factors in the growth environment of cell cultures. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can use endogenous chromophores such as collagen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase to produce thin optical sections of thick living tissues without the use of dyes or stains. Endogenous second-harmonic-generation (SHG) signals in collagen can be collected to form an MPM image.

OBJECTIVE: To present a novel wound-healing model used to investigate keloid-derived fibroblast activity and collagen production in the same intact tissue-engineered construct over time.

METHODS: Artificial tissue constructs called RAFTs (produced by suspension of keloid or normal dermal fibroblasts in type I collagen gel with an overlying keratinocyte layer) were cultured at air-fluid interface. Multiphoton microscopy SHG images of collagen in the intact tissue constructs consisting of normal or keloid-derived fibroblasts were obtained. The constructs were then incised with a scalpel. Serial MPM and phase-contrast microscopy images were obtained to monitor changes in the extracellular matrix in response to wounding of the artificial skin construct over 8 days.

RESULTS: The tissue-engineered constructs formed a bilayer resembling the dermis and epidermis of human skin. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed migration of keratinocytes into the defect created by scalpel wounding. The constructs were found to contract with time after wounding. The MPM SHG images showed collagen deposition in the tissue constructs after wounding. Tissue constructs with keloid-derived fibroblasts were found to deposit collagen at a higher rate than those with normal fibroblasts.

CONCLUSIONS: The MPM model described herein permits serial observation of the same intact specimens without the need for fixation or cytotoxic stains. Furthermore, it demonstrates the biologic activity of RAFT artificial tissue constructs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148128?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakubowski, Dorota B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer using quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy: a case study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adenocarcinoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclophosphamide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doxorubicin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Administration Schedule</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Therapy, Combination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoadjuvant Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Markers, Biological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jan-Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">230-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Presurgical chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer. Monitoring the response to therapy can improve survival and reduce morbidity. We employ a noninvasive, near-infrared method based on diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) to quantitatively monitor tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. DOS was used to monitor tumor response in one patient with locally advanced breast cancer throughout the course of her therapy. Measurements were performed prior to doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide therapy and at several time points over the course of three treatment cycles (68 days). Our results show strong tumor to normal (T/N) tissue contrast in total hemoglobin concentration (T/N=2.4), water fraction (T/N=6.9), tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation, S(t)O(2) (T/N=0.9), and lipid fraction (T/N=0.7) prior to treatment. Over a 10-week period, the peak total hemoglobin and water dropped 56 and 67%, respectively. Lipid content nearly returned to baseline (T/N =0.9) while S(t)O(2) exceeded pretreatment levels (T/N =1.5). Approximately half of the hemoglobin and water changes occurred within 5 days of treatment (26 and 37%, respectively). These data suggest that noninvasive, quantitative optical methods that characterize tumor physiology may be useful in assessing and optimizing individual response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715078?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, Misbah H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chess, Samuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, Kristen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCullough, Jerry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical clearing of in vivo human skin: implications for light-based diagnostic imaging and therapeutics.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biocompatible Materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehydration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osmosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propylene Glycols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface-Active Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telangiectasis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004816?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheny, Erin S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna, Nevine M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, W G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mina-Araghi, Reza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography of malignancy in hamster cheek pouches.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesocricetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Single-Blind Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Sep-Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical coherence tomography (OCT)/optical Doppler tomography (ODT) provides real-time in vivo high-resolution (10-microm) imaging of tissues and real-time spatially resolved blood flow in microvasculature. Hamster cheek pouches with induced dysplasia and malignancies were imaged with OCT/ODT to assess the potential for application to airway malignancy. In 22 Golden Syrian hamsters, 0.5% 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene induces carcinogenesis over 10 weeks in right side cheek pouches; the left side three served as controls. The cheek pouches are imaged in vivo prior to sacrifice, and in vitro after excision, using a prototype 1310-nm broadband superluminescent diode based OCT/ODT device. Images are compared to standard histopathology. OCT imaging offers good resolution of the hamster cheek pouches to depths of 1 to 3 mm and paralleled histologic images. The feasibility of high-resolution functional imaging is demonstrated in this hamster cheek pouch tumor model. ODT accurately detects vascular change associated with carcinogenesis.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15447019?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berns, Michael W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dvornikov, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rentzepis, Peter M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A polarity dependent fluorescence &quot;switch&quot; in live cells.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells, Cultured</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescent Dyes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indoles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitochondria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potoroidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyrrolidinones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solvents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stereoisomerism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Jul 19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The spectroscopic properties, ultrafast kinetics and utilization of a photochromic molecule as a bi-stable fluorescing sensor of polarity in live cells are described. This molecule is a photochromic fulgimide, 2,3-dialkylidenesuccinimide, which emits fluorescence that can be switched optically on and off. The fluorescence intensity is a function of the polarity of the molecular environment, namely it fluoresces strongly when the molecule is in its polar isomeric structure form. We demonstrate that this molecule enters live cells without inducing damage, it binds primarily to internal membranous organelles (mitochondria) and its fluorescence can be switched optically &quot;on&quot; and &quot;off&quot; repeatedly while inside the living cell. A possible use as a bi-stable, on/off sensor is discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246350?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carp, Stefan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prahl, Scott A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation: accuracy of fluence rate and optical penetration depth predictions in turbid semi-infinite media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connective Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiation Dosage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">632-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using the delta-P(1) approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation we develop analytic solutions for the fluence rate produced by planar (1-D) and Gaussian beam (2-D) irradiation of a homogeneous, turbid, semi-infinite medium. To assess the performance of these solutions we compare the predictions for the fluence rate and two metrics of the optical penetration depth with Monte Carlo simulations. We provide results under both refractive-index matched and mismatched conditions for optical properties where the ratio of reduced scattering to absorption lies in the range 0&lt; or =(micro(s')/micro(a))&lt; or =10(4). For planar irradiation, the delta-P(1) approximation provides fluence rate profiles accurate to +/-16% for depths up to six transport mean free paths (l*) over the full range of optical properties. Metrics for optical penetration depth are predicted with an accuracy of +/-4%. For Gaussian irradiation using beam radii r(0) &gt; or =3 l*, the accuracy of the fluence rate predictions is no worse than in the planar irradiation case. For smaller beam radii, the predictions degrade significantly. Specifically for media with (micro(s')/micro(a))=1 irradiated with a beam radius of r(0)=l*, the error in the fluence rate approaches 100%. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the optical penetration depth predictions remains excellent for Gaussian beam irradiation, and degrades to only +/-20% for r(0)=l*. These results show that for a given set of optical properties (micro(s')/micro(a)), the optical penetration depth decreases with a reduction in the beam diameter. Graphs are provided to indicate the optical and geometrical conditions under which one must replace the delta-P(1) results for planar irradiation with those for Gaussian beam irradiation to maintain accurate dosimetry predictions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189103?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">You, Joon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling tissue volumes using frequency-domain photon migration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">051908</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We demonstrate the use of Monte Carlo simulations to generate photon scattering density functions (PSDFs) that represent the tissue volume sampled by steady-state and frequency-domain photon migration. We use these results to illustrate how scaling laws can be developed to determine the mean sampling depth of the multiply scattered photons detected by photon migration methods that remain valid outside the bounds of the standard diffusion approximation, i.e., at small source-detector separations and in media where the optical absorption is significant relative to scattering. Using both the PSDF computation and the newly formulated scaling laws, we focus on a comprehensive description of the effects of source modulation frequency, optical absorption, and source-detector separation on the depth of the sampled tissue volume as well as the sensitivity of frequency-domain photon migration measurements to the presence of a localized absorption heterogeneity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5 Pt 1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15244848?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, Yi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomov, Ivan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second harmonic optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5304-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second harmonic optical coherence tomography, which uses coherence gating of second-order nonlinear optical response of biological tissues for imaging, is described and demonstrated.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17271538?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakubowski, Dorota</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variations in optical and physiological properties of healthy breast tissue.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Postmenopause</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premenopause</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry, Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">534-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) show promise as noninvasive clinical techniques for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Since NIR methods are based on optical contrast between healthy and diseased tissue, it is essential to characterize the sources of endogenous contrast in normal subjects. We report intra- and inter-subject variation and bilateral asymmetry of the optical and physiological parameters of 31 women using a seven-wavelength NIR frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) instrument. Wavelength-dependent absorption and reduced scattering parameters (micro(a) and micro(s'), respectively) were measured in four major quadrants and the areolar regions of left and right breasts. These values were used to determine tissue concentrations of oxy-(HbO(2)) and deoxy-(Hb-R) hemoglobin, lipid content, water concentration, and tissue &quot;scatter power.&quot; Mean total hemoglobin for premenopausal (PRE) women (20 to 30 microM) is approximately two-fold higher than for postmenopausal (POST) subjects at all positions. POST women have approximately 50% higher lipid content (50 to 60%) than PRE at all positions. Water concentration on average is 1.8-fold higher for PRE subjects (30 to 40%) than POST. These differences are most pronounced when comparing the areolar complex to the other regions of the breast. In premenopausal women, the areolar regions have 40 to 45% increased total hemoglobin concentration (THC), 20 to 25% lower lipid content, and 30 to 60% higher scatter power versus the quadrants. Small-scale (3 cm) changes in optical properties are negligible compared to large-scale variations over all quadrants, where the intrinsic spatial heterogeneity of healthy breast tissue is 20 to 40% for micro(a) and 5 to 12% for micro(s'). Although no consistent right-left differences are observed in the study population, relative differences between symmetric positions ranged from 18 to 30% for THC, 10 to 40% for adipose, 10 to 25% for water, and 4 to 9% for scattering (674 nm) within an individual.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189091?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E Milner, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jeehyun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodman, Jared N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vargas, Gracie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of optical coherence tomography to monitor biological tissue freezing during cryosurgery.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryosurgery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fat Emulsions, Intravenous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freezing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging skin during cryosurgery is evaluated. OCT provides high spatial resolution (5-10 microm) images of optical backscattering due to local variations in refractive index, such as the boundary between liquid and frozen water in tissue. Time resolved OCT images were acquired during freezing of water, Intralipid trade mark, and in vivo hamster skin. Subsurface morphological changes were evident only during freezing of Intralipid and skin. A simple thermal model was applied which predicted freezing times on the same order of magnitude as those observed in OCT images. OCT can be used as a feedback tool during cryosurgical procedures to monitor progression of the freezing front.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065892?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayakawa, Carole K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, Brian Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">You, Joon S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of the delta-P1 approximation for recovery of optical absorption, scattering, and asymmetry coefficients in turbid media.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Aug 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4677-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We introduce a robust method to recover optical absorption, reduced scattering, and single-scattering asymmetry coefficients (microa, micro's, g1) of infinite turbid media over a range of (micro's/microa) spanning 3 orders of magnitude. This is accomplished through the spatially resolved measurement of irradiance at source-detector separations spanning 0.25-8 transport mean free paths (l*). These measurements are rapidly processed by a multistaged nonlinear optimization algorithm in which the measured irradiances are compared with predictions given by the delta-P1 variant of the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation. The ability of the delta-P1 model to accurately describe radiative transport within media of arbitrary albedo and on spatial scales comparable to l* is the key element enabling the separation of g1 from micro's.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15352392?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charoenbanpachon, Sirintra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebihara, Arata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceleration of ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence development in the oral mucosa.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Administration, Topical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of Variance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoporphyrins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The development of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced tissue fluorescence is optimal 2-4 hours after ALA application. Goal of this work was to develop a means of accelerating oral topical ALA-induced tissue fluorescence.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 300 hamsters, DMBA (9,10 dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) cheek pouch carcinogenesis produced dysplasia in 3-5 weeks. Topical application of 20% ALA in Eucerin was followed by localized ultrasound treatment (1, 3.3 MHz) in 150 animals. In 75 animals, ALA was applied in an Oral Pluronic Lecithin Organogel (OPLO-an absorption enhancer) vehicle. Seventy-five animals received only topical ALA in Eucerin. Hamsters were sacrificed and cryosections underwent fluorescence measurements, histological evaluation, 20-180 minutes after ALA application. One-way ANOVA detected independent effects of pathology on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Two-way ANOVA tested for independent effect of pathology and of OPLO, ultrasound, and interaction effects.

RESULTS: Ultrasound significantly (P &lt; 0.05) accelerated tissue fluorescence development.

CONCLUSIONS: Low-frequency ultrasound can accelerate ALA-induced fluorescence development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605424?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szendefi, Melinda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walt, Heinrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caduff, Rosmarie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaMorte, Vickie J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association between promyelocyte protein and small ubiquitin-like modifier protein and the progression of cervical neoplasia.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obstetrics and gynecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obstet Gynecol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Progression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Staging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Suppressor Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ubiquitins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uterine Cervical Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1269-77</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the size and number of promyelocyte protein-containing nuclear bodies, their colocalization with the small ubiquitin-like modifier protein, and existing histopathologic staging of cervical neoplasia progressing toward squamous cell carcinoma.

METHODS: Fluorescence-based immunodetection of the promyelocyte protein and the small ubiquitin-like modifier protein was performed on paraffin-embedded and histopathologically graded human uterine cervical tissues. Quantitative measurements of the size and number of the promyelocyte protein-containing nuclear bodies were made and statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: We found that promyelocyte protein-containing nuclear bodies exhibit changes in both size and number throughout the continuum of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. An increase in number and size of the bodies occurs with progression from normal to CIN I/CIN II. In CIN III, two new subcategories of nuclear body are present with distinctly different promyelocyte protein patterns, with the type B CIN III losing the small ubiquitin-like modifier protein partnership. In squamous cell carcinoma, we see the loss of this colocalization in both well and poorly differentiated tumors, with a distinctly different promyelocyte protein pattern. Well-differentiated tumors have bigger nuclear bodies that are more numerous than those of the poorly differentiated tumors.

CONCLUSION: These data support the use of promyelocyte and small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins as a cytodiagnostic marker that parallels cervical cancer progression.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662214?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gulsen, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiou, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu, Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deng, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, A J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nalcioglu, O</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of water and lipid content measurements using diffuse optical spectroscopy and MRI in emulsion phantoms.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology in cancer research &amp; treatment</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technol. Cancer Res. Treat.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emulsions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">563-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a quantitative comparison of lipid and water signals obtained from broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). DOS and MRI measurements were performed on an identical set of emulsion phantoms that were composed of different water/soybean oil fractions. Absolute concentrations of water and lipid ranging from 35-94% and 63-6%, respectively were calculated from quantitative broadband near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectra (650-1000 nm). MR images of fat and water were separated using the three-point Dixon technique. DOS and MRI measured water and lipid were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.98 and R(2) = 0.99, respectively) suggesting that these techniques are complementary over a broad range of physiologically relevant water and lipid values. In addition, comparison of DOS derived concentrations to the MRI &quot;gold standard&quot; technique validates our quantitation approach and permits estimation of DOS accuracy and sensitivity in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14640767?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frederic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lanning, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gulsen, Gultekin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Hon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nalcioglu, Orhan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coregistration of diffuse optical spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging in a rat tumor model.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adenocarcinoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2951-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We report coregistration of near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the study of animal model tumors. A combined broadband steady-state and frequency-domain apparatus was used to determine tissue oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and water concentration locally in tumors. Simultaneous MRI coregistration provided structural (T2-weighted) and contrast-enhanced images of the tumor that were correlated with the optical measurements. By use of Monte Carlo simulations, the optically sampled volume was superimposed on the MR images, showing precisely which tissue structure was probed optically. DOS and MRI coregistration measurements were performed on seven rats over 20 days and were separated into three tumor tissue classifications: viable, edematous, and necrotic. A ratio of water concentration to total hemoglobin concentration, as measured optically, was performed for each tissue type and showed values for edematous tissue to be greater than viable tissue (1.2 +/- 0.49 M/microM versus 0.48 +/- 0.15 M/microM). Tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) also showed a large variation between tissue types: viable tissue had an optically measured StO2 value of 61 +/- 5%, whereas StO2 determined for necrotic tissue was 43 +/- 6%.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12790444?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebihara, Arata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, Lih-Huei L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fago, Sheri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messadi, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osann, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection and diagnosis of oral cancer by light-induced fluorescence.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cricetinae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnosis, Differential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease Models, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Staging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: New techniques for non-invasive early detection and diagnosis of oral dysplasia and carcinoma are required. Our objective was to determine in the hamster cheek pouch model whether differentiation between the healthy tissue and the different stages of oral premalignancy and malignancy is possible using laser-induced fluorescence after tissue exposure to 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: DMBA carcinogenesis was applied to one cheek pouch in 18 hamsters for 0-20 weeks. Prior to sacrifice, 20% ALA was applied to the cheek tissues. Excised cheek tissues were cryosectioned and imaged using fluorescence microscopy with excitation at 405 nm, detection at 635 nm. After fluorescence measurement, H&amp;E staining and histopathological evaluation were performed.

RESULTS: Fluorescence intensity was significantly lower in healthy tissue than in pathological tissues. Significantly higher intensities and more &quot;fluorescence hot spots&quot; occurred in severe dysplasia and carcinoma than in healthy tissue, hyperkeratosis, mild and moderate dysplasia.

CONCLUSIONS: Light-induced fluorescence after ALA exposure can differentiate between the different stages of premalignancy and malignancy. Its ability to differentiate between healthy tissue and early pathology is particularly interesting</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516066?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Shuguang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, Woonggyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of birefringence and absolute optic axis orientation using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with PM fibers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3262-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system was developed using polarization maintaining (PM) optical fibers and fiber coupler to measure birefringence properties of samples. Polarization distortion due to PM fibers and coupler can be calibrated with different polarization states during two consecutive A-scans. By processing the analytical interference fringe signals derived from two orthogonal polarization detection channels, the system can be used to measure phase retardation and optic axis orientation. Standard wave plates with different orientation and retardation were used as samples to test the system and calibrating method. We have also applied this system to image biological sample such as beef tendon.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19471453?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, Ki-Hong Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz Valdes, Sergio H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protsenko, Dmitriy E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Brian J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromechanical reshaping of septal cartilage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Laryngoscope</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngoscope</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Nov</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1916-21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: This study describes the process of tissue electroforming and how shape changes in cartilage can be produced by the application of direct current (DC). The dependence of shape change on voltage and application time is explored.

STUDY DESIGN: Basic investigation using ex vivo porcine septal cartilage grafts and electromechanical cartilage deformation focused on development of a new surgical technique.

METHODS: Uniform flat porcine nasal septal cartilage specimens were mechanically deformed between two semicircular aluminum electrodes. DC current was applied to establish charge separation and electrical streaming potential. Voltage (0-3.5 V) and application time (0-5 minutes) were varied. Shape change was measured, and shape retention was calculated using analytic representation. The effect of the direction of applied current on shape change was evaluated by switching the polarities of electrodes and using parameters of 0 to 5.5 V and 5 minutes. Temperature during reshaping was monitored with a thermocouple, and surface features were evaluated using light microscopy.

RESULTS: Reshaped specimen demonstrated mechanical stability similar to native cartilage tissue. Shape retention strongly correlated with increasing voltage and application time. Only a small current (&lt;0.1 A) through the tissue was measured. Temperature change was less than 2 degrees C during electroforming, suggesting that electroforming likely results from some nonthermal mechanisms. Surface features indicated that electrodeposition may occur depending on electrode material and magnitude of the applied voltage.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that cartilage can be reshaped through the process we have described as &quot;electroforming&quot; by generating intrinsic differences in charge separation with negligible heat production.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603047?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Si, Ming-Sing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ji, Ping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Mike</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwok, Jennifer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ng, Shi-Chung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imagawa, David K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnesyltransferase inhibition: a novel method of immunomodulation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International immunopharmacology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int. Immunopharmacol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adjuvants, Immunologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkyl and Aryl Transferases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigen-Presenting Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apoptosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Division</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Inhibitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnesyltranstransferase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lectins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymph Nodes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lymphocyte Activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Wistar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T-Lymphocytes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">475-83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) are anticancer compounds that inhibit Ras GTPases. Since Ras GTPases play key roles in T cell activation and function, we hypothesized that FTIs have immunomodulatory properties and are potential antirejection agents. An investigation was performed on a potent FTI to evaluate this hypothesis in the in vitro setting. The in vitro effects of the FTI A-228839 were evaluated. Lectin- or antigen presenting cell (APC)-induced lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of A-228839 was measured. The effects of A-228839 on 1E5 T cell polarity were assessed by microscopy. Intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) kinetics of lectin-activated lymphocytes was monitored by flow cytometry. The effects of A-228839 on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine production was assessed by a cytometric bead array method. Activation-induced apoptosis was measured with an annexin V staining assay.A-228839 inhibited lectin-induced proliferation (IC(50)=0.24+/-0.11 microM). The inhibitory effects of A-228839 on lectin induced lymphocyte proliferation were additive to those of CsA. A-228839 was more effective in inhibiting APC-induced T cell proliferation (IC(50)=0.10+/-0.09 microM). A-228839 significantly disrupted the polarized shape of 1E5 T cells at physiologic concentrations. A-228839 altered PBMC baseline [Ca(2+)](i) but did not affect [Ca(2+)](i) kinetics during lectin-induced lymphocyte activation. A-228839 inhibited lymphocyte Th1 cytokine production at submicromolar levels and promoted apoptosis in lectin-activated lymphocytes.A-228839 potently inhibits lymphocyte activation and function. Our results suggest that FTIs may represent a new class of clinically useful immunomodulatory agents. A-228839 has potent in vitro immunomodulatory properties that warrant in vivo evaluation as an antirejection agent.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12689653?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, Bin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taban, Mehran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonnell, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging and investigating the effects of incision angle of clear corneal cataract surgery with optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Dec 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3254-61</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of incision angle in construction of clear corneal cataract incision are studied with optical coherence tomography (OCT). A stable incision angle range is found to be existent for single-planed, clear corneal cataract incisions. When well pressurized, incision angles within this stable range result in well-apposed incision edges that resist gapping while incision angles falling outside this range have a larger tendency for wound leakage. It is also shown that a two-planed incision can effectively expand the stable range. For incision angles outside the stable range, the farther the incision angle is away from stable range, the larger the gap between incision wound edges when well pressurized. These findings emphasize the significance of incision construction to the self-sealing property of clear corneal cataract incisions. Finally, we demonstrate that OCT could be an effective modality for imaging and monitoring corneal surgery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19471452?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viator, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Ambrose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spanier, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo port-wine stain depth determination with a photoacoustic probe.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment and Supplies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Port-Wine Stain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3215-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have designed a photoacoustic probe for port-wine stain (PWS) depth measurements consisting of optical fibers for laser light delivery and a piezoelectric element for acoustic detection. We characterized the capabilities and limitations of the probe for profiling PWS skin. The probe induced and measured photoacoustic waves in acrylamide tissue phantoms and PWS skin in vivo. The optical properties of the phantoms were chosen to mimic those of PWS skin. We denoised acoustic waves using spline wavelet transforms, then deconvolved with the impulse response of the probe to yield initial subsurface pressure distributions in phantoms and PWS skin. Using the phantoms, we determined that the limit in resolving epidermal and PWS layers was less than 70 microm. In addition, we used the phantoms to determine that the maximum epidermal melanin concentration that allowed detection of PWS was between 13 and 20%. In vivo measurements of PWS skin with different epidermal melanin concentrations correlated with the phantoms. Thus the photoacoustic probe can be used to determine PWS depth for most patients receiving laser therapy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12790472?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frederic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gulsen, Gultekin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Hon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nalcioglu, Orhan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vivo quantification of optical contrast agent dynamics in rat tumors by use of diffuse optical spectroscopy with magnetic resonance imaging coregistration.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appl Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adenocarcinoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coloring Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indocyanine Green</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methylene Blue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jun 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2940-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a study of the dynamics of optical contrast agents indocyanine green (ICG) and methylene blue (MB) in an adenocarcinoma rat tumor model. Measurements are conducted with a combined frequency-domain and steady-state optical technique that facilitates rapid measurement of tissue absorption in the 650-1000-nm spectral region. Tumors were also imaged by use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and coregistered with the location of the optical probe. The absolute concentrations of contrast agent, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and water are measured simultaneously each second for approximately 10 min. The differing tissue uptake kinetics of ICG and MB in these late-stage tumors arise from differences in their effective molecular weights. ICG, because of its binding to plasma proteins, behaves as a macromolecular contrast agent with a low vascular permeability. A compartmental model describing ICG dynamics is used to quantify physiologic parameters related to capillary permeability. In contrast, MB behaves as a small-molecular-weight contrast agent that leaks rapidly from the vasculature into the extravascular, extracellular space, and is sensitive to blood flow and the arterial input function.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12790443?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaon, M D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ho, K-H K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, B J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurement of the elastic modulus of porcine septal cartilage specimens following Nd: YAG laser treatment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in medical science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Med Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartilage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasal Septum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstructive Surgical Procedures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser cartilage reshaping is a temperature-dependent process that results in stress relaxation with subsequent formation of a new and stable specimen geometry. The objective of this study was to quantitatively measure changes in the elastic moduli of porcine cartilage following laser heating. The elastic modulus of porcine nasal septal cartilage specimen (25 x 5 x 2 mm) was measured before and after Nd: YAG laser (lambda=1.32 Irvinem, 21.22 W/cm2) irradiation and following rehydration in saline solution. Specimens were secured in a single beam cantilever configuration and displaced using a calibrated thin beam load cell attached to a motorised micropositioner. Elastic modulus was calculated using elastic beam theory. Measurements were recorded before and immediately after laser heating, and following rehydration in saline solution (40 minutes, 25 degrees C). Specimens heated in saline (100 degrees C and then re-hydrated) were used as controls to determine the effect of total thermal denaturation. The calculated moduli before and after irradiation were 4.86 +/- .145 MPa and 1.166 +/- .055 MPa respectively. Following rehydration in saline, the modulus returned to near-baseline values (5.119 +/- .163 MPa). In contrast, elasticity remained lower in specimens boiled and re-hydrated (3.25 +/- .130 MPa). These findings suggest that cartilage matrix does not undergo complete thermal denaturation during laser reshaping, given the return in tissue properties with rehydration.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14505198?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edris, Ahmad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilar, Guillermo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurements of laser light attenuation following cryogen spray cooling spurt termination.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epoxy Resins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatological surgery. However, while CSC can protect the epidermis from non-specific thermal damage, the cryogen film on the skin surface may pose a potential problem of laser light attenuation due to optical scattering.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is focused on measuring the light transmittance changes that occur following cryogen spurt termination. The wavelengths studied were chosen for their clinical relevance to treatment of hypervascular skin lesions (594 nm) and laser-assisted hair removal (785 nm). Following delivery of cryogen spurts to the surface of an epoxy skin phantom, continuous records of light transmittance for 594 and 785 nm were obtained using an integrating sphere-based light collection apparatus.

RESULTS: Shortly after spurt termination, there was negligible light attenuation by the cryogen film at the two wavelengths studied.

CONCLUSIONS: For the typical clinical use of a 30 milliseconds spurt duration and 30 milliseconds delay between spurt termination and delivery of the laser pulse, a minimum average transmittance value of approximately 97% was measured.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12561048?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, Alfred</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical reviews</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chem. Rev.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermodynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultraviolet Rays</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">577-644</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12580643?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reiser, Bibiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chuck, Roy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Windeler, Robert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal wavelength for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics express</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Express</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jun 16</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1411-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of depth dependent dispersion by the main component of biological tissues, water, on the resolution of OCT was studied. Investigations showed that it was possible to eliminate the influence of depth dependent dispersion by water in tissue by choosing a light source with a center wavelength near 1.0 microm. Ultrahigh resolution ophthalmic imaging was performed at this wavelength range with a microstructure fiber light source.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19466013?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Payne, Barry P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venugopalan, Vasan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mikić, Bora B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nishioka, Norman S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optoacoustic tomography using time-resolved interferometric detection of surface displacement.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acoustics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Vessels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connective Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forearm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Interference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We introduce a minimally invasive technique for optoacoustic imaging of turbid media using optical interferometric detection of surface displacement produced by thermoelastic stress transients. The technique exploits endogenous or exogenous optical contrast of heterogeneous tissues and the low attenuation of stress wave propagation to localize and image subsurface absorbers in optically turbid media. We present a system that utilizes a time-resolved high-resolution interferometer capable of angstrom-level displacement resolution and nanosecond temporal resolution to detect subsurface blood vessels within model tissue phantoms and a human forearm in vivo.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12683854?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucroy, M D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridgway, T D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, G M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, T B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higbee, R G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, G A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blaik, M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preclinical evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for canine transitional cell carcinoma.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veterinary and comparative oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vet Comp Oncol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-85</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As a prelude to photodynamic therapy, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was given orally to healthy dogs. ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence significantly increased in the mucosa of the urinary bladder in an ALA dose-dependent fashion. Vomiting occurred after ALA administration in 70% of the dogs but did not affect PpIX fluorescence. ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the urinary bladder in healthy dogs caused only submucosal oedema within the bladder wall. No haematologic or serum biochemistry abnormalities were observed after ALA administration. Microscopic haematuria was observed in all the dogs after PDT but was mild and self limiting. ALA-based PDT was administered to six dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the lower urinary tract. ALA-based PDT resulted in tumour progression-free intervals from 4 to 34 weeks in five dogs; one dog with pre-existing hydronephrosis died shortly after PDT. Dogs with TCC represent an outbred, spontaneous, tumour model for developing PDT protocols for humans with bladder cancer.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19379319?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repetitive 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on human glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Recurrence, Local</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243-50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The response of human glioma spheroids to repetitive 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was investigated. In all cases, light fluences were kept below toxic thresholds to simulate conditions typically found at 1-2 cm depths in brain adjacent to tumor. Significant inhibition of spheroid growth was observed following multiple PDT treatments at sub-threshold light fluences. The effect appears to be insensitive to the treatment intervals investigated (weekly or bi-monthly). In all cases, suppression of growth was observed for the duration of treatment. Low fluence rates (&lt; or = 5 mW cm(-2)) appear to be more effective than high fluence rates (25 mW cm(-2)). No evidence of PDT resistance was found in this investigation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777075?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reversible dissociation of collagen in tissues.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of investigative dermatology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Invest. Dermatol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extracellular Matrix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Polarization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephelometry and Turbidimetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organ Culture Techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1332-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The turbidity of most biologic tissues hinders the use of lasers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Hyperosmotic agents such as glycerol have been used to alter the optical scattering properties of turbid tissues. The mechanism of this effect, &quot;optical clearing&quot;, however, remains incompletely understood. Multiphoton microscopy utilizing second harmonic generation can be used to monitor collagen structural changes in the presence of glycerol. This study suggests that the use of glycerol for tissue &quot;optical clearing&quot; screens noncovalent intermolecular interactions between low-order collagen structures, resulting in fiber disassembly. Dissociation of collagen fibers in native and engineered tissues in the presence of glycerol and reassociation with the application of saline are imaged dynamically. Collagen fiber reassembly is governed by the displacement of glycerol by saline in native and engineered skin. These results reveal the assembly process of high-order collagen structures and propose a molecular mechanism for the increase in tissue transparency observed after glycerol application.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14675178?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, Natasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, Albert E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakubowski, Dorota</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of diffuse optical spectroscopy in the clinical management of breast cancer.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disease markers</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dis. Markers</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anoxia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysical Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biophysics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neovascularization, Pathologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrum Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003-2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-105</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) of breast tissue provides quantitative, functional information based on optical absorption and scattering properties that cannot be obtained with other radiographic methods. DOS-measured absorption spectra are used to determine the tissue concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb-R), oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2), lipid, and water (H2O), as well as to provide an index of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2). Tissue-scattering spectra provide insight into epithelial, collagen, and lipid contributions to breast density. Clinical studies of women with malignant tumors show that DOS is sensitive to processes such as increased tissue vascularization, hypoxia, and edema. In studies of healthy women, DOS detects variations in breast physiology associated with menopausal status, menstrual cycle changes, and hormone replacement. Current research involves using DOS to monitor tumor response to therapy and the co-registration of DOS with magnetic resonance imaging. By correlating DOS-derived parameters with lesion pathology and specific molecular markers, we anticipate that composite &quot;tissue optical indices&quot; can be developed that non-invasively characterize both tumor and normal breast-tissue function.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15096707?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viator, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peavy, George M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kimel, Sol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J Stuart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectra from 2.5-15 microm of tissue phantom materials, optical clearing agents and ex vivo human skin: implications for depth profiling of human skin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics in medicine and biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Biol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collagen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dermatologic Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fat Emulsions, Intravenous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring, Intraoperative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phantoms, Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensitivity and Specificity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surgery, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jan 21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N15-24</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared measurements have been used to profile or image biological tissue, including human skin. Usually, analysis of such measurements has assumed that infrared absorption is due to water and collagen. Such an assumption may be reasonable for soft tissue, but introduction of exogenous agents into skin or the measurement of tissue phantoms has raised the question of their infrared absorption spectrum. We used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode to measure the infrared absorption spectra, in the range of 2-15 microm, of water, polyacrylamide, Intralipid, collagen gels, four hyperosmotic clearing agents (glycerol, 1,3-butylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, Topicare), and ex vivo human stratum corneum and dermis. The absorption spectra of the phantom materials were similar to that of water, although additional structure was noted in the range of 6-10 microm. The absorption spectra of the clearing agents were more complex, with molecular absorption bands dominating between 6 and 12 microm. Dermis was similar to water, with collagen structure evident in the 6-10 microm range. Stratum corneum had a significantly lower absorption than dermis due to a lower content of water. These results suggest that the assumption of water-dominated absorption in the 2.5-6 microm range is valid. At longer wavelengths, clearing agent absorption spectra differ significantly from the water spectrum. This spectral information can be used in pulsed photothermal radiometry or utilized in the interpretation of reconstructions in which a constant mu(ir) is used. In such cases, overestimating mu(ir) will underestimate chromophore depth and vice versa, although the effect is dependent on actual chromophore depth.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587910?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaMorte, Vickie J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoumi, Aikaterini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopic approach for monitoring two-photon excited fluorescence resonance energy transfer from homodimers at the subcellular level.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Line, Tumor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimerization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epithelium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Fluorescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intracellular Space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laryngeal Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luminescent Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macromolecular Substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protein Binding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcription Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Suppressor Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">357-61</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have employed a spectroscopic approach for monitoring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in living cells. This method provides excellent spectral separation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutant signals within a subcellular imaging volume using two-photon excited fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy (TPIS-FRET). In contrast to current FRET-based methodologies, TPIS-FRET does not rely on the selection of optical filters, ratiometric image analysis, or bleedthrough correction algorithms. Utilizing the intrinsic optical sectioning capabilities of TPIS-FRET, we have identified protein-protein interactions within discrete subcellular domains. To illustrate the applicability of this technique to the detection of homodimer formation, we demonstrated the in vivo association of promyleocyte (PML) homodimers within their corresponding nuclear body.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12880339?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yonghua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, J S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Zhongping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Windeler, Robert S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography by broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics letters</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opt Lett</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larva</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomography, Optical Coherence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xenopus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Feb 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have developed an ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomographic system in which broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber is used to produce high longitudinal resolution. Longitudinal resolution of 1.3-microm has been achieved in a biological tissue by use of continuum light from 800 to 1400 nm. The system employed a dynamic-focusing tracking method to maintain high lateral resolution over a large imaging depth. Subcellular imaging is demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12656325?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friesen, Scott A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hjortland, Geir Olav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engebraten, Olav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nesland, Jahn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Qian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic detection and therapy of brain tumors (review).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International journal of oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int. J. Oncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical Trials as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined Modality Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">577-82</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With current treatment methods the prognosis for patients with aggressive brain tumors is dismal. Treatment failure is usually due to local recurrence of tumor. Intra-operative photodynamic detection (PDD) of tumor tissue and post-surgical photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the resection cavity may be of benefit. The utility of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been recognized in many different treatment fields over the past decade. Following administration of exogenous ALA, the endogenous photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), accumulates in tumor tissue. A photodynamic effect occurs upon light activation of the target tissue. This article reviews the current preclinical and clinical studies and potential future applications of ALA and its ester-induced PpIX as a photosensitizing agent in the detection and treatment of brain tumors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12168102?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALA- and ALA-ester-mediated photodynamic therapy of human glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neuro-oncology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Neurooncol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in human glioma spheroids incubated in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), or ALA esters, are investigated. Spheroid survival and growth are monitored following PDT at representative drug concentrations, light doses, and dose rates. The primary finding of this study is that the response of human glioma spheroids to PDT with lipophilic ester derivatives, such as benzyl-ALA and hexyl-ALA, is equivalent to that observed with ALA, however, this equivalency is obtained for ester concentrations 10-20 times lower than the parent compound. The enhanced efficiency of the esters is likely due to their increased membrane penetrance. Potential clinical advantages of using lipophilic esters in PDT of gliomas are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12125962?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gulsen, Gultekin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Hon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nalcioglu, Orhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merritt, Sean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, Frederic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durkin, Anthony J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuccia, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lanning, Ryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congruent MRI and near-infrared spectroscopy for functional and structural imaging of tumors.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology in cancer research &amp; treatment</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technol. Cancer Res. Treat.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coloring Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contrast Media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enzyme Inhibitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indocyanine Green</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methylene Blue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Transplantation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxygen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rats, Inbred F344</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectrophotometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">497-505</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a combined near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system for the study of animal model tumors. A combined broadband steady-state and frequency domain optical spectroscopy apparatus was integrated with the MRI. The physiological properties of tissue rendered by MRI, including vascular volume fraction and water, were compared with chromophore concentrations as determined from the parameters obtained by optical measurements. DOS measurements provided oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, and water concentration locally in tumors. A method for co-registration of the information obtained by both modalities was developed. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the optically sampled volume was superimposed on the MR images, illustrating which tissue structure was probed optically. Finally, two optical contrast agents, indocyanine green (ICG) and methylene blue (MB), were employed and their kinetics were measured by DOS system from different locations on the tumor and compared with Gd-DTPA enhancement maps obtained from MRI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12625777?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, Steen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chung-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeh, Alvin T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Rogelio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, Henry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of combined photodynamic therapy and ionizing radiation on human glioma spheroids.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemistry and photobiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochem. Photobiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamma Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioblastoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tumor Cells, Cultured</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">411-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ionizing radiation are studied in a human glioma spheroid model. The degree of interaction between the two modalities depends in a complex manner on factors such as PDT irradiation fluence, fluence rate and dose of ionizing radiation. It is shown that gamma radiation and PDT interact in a synergistic manner only if both light fluence and gamma radiation dose exceed approximately 25 J cm(-2) and 8 Gy, respectively. Synergistic interactions are observed only for the lower fluence rate (25 mW cm(-2)) investigated. The degree of interaction appears to be independent of both sequence and the PDT or ionizing radiation time intervals investigated (1 and 24 h). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assays show that low-fluence rate PDT is very efficient at inducing apoptotic cell death, whereas neither high-fluence rate PDT nor ionizing radiation produces significant apoptosis. Although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated, the data imply that the observed synergism is likely not due to gamma-induced cell cycle arrest or to PDT-induced inhibition of DNA repair.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405149?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebihara, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majaron, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liaw, L-H L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, T B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Er:YAG laser modification of root canal dentine: influence of pulse duration, repetitive irradiation and water spray.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in medical science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Med Sci</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dental Pulp Cavity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dentin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Confocal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root Canal Preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Therapeutic Irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">198-207</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to determine the effects of varying parameters of Er:YAG laser irradiation with and without water spray cooling on root canal dentine in vitro. After horizontally removing tooth crowns from extracted human teeth, roots were axially sectioned into thin slices, exposing the root canal surface. An Er:YAG laser delivered 10-30 J/cm(2) into a 0.4-mm diameter laser spot on the root canal surface. Single pulses of different lengths (80-280 micro s) were applied with and without water spray cooling/irrigation, and sequences of three pulses at a repetition rate of 30 Hz were applied at selected pulse parameters. The irradiated samples were investigated using both confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At most irradiation conditions, the root canal dentine surface was ablated. Three-dimensional images from CLSM revealed that the cavity walls were not smooth. Depths of the cavities revealed significant differences between the cavities. No debris was observed at the surface of cavities at any irradiation condition. Strong melting and recrystallisation, or unusually flat surfaces with open dentinal tubules were obtained with sequences of three pulses without water cooling. CLSM is an effective tool for investigation of laser effects on root canal dentine. By varying the irradiation conditions, the Er:YAG laser can induce different modifications of root canal surface, which may be very interesting for root canal preparation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181634?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Petra Wilder</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence emission-based detection and diagnosis of malignancy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of cellular biochemistry. Supplement</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optical Fibers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the past decades, laser use in medicine has expanded from its initial application as a light-based scalpel to a plethora of clinical uses, ranging from surgical treatment through composite polymerization, dental ablation, vision correction, and skin resurfacing to diverse diagnostic modalities. Recently, the concept of light-based diagnostics and therapy has come under investigation. Low light intensities are used to excite endogenous or exogenous fluorophores, some of which have characteristic fluorescence emissions in pathological tissues. Thus, premalignancy and malignancy potentially can be detected and diagnosed. Photosensitized superficial lesions can subsequently be destroyed selectively by using higher intensities of laser light. The application of fluorescence emission-based detection and diagnosis of precancer and cancer is reviewed, based on its application to the oral cavity-the author's primary anatomical area of expertise. This approach is justified as the same principles apply throughout the human body; to any area accessible to the clinician either directly or by some sort of fiber-optic probe.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12552602?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammer, D X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davé, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milner, T E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rylander, H G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welch, A J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigation of the transduction mechanism of infrared detection in Melanophila acuminata: photo-thermal-mechanical hypothesis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beetles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fiber Optic Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infrared Rays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanoreceptors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory Thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Transduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermoreceptors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-92</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differential phase optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) was used to detect sub-wavelength displacements in the infrared-sensitive thoracic pit organ of Melanophila acuminata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) upon absorption of infrared radiation at 3.39 microm. The displacement had more complex morphology but similar amplitude ( approximately 100 nm at 1 W cm(-2)) when compared to the displacement measured from the exocuticle in an alternate region on the beetle's body. In addition, a simplified finite difference model was developed to predict the temperature distribution and resultant thermal expansion in the pit organ tissue. The experimental and model results were interpreted to help clarify the mechanism by which the sensilla in the pit organ convert infrared radiation to neural signals. The results of this paper are discussed in relation to the photo-thermal-mechanical transduction hypothesis. This is the first experimental examination of the transduction mechanism in Melanophila acuminata.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020654?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pham, Tuan H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hornung, René</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ha, Hongphuc P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burney, Tanya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serna, Dan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, Ledford</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brenner, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, Bruce J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive monitoring of hemodynamic stress using quantitative near-infrared frequency-domain photon migration spectroscopy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobutamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemodynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypovolemia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring, Physiologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxyhemoglobins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabbits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Physiological</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-44</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemorrhagic hypovolemia and inotropic agent administration were used to manipulate cardiac output (CO) and oxygen delivery in rabbits to investigate the correlation between noninvasive frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) spectroscopy and invasive hemodynamic monitoring parameters. Frequency-domain photon migration provides quantitative measurements of light absorption and reduced scattering (mu(a) and mu(s)(prime prime or minute), respectively) in tissue. Wavelength dependent mu(a) values were used to calculate in vivo tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [Hb], oxyhemoglobin [HbO(2)], total hemoglobin [TotHb], and water [H(2)O] as well as mixed arterial-venous oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)) in tissue. FDPM-derived physiologic properties were correlated with invasive measurements of CO and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), FDPM-derived [TotHb] and S(t) O(2) correlated significantly with hemorrhaged volume (HV), mPAP, and CO. Correlation coefficients for [TotHb] vs HV, mPAP, and CO were -0.77, 0.86, and 0.70, respectively. Correlation coefficients of S(t)O( 2) vs HV, mPAP, and CO were -0.71, 0.55, and 0.61, respectively. Dobutamine induced changes resulted in correlation coefficients between FDPM-derived and invasively measured physiologic parameters that are comparable to those induced by hypovolemia. FDPM spectroscopy is sensitive to changes in mPAP and CO of as little as 15%. These results suggest that FDPM spectroscopy may be used in clinical settings to noninvasively monitor central hemodynamic parameters and to directly assess oxygenation of tissues.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11818010?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Clive H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grosjean, Pierre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Bergh, Hubert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodtli, Alain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monnier, Philippe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dorta, Gian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meister, Friedrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagnières, Georges</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoeradication of Helicobacter pylori using 5-aminolevulinic acid: preliminary human studies.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopsy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastritis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helicobacter Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helicobacter pylori</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Light</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peptic Ulcer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phototherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is an endemic pathogenic bacterium causing gastritis and gastroduodenal ulceration in humans and is linked to the development of gastric malignancies. These first human in vivo studies investigated the photoeradication of HP using laser and white light.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 13 HP-positive volunteers, a zone of gastric antrum was irradiated with laser (410 nm, 50 J/cm(2)) or endoscopic white light (10 J/cm(2)) 45 minutes after oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) 20 mg/kg. HP-eradication was assessed by biopsy urease test and HP-culture from irradiated and control zones 5 minutes, 4 and 48 hours post-irradiation.

RESULTS: A maximum eradication effect was achieved at 4 hours post-irradiation when 85% of biopsies in the monochromatic and 66% in the white light exposed zones, and 58 and 33% in the respective control zones were HP-negative.

CONCLUSIONS: HP numbers were greatly reduced following exposure to 5-ALA and either laser or white light in vivo. Photoeradication appears feasible, but further light dosimetry and the development of convenient application methods is required.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12124710?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Siu-Fun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilder-Smith, Petra</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot study of laser effects on oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancer J</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chi-Square Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feasibility Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorouracil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser Therapy, Low-Level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouth Mucosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Staging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stomatitis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 May-Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of laser therapy in the prevention and/or healing of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis lesions. This study also evaluated the ease and feasibility of the laser therapy and the impact of the treatment on improving the patient's quality of life.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with an episode of prior chemotherapy-induced grade 3 or 4 mucositis with 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion consented to participate in this study. All patients were provided with standardized mouth care instructions at the initiation of chemotherapy treatments. Enrolled patients received laser therapy treatments 24 hours before the chemotherapy and then recommenced weekly with evenly distributed exposure to the standardized designated areas by one operator during the entire cycle of chemotherapy at the same doses until the mucositis resolved or the chemotherapy cycle was completed. lntraoral perfusion was measured by laser Doppler technology. Patients were assessed for response to laser therapy according to standardized mucositis grading criteria by evaluating development of lesions, extent and duration of lesions, and time to healing. The effect of laser therapy on ability to continue planned chemotherapy, the reduction in dose, delays, and ability to maintain planned dose intensity were assessed. The impact of laser therapy on pain control was evaluated using the visual analogue score. A quality-of-life survey was completed by each patient at the initiation of chemotherapy and then weekly throughout the chemotherapy.

RESULTS: Eleven of 15 patients experienced grade 0 mucositis, three patients experienced grade 1 to 2 mucositis, and one patient experienced grade 3 to 4 mucositis. Fourteen patients completed the lasertherapy as planned, and none of the patients withdrew from the laser therapy treatments because of noncompliance. One patient continued to experience grade 4 mucositis that necessitated an interruption in the planned chemotherapy regimen and, consequently, the laser treatment. Patients tolerated the laser therapy very well and did not report any increased discomfort. No significant changes in perfusion were observed as a result of laser therapy.

DISCUSSION: In this pilot study, laser therapy significantly reduced the incidence and the severity of mucositis in chemotherapy patients. The laser therapy does not appear to promote wound healing by affecting the intraoral perfusion, as assessed by Doppler measurements. The mechanisms involved in the mediating of the observed effects remain unknown at this time. Continued research is warranted to determine the optimal laser wavelength and parameters.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074324?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jong-Soo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krasieva, Tatiana B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaMorte, Vickie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, A Malcolm R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokomori, Kyoko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specific recruitment of human cohesin to laser-induced DNA damage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of biological chemistry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Biol. Chem.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Cycle Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Nucleus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA Repair Enzymes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA-Binding Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroblasts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hela Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macromolecular Substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiprotein Complexes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuclear Proteins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Nov 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45149-53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohesin is a conserved multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in sister chromatid cohesion. During interphase, cohesin is required for the establishment of cohesion following DNA replication. Because cohesin mutants resulted in increased sensitivity to DNA damage, a role for cohesin in DNA repair was also suggested. However, it was unclear whether this was due to general perturbation of cohesion or whether cohesin has a specialized role at the damage site. We therefore used a laser microbeam to create DNA damage at discrete sites in the cell nucleus and observed specific in vivo assembly of proteins at these sites by immunofluorescent detection. We observed that human cohesin is recruited to the damage site immediately after damage induction. Analysis of mutant cells revealed that cohesin recruitment to the damage site is dependent on the DNA double-strand break repair factor Mre11/Rad50 but not ATM or Nbs1. Consistently, Mre11/Rad50 and cohesin interact with each other in an interphase-specific manner. This interaction peaks in S/G(2) phase, during which cohesin is recruited to the DNA damage. Our results demonstrate the S/G(2)-specific and Mre11/Rad50-dependent recruitment of human cohesin to DNA damage, suggesting a specialized subfunction for cohesin in cell cycle-specific DNA double strand break repair.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228239?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakubowski, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bevilacqua, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lanning, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berger, A J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiang, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holcombe, R F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy enhances the information content of optical mammography.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of biomedical optics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Biomed Opt</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibroadenoma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipid Metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mammography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premenopause</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattering, Radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging may enhance existing technologies for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. NIR techniques are based on quantitative measurements of functional contrast between healthy and diseased tissue. In this study we measured the spectral dependence of tissue absorption (mu(a)) and reduced scattering (mu'(s)) in the breasts of 30 healthy women and one woman with a fibroadenoma using a seven-wavelength frequency-domain photon migration probe. Subjects included pre- and postmenopausal women between the ages of 18 and 64. Multi-spectral measurements were used along with a four-component fit to determine the concentrations of de-oxy and oxy-hemoglobin, water and lipids in breast. The scattering spectral shape was also quantified. Our measurements demonstrate that the measured concentrations of NIR analytes correlate well with known breast physiology. Although the tissue scattering at a single wavelength was found to have little value as a functional parameter, the dependence of the scattering on wavelength provided key insights into breast composition and physiology. Lipids and scattering spectra in the breast were found to increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing body mass index. Simple calculations are also provided to demonstrate potential penalties from ignoring the contributions of water and lipids in breast measurements. Finally, water is shown to be a possible indicator for detecting a fibroadenoma, whereas the hemoglobin saturation was found to be a poor indicator. Multi-spectral measurements, compared to measurements restricted to one or two wavelengths, provide additional information that may be useful in managing breast disease.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11818013?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madsen, S J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, C H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschberg, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a novel indwelling balloon applicator for optimizing light delivery in photodynamic therapy.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers in surgery and medicine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasers Surg Med</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminolevulinic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catheters, Indwelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cell Survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photochemotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosensitizing Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spheroids, Cellular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">406-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A human glioma spheroid model is used to investigate the efficacy of different light delivery schemes in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)--mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). The results provide the rationale for the development of an indwelling balloon applicator for optimizing light delivery.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human glioma spheroids were incubated in ALA (100 or 1000 microg /ml-1) for 4 hours and subjected to various light irradiation schemes. In one set of experiments, spheroid survival was monitored as a function of light fluence rate (5-200 mW cm-2). In all cases, spheroids were exposed to fluences of either 25 or 50 J cm-2. In a second study, the effects of repeated weekly PDT treatments, using sub-threshold fluences, were investigated. One group of spheroids was subjected to three treatments using fluences of 12, 12, and 25 J cm-2. Results were compared to spheroids receiving single treatments of either 12 or 25 J cm-2. A fluence rate of 25 mW cm-2 was used for all three groups of spheroids. In all cases, the effect of a given irradiation scheme was evaluated by monitoring spheroid growth.

RESULTS: Low fluence rates produce greater cell kill than high fluence rates. The minimum effective fluence rate in human glioma spheroids is approximately 10 mW cm-2. Repeated weekly PDT treatments with sub-threshold fluences result in significant cell kill. In spheroids surviving the PDT treatments, growth is suppressed for the duration of the treatment period.

CONCLUSION: The results of the in vitro studies support the development of an indwelling balloon applicator for the delivery of light doses in long term multi-fractionated PDT regimens.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11891728?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shah, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerussi, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eker, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espinoza, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fishkin, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hornung, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromberg, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breast Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001 Apr 10</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4420-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy and diffuse optical imaging are promising methods that eventually may enhance or replace existing technologies for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. These techniques are based on highly sensitive, quantitative measurements of optical and functional contrast between healthy and diseased tissue. In this study, we examine whether changes in breast physiology caused by exogenous hormones, aging, and fluctuations during the menstrual cycle result in significant alterations in breast tissue optical contrast. A noninvasive quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy technique, frequency-domain photon migration, was used. Measurements were performed on 14 volunteer subjects by using a hand-held probe. Intrinsic tissue absorption and reduced scattering parameters were calculated from frequency-domain photon migration data. Wavelength-dependent absorption (at 674, 803, 849, and 956 nm) was used to determine tissue concentration of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and bulk water content. Results show significant and dramatic differences in optical properties between menopausal states. Average premenopausal intrinsic tissue absorption and reduced scattering values at each wavelength are 2.5- to 3-fold higher and 16-28 % greater, respectively, than absorption and scattering for postmenopausal subjects. Absorption and scattering properties for women using hormone replacement therapy are intermediate between 
